| The GDP deflator overestimates inflation and the CPI underestimates inflation due to the sub- stitution bias. |
| The GDP deflator underestimates inflation and the CPI overestimates it due to consumer hete- rogeneity. |
| The GDP deflator excludes the price of exported goods and the CPI includes them. |
| The GDP deflator excludes the price of imported goods and the CPI includes them. |