« The Americas on the eve of independence » : différence entre les versions
| Ligne 91 : | Ligne 91 : | ||
Specifically in the Americas, the Spanish monarchy is not going to apply this dialectic to the Indians, which would contradict the primacy of settlement in America. However, all Africans and their descendants will be disqualified for the "impurity of their blood". | Specifically in the Americas, the Spanish monarchy is not going to apply this dialectic to the Indians, which would contradict the primacy of settlement in America. However, all Africans and their descendants will be disqualified for the "impurity of their blood". | ||
= | =The Amerindians= | ||
== | ==Iberian America== | ||
The question of impurity is also the question of the illegitimacy of birth in relation to religious marriage disqualifying the person even if all his ancestors are European and of "pure" blood. To complicate matters, the practice of manual trades also disqualifies. This application in the Iberian Peninsula is exported to the Americas. | |||
White people are part of the upper caste, there is an extremely restricted elite who hold everything in their hands. Too few men are qualified for their purity of blood, the vast majority have African blood while the illegitimacy of birth affects the majority of the population. It will really be for the important positions that "purity of blood" will be respected. | |||
What is interesting is to see and that Spain and Portugal do not have enough men to serve in the service of the armies that requires blood purity. Blacks and free mulattos will be the main militiamen guarding the coasts. This is a rule that does not respect the letter of the law. Since these militiamen are armed to defend royalty, they are granted a number of privileges related to their status in the army. | |||
The Andean region will see parks set up to force the Indians to work and pay their taxes to the King. These Indians are therefore considered by the King of Spain as "miners" that he must protect, so a series of laws protect them and subject them to work in the mines or weaving. It is important to see that there is this submission at the same time as a dialogue with the King to contest the taking of land by the Spaniards. In many places the Indians are going to be against the Independence process because it will go hand in hand with liberalism directly threatening their land. | |||
We have all these differences that exist in socioracial castes, the Indians do not live in the cities. There are the few white people, a whole population that does manual work and the slaves who are either mestizos or Africans; in most Iberian cities, the white population is at most 30% of the population. These cities concentrate all the power, but their control over the territory is quite limited. The control of civil servants is relatively limited, especially in the large villages. | |||
America is overwhelmingly rural, with no more than 10% of the population living in cities, the largest city is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan Mexico]<ref>Rico Galindo, Rosario (Septiembre de 2008). «Terminologías». Historia de México (3ra. Edición edición). Santillana. pp. 64. ISBN 970-2-9223-08.</ref> qui concentre 100000 habitants<ref> León Portilla, Miguel (1983). De Teotihuacán a Los Aztecas: Antología de Fuentes e Interpretaciones Históricas. México: UNAM, pp. 354. ISBN 978-9-68580-593-3. El autor estima en 100 000 a 300 000 la población de la ciudad.</ref>. | |||
==Amérique Anglo-Saxonne== | ==Amérique Anglo-Saxonne== | ||
Il y a une stratification sociospatiale, mais différente. Les Indiens sont considérés comme des sous-hommes et des sauvages, ceci même dans les cas où ils se convertissent au christianisme comme les Cherokees. Les Anglais sont intéressés surtout aux terres des Indiens : « un bon indien est un Indien mort »<ref>En anglais, « The only good Indian is a dead Indian. »</ref><ref>[http://www.ask.com/question/the-only-good-indian-is-a-dead-indian Who Said the Only Good Indian Is a Dead One?]</ref><ref>Mieder, Wolfgang. "'The Only Good Indian Is a Dead Indian': History and Meaning of a Proverbial Stereotype." The Journal of American Folklore 106 (1993):38–60.</ref><ref>Comanche Chief Tosawi reputedly told Sheridan in 1869, "Me, Tosawi; me good Injun," to which Sheridan supposedly replied, "The only good Indians I ever saw were dead." Sheridan denied he had ever made the statement. Biographer Roy Morris Jr. states that, nevertheless, popular history credits Sheridan with saying "The only good Indian is a dead Indian." This variation "has been used by friends and enemies ever since to characterize and castigate his Indian-fighting career." - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sheridan Philip Sheridan]</ref><ref>Origins of Sayings - The Only Good Indian is a Dead Indian, http://www.trivia-library.com/ - [http://www.trivia-library.com/b/origins-of-sayings-the-only-good-indian-is-a-dead-indian.htm About the history and origins behind the famous saying the only good indian is a dead indian].</ref>. | Il y a une stratification sociospatiale, mais différente. Les Indiens sont considérés comme des sous-hommes et des sauvages, ceci même dans les cas où ils se convertissent au christianisme comme les Cherokees. Les Anglais sont intéressés surtout aux terres des Indiens : « un bon indien est un Indien mort »<ref>En anglais, « The only good Indian is a dead Indian. »</ref><ref>[http://www.ask.com/question/the-only-good-indian-is-a-dead-indian Who Said the Only Good Indian Is a Dead One?]</ref><ref>Mieder, Wolfgang. "'The Only Good Indian Is a Dead Indian': History and Meaning of a Proverbial Stereotype." The Journal of American Folklore 106 (1993):38–60.</ref><ref>Comanche Chief Tosawi reputedly told Sheridan in 1869, "Me, Tosawi; me good Injun," to which Sheridan supposedly replied, "The only good Indians I ever saw were dead." Sheridan denied he had ever made the statement. Biographer Roy Morris Jr. states that, nevertheless, popular history credits Sheridan with saying "The only good Indian is a dead Indian." This variation "has been used by friends and enemies ever since to characterize and castigate his Indian-fighting career." - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sheridan Philip Sheridan]</ref><ref>Origins of Sayings - The Only Good Indian is a Dead Indian, http://www.trivia-library.com/ - [http://www.trivia-library.com/b/origins-of-sayings-the-only-good-indian-is-a-dead-indian.htm About the history and origins behind the famous saying the only good indian is a dead indian].</ref>. The entire 19th century was a century of land conquest by the United States. | ||
Racism will increase from the 17th century onwards as slavery develops. It should be known that the colonization of British America was also done by white servants, poor whites, but also criminals who, in order to work 7 years in the land, became free and could settle freely in the territory. | |||
Slavery will spread little by little even if it did not exist in Great Britain, no rules can be transferred to the Americas, the rules being invented as slavery develops. All blacks will become slaves reinforcing racism. | |||
Immigration is not done by men, but by families who are often fugitives for religious reasons who will settle on land that has no reluctance for manual work. | |||
=L’esclavage= | =L’esclavage= | ||
Version du 28 avril 2020 à 08:28
Territories in the Americas colonized or claimed by a European great power in 1750.
| Faculté | Lettres |
|---|---|
| Département | Département d’histoire générale |
| Professeur(s) | Aline Helg |
| Cours | The United States and Latin America: late 18th and 20th centuries |
Lectures
- The Americas on the eve of independence
- The independence of the United States
- The U.S. Constitution and Early 19th Century Society
- The Haitian Revolution and its Impact in the Americas
- The independence of Latin American nations
- Latin America around 1850: societies, economies, policies
- The Northern and Southern United States circa 1850: immigration and slavery
- The American Civil War and Reconstruction: 1861 - 1877
- The United States: 1877 - 1900
- Regimes of Order and Progress in Latin America: 1875 - 1910
- The Mexican Revolution: 1910 - 1940
- American society in the 1920s
- The Great Depression and the New Deal: 1929 - 1940
- From Big Stick Policy to Good Neighbor Policy
- Coups d'état and Latin American populisms
- The United States and World War II
- Latin America during the Second World War
- US Post-War Society: Cold War and the Society of Plenty
- The Cold War in Latin America and the Cuban Revolution
- The Civil Rights Movement in the United States
In 1770, the entire Americas were colonies of the great European powers, namely Spain, Portugal, England, France, Holland and Denmark.
The vast majority of these American territories were border areas or even uncolonized territories occupied by Amerindian nations or tribes. The present time with the colonization phase of the Amazonian forest and the last phase of colonization with the disappearance of the indigenous populations.
These territories were very sparsely populated. As these colonial powers did not control these continents, these territories were lands of refuge for fugitives, that is to say for slaves, peasants chased by their masters, criminals who were pushed towards the interior.
Distribution of populations by origin
The most densely populated areas are the east coast of what would become the United States, the entire Atlantic coast of South America, the entire Pacific coast of South America, as well as the Caribbean, Central America and present-day Mexico. On the other hand, there are areas of population along the navigable rivers, but few people settle along the banks of these rivers.
The main cities are densely populated areas. In 1770, there were 15 million inhabitants in the Americas.
In New France there are about 70,000 inhabitants; this is Louisiana as far as present-day Canada. There are 3 million inhabitants in the 13 colonies that will constitute the first United States, also 3 million inhabitants in the Kingdom of the Viceroyalty of Spain, namely Mexico, California, Texas and Central America. There are 4 million inhabitants in the rest of Spain's colonies from Colombia through Venezuela to Chile and Argentina, but also Cuba, Puerto Rico and the current Republic of Santo Domingo. Brazil has a population of 1.5 million.
The French West Indies have 600,000 inhabitants, 500,000 of whom are in Haiti and 80% of them are slaves, 300,000 in the British West Indies and inside we still have 1.5 - 2 million uncolonized Indians.
The Importance of "Racial" Belonging
The ethnic-racial question still weighs heavily in the Americas today because of the history of this continent, a colonization against the Indians and thanks to the importation of Africans.
Amerindian-majority regions
It is the region that best resisted colonization, historians estimate that there were between 50 and 60 million people in the Americas in 1500. What is tragic is that around 1600, the Amerindians numbered less than 4 million. This demographic catastrophe was due enormously to the diseases brought by the Europeans against which the Amerindians had no natural protection. Moreover, the enslavement participated in their genocide while the movements were repressed by massacres explaining the demographic fall.
What is fascinating is that in the Caribbean, where there were probably 5 million Amerindians, in 1770 there were almost none left and in 1800 almost all of them disappeared.
From 1650 - 1680 there is a recovery of the indigenous population and this in the great empires at the time of the conquest with urban civilizations and a highly developed agriculture in a densely populated territory, so that even if there was 90% population disappearance there is a resumption of population growth: these are the territories of Mesoamerica and the Andes, namely the Inca and Mayan civilizations.
In 1770, 2/3 of the population was Amerindian, but many took refuge in the non-settled territories to reconstitute their population and way of life.
Regions with a majority of European origin
Very few regions have a majority of European populations, especially the 13 colonies that will become the United States and in particular the Northern United States, namely Washington, Williamsburg and North Carolina. The number of Europeans rose from 30,000 in 1700 to 2.5 million in 1770, which is due to European migration, but also to a very high growth rate and a higher fertility level partly due to higher sanitary conditions and a longer life span than in the rest of America and even Europe.
However, Europeans are a minority everywhere, they are found in the large cities of the colonies.
Regions with a majority of African origin
The colonization of the Americas was largely carried out by slavery; each time a new region was colonized, it was colonized by the massive arrival of slaves. Between 1500 and 1780, the number of Africans deported to the Americas was four times higher than the number of Europeans who emigrated voluntarily.
It is mainly the regions of tropical plantations, namely the Caribbean, certain regions of Brazil with Rio de Janeiro, Minas Genoa, but also the whole region of Lima and the Pacific coast where there are mines, of course the Caribbean where there are sugar and cocoa plantations, the region of Guyana or the region of Guyana where there are sugar plantations. The Caribbean is a region entirely of slaves, and in the United States they are found in the Maryland region, where there is a large slave population and many agricultural products.
At that time virtually all domestic service was in the hands of slaves. Of all the cities in the Iberian Americas, Indians were excluded, in the population of a city like Buenos Aires, in 1770 half the population was Afrodependent.
Majority Métis, Mulatto or Zambo regions
All these arrivals of slaves and whites make a great crossbreeding especially in Latin America. This happens between surviving Amerindian populations, slaves, but also whites.
Men will bond with Amerindian and slave women, accelerating the crossbreeding that will later be theorized, producing in the imagination of the settlers great concern about their racial origins. A whole art form based on "crossbreeding paintings" was developed, showing this typology of crossbreeding. In the imaginary there is the will to whiten.
In Iberian America there is an obsession with "purity of blood" that goes back to the colonization of the Christians in the Iberian Peninsula against the bit that ends just when Christopher Columbus arrives in the Americas.
All this explains the "purity of blood" which is strong at the time of the reconquest and continued until the middle of the 19th century. In order to study, to exercise higher professions, to have royal functions, ecclesiastical functions, one must prove one's purity of blood. It is necessary to be "clean of all bad races of blacks, mulattos, bitches, Jews, newly converted to our Holy Cross or punished by the Inquisition".[1].
Specifically in the Americas, the Spanish monarchy is not going to apply this dialectic to the Indians, which would contradict the primacy of settlement in America. However, all Africans and their descendants will be disqualified for the "impurity of their blood".
The Amerindians
Iberian America
The question of impurity is also the question of the illegitimacy of birth in relation to religious marriage disqualifying the person even if all his ancestors are European and of "pure" blood. To complicate matters, the practice of manual trades also disqualifies. This application in the Iberian Peninsula is exported to the Americas.
White people are part of the upper caste, there is an extremely restricted elite who hold everything in their hands. Too few men are qualified for their purity of blood, the vast majority have African blood while the illegitimacy of birth affects the majority of the population. It will really be for the important positions that "purity of blood" will be respected.
What is interesting is to see and that Spain and Portugal do not have enough men to serve in the service of the armies that requires blood purity. Blacks and free mulattos will be the main militiamen guarding the coasts. This is a rule that does not respect the letter of the law. Since these militiamen are armed to defend royalty, they are granted a number of privileges related to their status in the army.
The Andean region will see parks set up to force the Indians to work and pay their taxes to the King. These Indians are therefore considered by the King of Spain as "miners" that he must protect, so a series of laws protect them and subject them to work in the mines or weaving. It is important to see that there is this submission at the same time as a dialogue with the King to contest the taking of land by the Spaniards. In many places the Indians are going to be against the Independence process because it will go hand in hand with liberalism directly threatening their land.
We have all these differences that exist in socioracial castes, the Indians do not live in the cities. There are the few white people, a whole population that does manual work and the slaves who are either mestizos or Africans; in most Iberian cities, the white population is at most 30% of the population. These cities concentrate all the power, but their control over the territory is quite limited. The control of civil servants is relatively limited, especially in the large villages.
America is overwhelmingly rural, with no more than 10% of the population living in cities, the largest city is Mexico[2] qui concentre 100000 habitants[3].
Amérique Anglo-Saxonne
Il y a une stratification sociospatiale, mais différente. Les Indiens sont considérés comme des sous-hommes et des sauvages, ceci même dans les cas où ils se convertissent au christianisme comme les Cherokees. Les Anglais sont intéressés surtout aux terres des Indiens : « un bon indien est un Indien mort »[4][5][6][7][8]. The entire 19th century was a century of land conquest by the United States.
Racism will increase from the 17th century onwards as slavery develops. It should be known that the colonization of British America was also done by white servants, poor whites, but also criminals who, in order to work 7 years in the land, became free and could settle freely in the territory.
Slavery will spread little by little even if it did not exist in Great Britain, no rules can be transferred to the Americas, the rules being invented as slavery develops. All blacks will become slaves reinforcing racism.
Immigration is not done by men, but by families who are often fugitives for religious reasons who will settle on land that has no reluctance for manual work.
L’esclavage
Elle caractérise l’ensemble des Amériques est toutes les activités, ils travaillent dans les plantations, les services domestiques, dans les commerces, les transports, dans les ports, dans l’artisanat, mais aussi dans l’écriture certains étant poètes, musiciens… c’est une société extrêmement diversifiée avec de grandes différences de conditions de vie.
Dans la péninsule ibérique, il existait un code de loi remontant au XIIIème siècle qui va être exporté vers les Amériques étant les mêmes que celle de l’esclavage dans l’Empire romain. Dans ce code de loi, les esclaves pouvaient acheter leur liberté marquant la principale différence avec les Amériques anglo-saxonnes, c’est un droit d’achat de la liberté et de sortir de son statut d’esclave sans pour autant être libéré de la « souillure de l’esclavage ». Le résultat est qu’il est plus facile de le faire dans les villes que dans les plantations.
Une classe des « libres de couleur » va se former, ce sont des descendants d’esclaves libres. Pour l’Amérique anglo-saxonne, cette possibilité n’existe pas. Cependant dans les Amériques ibériques, la manumission va peu à peu être rendue difficile. Le dénominateur commun entre toutes les Amériques relevant d’une société matriarcale est que le statut est donné par la mère.
Dans les Amériques espagnoles, il y aura rapidement plus de libres de couleur que d’esclaves.
La traite négrière
Depuis le XVIIème siècle, 12 millions d’Africains arrivent « vivant » dans les Amériques. On constate que 40 % des esclaves vont vers le Brésil tout au long de la colonisation, vient ensuite les caraïbes anglaises et françaises. Les futurs États-Unis ont très peu d’esclaves. Le nombre d’esclaves aux États-Unis va croitre en grande partie parce que les esclaves vont avoir de meilleures conditions sanitaires et alimentaires. Dans les autres colonies, il est nécessaire d’avoir une importation massive et régulière parce que les conditions de vie et de travail étaient catastrophiques.
La plus grande période de la traite est la période des « lumières ». Il y a une contradiction avec la philosophie des lumières, car au même moment où se développent les indépendances, on constate que c’est aussi la période où la traite va être la plus intense. Ce qui est aussi intéressant est qu’à partir de 1815 la traite négrière est interdite.
Production agricole
Amérique ibérique
Les exploitations des descendants des colons occupent les terres les plus fertiles, tandis que les petits paysans et les communautés indiennes sont repoussés vers les terres moins fertiles.
Les immenses propriétés terriennes vont caractériser les Amériques et cela jusqu’à présent.
Amérique Anglo-Saxonne
Au début il y a des exploitations familiales égalitaires avec une croissance des inégalités sans qu’il y ait ces immenses plantations.
Commerce des villes portuaires
Les voies de communication sont très mauvaises, cela prenait plus de temps d’arriver aux villes portuaires des Amériques que des villes portuaires d’Europe.
Le mercantilisme est la doctrine économique selon laquelle la richesse essentielle des États réside dans sa richesse en or et en argent qui va de pair avec le protectionnisme et le monopole de la métropole sur le commerce ; c’est l’idéologie dominante.
Dans ce XVIIIème siècle, les grandes métropoles ont énormément besoin d’or et d’argent, car elles ne cessent de se faire la guerre. L’Amérique est censée être la grande fournisseuse de capitaux à travers les importations et les exportations.
La manière dont s’applique le mercantilisme est différente :
Amérique Anglo-Saxonne
C’est une Amérique prospère qui produit du tabac, de l’indigo et du sucre contribuant notamment à la révolution industrielle en Angleterre.
Les autorités britanniques se soucient peu de la contrebande, car la production est suffisante pour remplir les caisses. Les ports de Boston et Philadelphie se développent rapidement grâce à la prospérité du commerce.
Amérique ibérique
Tout est monopolisé et doit passer par la métropole, il est interdit aux colonies de faire du commerce entre elles. Cela développe une classe de contrebandistes extrêmes qui va faire en grande partie du commerce à cette époque-là.
Administration politique
Amérique ibérique
La métropole gouverne de façon rigide, pour les Amériques espagnoles c’est le Conseil des Indes, le pouvoir exécutif est aux mains d’un vice-roi qui règle tout sur le territoire, mais qui est toujours un Espagnol. Peu de pouvoir local même pour les élites ; les seules sortes de régimes qui existent sont des conseils locaux qui représentent les minorités.
Amérique Anglo-Saxonne
La Grande-Bretagne avait mis en place une administration décentralisée, dans chaque colonie il y avait des assemblées législatives locales dans lesquelles siégeaient des élites locales, elles décidaient des taxes et des finances des colonies. Cependant ce n’est pas de la démocratie.
Les élites coloniales vont avoir une certaine expérience du gouvernement ce qui va leur servir au moment de l’indépendance.
Religions et diversité culturelle
Amérique Anglo-Saxonne
Il y a une diversité incroyable de protestantismes qui d’affrontent pour contrôler un certain nombre de régions. Il y a des idéologies qui s’affrontent, c’est une « Babylone protestante ». Seuls les quakers prônent la tolérance religieuse et le pacifisme. Au début du XVIIIème siècle, la religiosité est en déclin ; c’est à ce moment-là que certains pasteurs lancent une ouverture religieuse qui s’appelle le « Grand Réveil »[9][10]; les pasteurs bouleversent les auditeurs en les menaçant de l’enfer. Ce mouvement va toucher l’ensemble des 13 colonies avec la première idée des États-Unis :
- idée de la supériorité de loi divine
- conviction que les lois naturelles ont été données par dieu.
Amérique ibérique
Il y a un immense territoire et des communications presque inexistantes, le catholicisme est loin d’être universel. Les grands bastions du catholicisme sont les grandes villes avec de fortes populations espagnoles et portugaises. Les curés sont présents là où il y a de fortes populations indiennes. Dans les régions rurales se développent des vénérations de vierges locales qui sont des créations sur place où l’on mélange des éléments amérindiens et de tradition catholique persistant encore jusqu’à aujourd’hui.
L’Église catholique est pratiquement inexistante sur les plantations et les régions tropicales. On a très vite un syncrétisme qui se fait entre religions africaines et catholicisme. De nombreuses religions sont créées se cachant derrière le catholicisme.
Il y aura une toute petite partie de la population qui aura accès aux idées de la philosophie des lumières, mais l’une des principales est qu’il existe des lois naturelles que l’on peut essayer de comprendre et par lesquelles on peut changer les choses. Locke écrit que le rôle de l’État est d’apporter bien-être et sécurité aux individus qui ont des droits inaliénables à la vie, aux libertés et à la propriété[11][12].
Annexes
- Cours :
References
- ↑ Lewin, Boleslao. La inquisición En Hispanoamerica Judios, Protestantes y Patriotas. Paidos, 1967. p.117 url: http://historiayverdad.org/Inquisicion/La-inquisicion-en-Hispanoamerica.pdf
- ↑ Rico Galindo, Rosario (Septiembre de 2008). «Terminologías». Historia de México (3ra. Edición edición). Santillana. pp. 64. ISBN 970-2-9223-08.
- ↑ León Portilla, Miguel (1983). De Teotihuacán a Los Aztecas: Antología de Fuentes e Interpretaciones Históricas. México: UNAM, pp. 354. ISBN 978-9-68580-593-3. El autor estima en 100 000 a 300 000 la población de la ciudad.
- ↑ En anglais, « The only good Indian is a dead Indian. »
- ↑ Who Said the Only Good Indian Is a Dead One?
- ↑ Mieder, Wolfgang. "'The Only Good Indian Is a Dead Indian': History and Meaning of a Proverbial Stereotype." The Journal of American Folklore 106 (1993):38–60.
- ↑ Comanche Chief Tosawi reputedly told Sheridan in 1869, "Me, Tosawi; me good Injun," to which Sheridan supposedly replied, "The only good Indians I ever saw were dead." Sheridan denied he had ever made the statement. Biographer Roy Morris Jr. states that, nevertheless, popular history credits Sheridan with saying "The only good Indian is a dead Indian." This variation "has been used by friends and enemies ever since to characterize and castigate his Indian-fighting career." - Philip Sheridan
- ↑ Origins of Sayings - The Only Good Indian is a Dead Indian, http://www.trivia-library.com/ - About the history and origins behind the famous saying the only good indian is a dead indian.
- ↑ Lambert, Leslie. Inventing the Great Awakening, Princeton University Press, 1999.
- ↑ "Bush Tells Group He Sees a 'Third Awakening'" Washington Post, Sept. 12 2006.
- ↑ ENA MENSUEL - La revue des Anciens Élèves de l’Ecole Nationale d’Administration NUMÉRO HORS-SERIE, "POLITIQUE ET LITTÉRATURE", DÉCEMBRE 2003 - JEFFERSON, LE PERE DE LA DECLARATION D’INDEPENDENCE DES ETATS-UNIS par André KASPI
- ↑ « pour leur conservation, pour leur sûreté mutuelle, pour la tranquillité de leur vie, pour jouir paisiblement de ce qui leur appartient en propre, et être mieux à l’abri des insultes de ceux qui voudraient leur nuire et leur faire du mal » - John Locke.Traité du gouvernement civil, 1690, édition française, C. Volland éd., Paris, 1802, p. 164