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| == 瑞士宪法的修订过程 == | | == 瑞士宪法的修订过程 == |
| The process of revising the Swiss Federal Constitution is an important aspect of the country's governance and legal structure. Articles 193 and 194 of the Swiss Federal Constitution set out the details of this revision, whether total or partial.
| | 瑞士联邦宪法》的修订过程是国家治理和法律结构的一个重要方面。瑞士联邦宪法》第 193 条和第 194 条规定了全面或部分修订的细节。 |
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| According to article 193, the Swiss Constitution may be revised at any time, either in whole or in part. This flexibility ensures that the Constitution can evolve and adapt to social, economic and political changes. A total revision, i.e. a complete overhaul of the Constitution, is a major undertaking and is not common. The last total revision of the Swiss Constitution was completed in 1999, replacing the previous version dating from 1874. Partial revision, which concerns specific amendments to certain provisions of the Constitution, is more common. These partial revisions may be proposed by Parliament or by means of a popular initiative, a distinctive feature of Swiss direct democracy. The popular initiative allows citizens to propose constitutional amendments, provided they gather the required number of signatures.
| | 根据《瑞士联邦宪法》第193条,《瑞士联邦宪法》可随时进行全部或部分修订。这种灵活性确保了宪法能够不断发展,适应社会、经济和政治的变化。全面修订,即彻底修改宪法,是一项重大工程,并不常见。瑞士宪法的上一次全面修订于 1999 年完成,取代了 1874 年的旧版本。部分修订则更为常见,涉及对宪法某些条款的具体修改。这些部分修订可以由议会提出,也可以通过民众倡议的方式提出,这是瑞士直接民主的一个显著特点。民众倡议允许公民提出宪法修正案,只要他们收集到所需数量的签名。 |
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| Article 194 describes the ratification process for constitutional amendments. Any revision of the Constitution, whether total or partial, must be approved by a double majority: a majority of the Swiss people and a majority of the cantons. This double majority requirement ensures that any amendment to the Constitution receives broad support at both national and regional level, reflecting Swiss federalism and respect for the country's diverse regions and linguistic and cultural communities. This revision process ensures that the Swiss Constitution remains a living document, reflecting the values and aspirations of the Swiss people while preserving the stability and integrity of the country's legal and political framework. The combination of flexibility for revisions and the requirement of a broad consensus for their adoption is a key element of Swiss democracy, allowing a balance between continuity and adaptation to the new challenges and needs of society.[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 193.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a193 article 193]]]
| | 第194条规定了宪法修正案的批准程序。对宪法的任何修改,无论是全部还是部分修改,都必须获得双重多数的批准:瑞士人民的多数和各州的多数。这一双重多数要求确保了任何宪法修正案都能在国家和地区层面获得广泛支持,体现了瑞士的联邦制以及对瑞士不同地区、语言和文化社区的尊重。这一修订程序确保瑞士宪法始终是一份有生命力的文件,反映瑞士人民的价值观和愿望,同时维护国家法律和政治框架的稳定性和完整性。瑞士民主的一个关键要素是将修订的灵活性与通过修订必须达成广泛共识的要求结合起来,从而在连续性与适应新的挑战和社会需求之间实现平衡。[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 193.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a193 article 193]]] |
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| The Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation, established on 18 April 1999, presents a distinct and democratic approach to the total revision of the constitution, as stipulated in Article 193. This revision process is a profound illustration of Switzerland's commitment to direct democracy and respect for international law. The possibility of revising the Constitution may be initiated by several actors: the Swiss people themselves, one of the two legislative councils (the National Council or the Council of States), or by the Federal Assembly as a whole. This plurality of initiation mechanisms ensures that diverse groups within Swiss society can play an active role in shaping their constitutional framework. Historically, this provision has allowed the Swiss Constitution to evolve gradually, reflecting changes in social attitudes, political needs and international contexts.
| | 1999 年 4 月 18 日制定的《瑞士联邦联邦宪法》按照第 193 条的规定,以独特的民主 方式对宪法进行了全面修订。这一修订过程深刻体现了瑞士对直接民主和尊重国际法的承诺。修订宪法的可能性可由多个行为者发起:瑞士人民自己、两个立法委员会(国民议会或州议会)之一或整个联邦议会。这种多元化的启动机制确保了瑞士社会中的不同群体都能在制定宪法框架方面发挥积极作用。从历史上看,这一规定使瑞士宪法得以逐步发展,反映出社会态度、政治需求和国际背景的变化。 |
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| In the event of a proposal for a total revision by the people, or in the event of a disagreement between the two Councils, the power rests with the Swiss people to decide, by means of a vote, whether a total revision should be undertaken. This principle reinforces the nature of direct democracy in Switzerland, where citizens have a significant right of scrutiny and decision on major constitutional issues. The example of the 1999 revision, which replaced the 1874 constitution, demonstrates the effectiveness of this process, with the people directly involved in overhauling their fundamental law. If the people approve a total revision, both councils are renewed, ensuring that the revision is carried out by representatives who reflect the current views and aspirations of the electorate. This unique provision ensures that any major revision of the Constitution is in line with the contemporary perspectives of the people.
| | 如果人民提出全面修改宪法的建议,或者两个委员会之间出现分歧,瑞士人民有权通过投票决定是否进行全面修改。这一原则加强了瑞士直接民主的性质,公民在重大宪法问题上拥有重要的监督权和决定权。1999 年的宪法修订取代了 1874 年的宪法,这一例子表明了这一程序的有效性,人民直接参与了对其基本法的全面修订。如果人民批准全面修订,两个理事会都将换届,确保修订工作由反映选民当前观点和愿望的代表执行。这一独特的规定确保了对宪法的任何重大修改都符合人民的当代观点。 |
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| Finally, Article 193 strongly emphasises that revisions to the Constitution must not violate the mandatory rules of international law. This reflects Switzerland's commitment to international norms and its responsibilities as a member of the international community. This respect for international law is a fundamental principle of Swiss policy, reflecting its historic role as a neutral nation and host of numerous international organisations. This process of revising the Swiss Constitution, by combining direct democracy, legislative representation and adherence to international law, shows how Switzerland maintains a balance between traditional values and adaptability to new realities, ensuring that its Constitution remains a living and relevant document for future generations.[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 194.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a194 article 194]]]
| | 最后,第 193 条着重强调对宪法的修订不得违反国际法的强制性规则。这反映了瑞士对国际准则的承诺及其作为国际社会成员的责任。尊重国际法是瑞士政策的基本原则,反映了瑞士作为中立国和众多国际组织东道国的历史角色。瑞士宪法的修订过程将直接民主、立法代表制和遵守国际法结合在一起,显示了瑞士如何在传统价值观和适应新现实之间保持平衡,确保其宪法对后代而言仍然是一份有生命力和相关性的文件。[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 194.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a194 article 194]]] |
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| Article 194 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation deals with the partial revision of the Constitution, providing a mechanism for making specific changes to the Constitution without requiring a total revision. This process is a key element in the flexibility and evolvability of the Swiss constitutional framework. Under this article, partial revision may be initiated either by the people, via a popular initiative, or by the Federal Assembly. This provision allows both elected representatives and citizens to play an active role in the constitutional amendment process. The possibility for the people to initiate partial revisions illustrates the strength of direct democracy in Switzerland, where citizens have significant power to influence legislation.
| | 瑞士联邦联邦宪法》第 194 条涉及宪法的部分修订,提供了一个对宪法进行具体修改 而无需全面修订的机制。这一程序是瑞士宪法框架灵活性和可发展性的关键因素。根据该条款,部分修改可以由人民通过民众倡议发起,也可以由联邦议会发起。这一条款允许民选代表和公民在修宪过程中发挥积极作用。人民有可能发起部分修订,这说明瑞士直接民主的力量,在瑞士,公民拥有影响立法的重要权力。 |
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| Article 194 also stipulates that any partial revision must respect the principle of unity of subject matter. This means that the proposed amendments must be coherent and focus on a single subject or theme. This principle is intended to avoid confusion and ensure that the revisions are clear, focused and easy for voters to understand. In addition, the article stresses that partial revisions must not violate peremptory rules of international law. This respect for international norms is consistent with Switzerland's long-standing commitment to international law and its reputation as a nation that respects international agreements and treaties. Finally, any popular initiative for a partial revision of the Constitution must respect the principle of unity of form. This means that the proposal must be presented in a way that is coherent and structured, making it easier for the people and the legislative bodies to understand and assess.
| | 第 194 条还规定,任何部分修订都必须遵守主题统一的原则。这意味着拟议的修订必须连贯一致,并侧重于单一主题或专题。这一原则旨在避免混淆,确保修订内容清晰、重点突出、易于选民理解。此外,该条还强调,部分修订不得违反国际法的强制性规则。这种对国际准则的尊重符合瑞士对国际法的长期承诺,也符合瑞士作为一个尊重国际协定和条约的国家的声誉。最后,任何部分修改宪法的民众倡议都必须遵守形式统一的原则。这意味着提案必须以连贯和有条理的方式提出,使人民和立法机构更容易理解和评估。 |
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| Switzerland's first formal constitution was drawn up in 1798, marking a significant milestone in the country's political and legal development. Prior to that date, Switzerland was not a unified state in the modern sense, but rather a confederation of cantons linked by a network of alliances and treaties. The Swiss Confederation was founded in 1291 with the Federal Pact, considered to be the founding act of Switzerland. This pact, and subsequent treaties between the cantons, created a complex network of alliances that governed relations between the Swiss cantons. These agreements focused primarily on mutual defence and the management of common affairs, but they did not constitute a constitution in the formal sense. This confederal structure continued until the Peace of Aarau in 1712, which marked the end of the wars between the Swiss cantons. Throughout this period, Switzerland was characterised by its decentralised nature, with each canton retaining a high degree of autonomy in terms of governance and legislation. There was no centralised document or written constitution governing all the cantons.
| | 瑞士的第一部正式宪法制定于1798年,是瑞士政治和法律发展史上的一个重要里程碑。在此之前,瑞士并不是一个现代意义上的统一国家,而是一个由联盟和条约网络连接起来的州联盟。瑞士联邦成立于 1291 年,当时签订的《联邦条约》被认为是瑞士的开国法案。该条约以及随后各州之间签订的条约建立了一个复杂的联盟网络,对瑞士各州之间的关系做出了规定。这些协定主要侧重于共同防御和管理共同事务,但并不构成正式意义上的宪法。这种邦联结构一直持续到1712年《阿劳和约》签订,标志着瑞士各州之间战争的结束。在此期间,瑞士的特点是权力下放,各州在管理和立法方面保持高度自治。瑞士没有中央文件或成文宪法来管理所有州。 |
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| This changed in 1798 with the introduction of the first formal constitution, often referred to as the Constitution of the Helvetic Republic. This constitution was influenced by the ideals of the French Revolution and marked a significant break with Switzerland's confederal past. It introduced concepts such as the unification of the state, centralisation of power and common citizenship, laying the foundations for the modern Swiss state. This first formal constitution laid the foundations for the subsequent development of Switzerland's constitutional and legal structure, ultimately leading to the Federal Constitution of 1848, which established Switzerland's modern federalist structure, and its revision in 1999, which is the version currently in force. These developments show how Switzerland evolved from a decentralised network of alliances into a unified federal state with a formal, structured constitution.
| | 1798 年,随着第一部正式宪法(通常称为《赫尔维蒂共和国宪法》)的出台,这种情况发生了改变。这部宪法受到法国大革命理想的影响,标志着瑞士与过去邦联制的重大突破。它引入了国家统一、中央集权和共同公民权等概念,为现代瑞士国家奠定了基础。这第一部正式宪法为瑞士随后的宪法和法律结构发展奠定了基础,最终导致了1848年《联邦宪法》的出台,确立了瑞士的现代联邦制结构。这些发展表明,瑞士是如何从一个分散的联盟网络演变成一个拥有正式、结构化宪法的统一联邦国家的。 |
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| The Constitution of 1798 represents a significant milestone in Switzerland's constitutional history, as it is the country's first constitution in the formal sense. It marked a radical departure from the previous system of treaties and alliances between cantons, introducing ideas inspired by the French Revolution and laying the foundations for a centralised state. The Constitution of 1798, known as the Constitution of the Helvetic Republic, was imposed under French influence after the invasion of Switzerland. It replaced the decentralised confederal structure with a centralised government, establishing a model of common citizenship and uniform administration. However, this constitution was not welcomed by all sections of Swiss society, as it represented a significant break with the tradition of cantonal autonomy.
| | 1798年宪法是瑞士宪法史上的一个重要里程碑,因为它是瑞士第一部正式意义上的宪法。它标志着瑞士从根本上摆脱了以前各州之间的条约和联盟制度,引入了受法国大革命启发的思想,为中央集权制国家奠定了基础。1798 年的宪法被称为《赫尔维蒂共和国宪法》,是在法国入侵瑞士后实施的。它以中央集权政府取代了分散的邦联结构,建立了共同公民身份和统一管理的模式。然而,这部宪法并没有受到瑞士社会各界的欢迎,因为它意味着与州自治传统的重大决裂。 |
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| The Constitution of 1848 marked another decisive turning point. It introduced the federal structure that characterises the Swiss political system today. Inspired by the failures of the Helvetic Republic and the liberal movements of 1848 in Europe, this constitution sought to balance the autonomy of the cantons with the need for a strong central government. It established a federal system in which power is shared between the federal government and the cantons, with each canton retaining a degree of autonomy in its internal affairs. The Constitution of 1848 laid the foundations of the modern Swiss political system. It introduced key institutions such as the Federal Council, the Federal Assembly and the Federal Supreme Court, and established principles such as direct democracy, federalism and neutrality, which are still essential elements of the Swiss identity.
| | 1848 年宪法是另一个决定性的转折点。它引入了联邦制结构,这也是今天瑞士政治体制的特点。受海尔维第共和国和1848年欧洲自由主义运动失败的启发,这部宪法力图在各州自治与建立强有力的中央政府之间取得平衡。它建立了联邦政府与各州分享权力的联邦制度,各州在其内部事务中保留一定程度的自治权。1848 年宪法奠定了现代瑞士政治制度的基础。它引入了联邦委员会、联邦议会和联邦最高法院等重要机构,并确立了直接民主、联邦制和中立等原则,这些原则至今仍是瑞士特征的基本要素。 |
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| The first principle of the revision of Switzerland's Federal Constitution is that it can be revised at any time, providing great flexibility to make changes in response to changing needs and circumstances in society. This principle is fundamental in a political system that values direct democracy and adaptability. The initiative to revise the Swiss Constitution can be launched either by the people (popular initiative) or by parliament (parliamentary initiative). A popular initiative requires the collection of a specified number of signatures from eligible citizens in order to propose a revision, while a parliamentary initiative begins in the Federal Assembly.
| | 瑞士《联邦宪法》修订的首要原则是可以随时修订,为根据社会需求和情况的变化进行修改提供了极大的灵活性。这一原则是重视直接民主和适应性的政治制度的基本原则。修订瑞士宪法的倡议可以由人民(民众倡议)或议会(议会倡议)发起。民众倡议需要收集一定数量的合格公民签名才能提出修宪建议,而议会倡议则从联邦议会开始。 |
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| Once a proposal for constitutional revision has been formulated, it must be approved by both the Swiss people and the cantons, according to the principle of the double majority, as stipulated in article 195 of the Constitution. This means that for a (total or partial) revision of the Constitution to be adopted, it must not only win a majority of votes at national level in a popular vote, but also be approved by a majority of the Swiss cantons. This double majority requirement ensures that any amendment to the Constitution receives broad support, reflecting both the will of the majority of the Swiss population and the consent of the country's different regions and cultural communities. This process underlines the importance of consensus and fair representation in the Swiss political system, ensuring that constitutional changes are made with careful consideration and broad agreement.
| | 根据《宪法》第195条规定的双重多数原则,修宪提案一经提出,必须同时获得瑞士人民和各州的批准。这意味着,宪法的(全部或部分)修改要想获得通过,不仅要在全国范围内的全民投票中获得多数票,还必须获得瑞士各州多数票的批准。这一双重多数要求确保了任何宪法修正案都能获得广泛支持,既能反映瑞士大多数人的意愿,又能征得瑞士不同地区和文化社区的同意。这一程序强调了协商一致和公平代表权在瑞士政治体制中的重要性,确保宪法修改经过深思熟虑和广泛同意。 |
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| The distinction between partial and total revision of the Constitution is an important aspect of the legal framework in Switzerland, reflecting the flexibility and depth of the constitutional process. A partial revision of the Constitution focuses on amending a number of specific articles. This allows targeted changes to be made without calling into question the constitutional framework as a whole. Partial revisions are often used to meet specific needs or to update particular aspects of the Constitution in response to changes in society, the economy or the political landscape. Such revisions may be initiated by a popular initiative, where a group of citizens collects the necessary signatures to propose a change, or by the Federal Assembly. A total revision, on the other hand, involves revising the entire Constitution. This means re-examining and potentially rewriting the entire constitutional document. Such an undertaking is much more complex and far-reaching than a partial revision, as it calls into question the very foundations of the country's legal and political system. A total revision can be proposed by the people or by the Federal Assembly, and if it is approved by a popular vote, it entails the renewal of both councils to reflect the current will of the people. The last total revision of the Swiss Constitution took place in 1999, replacing the previous constitution of 1874. The revision process, whether total or partial, is subject to the approval of the people and the cantons, in keeping with Switzerland's tradition of direct democracy and federalism. This approach ensures that any changes to the Constitution are the result of a broad consensus and careful consideration, thereby respecting the fundamental democratic principles on which Switzerland is founded.
| | 宪法的部分修订和全面修订之间的区别是瑞士法律框架的一个重要方面,反映了宪法程序的灵活性和深度。宪法的部分修订侧重于修改一些具体条款。这样就可以在不质疑整个宪法框架的情况下进行有针对性的修改。部分修订通常用于满足特定需求或更新宪法的某些方面,以应对社会、经济或政治格局的变化。此类修订可由民众倡议或联邦议会发起,由公民团体收集必要的签名来提出修改建议。另一方面,全面修订涉及修改整部《宪法》。这意味着要重新审查并有可能重写整个宪法文件。这项工作要比部分修订复杂得多,影响也深远得多,因为它对国家法律和政治制度的根本基础提出了质疑。全面修订可以由人民或联邦议会提出,如果获得民众投票通过,则需要对两个议会进行更新,以反映当前人民的意愿。瑞士宪法上一次全面修订是在 1999 年,以取代之前的 1874 年宪法。根据瑞士直接民主和联邦制的传统,无论是全面修订还是部分修订,都必须经过人民和各州的批准。这种做法确保了对宪法的任何修改都是广泛共识和深思熟虑的结果,从而尊重了瑞士赖以生存的基本民主原则。 |
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| The requirement that any revision of the Swiss Constitution, whether total or partial, must respect the mandatory rules of international law is a fundamental principle that underlines Switzerland's commitment to international law. This condition is crucial to maintaining the integrity of the Swiss legal system and ensuring that Switzerland remains in compliance with its international obligations. Peremptory rules of international law, often referred to as "jus cogens", are fundamental norms of general international law recognised by the international community as unchangeable and from which no state may derogate. They include principles such as the prohibition of torture, genocide and aggression, as well as respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. By incorporating this requirement into the constitutional review process, Switzerland is ensuring that its domestic laws, including its Constitution, not only comply with international standards, but also reflect universal principles of justice and human rights. This demonstrates Switzerland's commitment as a responsible member of the international community and its desire to promote and support global peace and justice. This respect for the imperative rules of international law in the constitutional revision process strengthens Switzerland's credibility and respect on the international stage. It also illustrates how international principles and obligations can be integrated into the national legal framework, contributing to the harmonisation of domestic and international law.
| | 对瑞士宪法的任何修改,无论是全部还是部分修改,都必须尊重国际法的强制性规则,这是强调瑞士对国际法承诺的一项基本原则。这一条件对于维护瑞士法律体系的完整性和确保瑞士继续履行其国际义务至关重要。国际法的强制性规则通常被称为 "强制法",是国际社会公认的一般国际法的基本准则,是不可改变的,任何国家都不得减损。它们包括禁止酷刑、种族灭绝和侵略以及尊重人权和基本自由等原则。通过将这一要求纳入宪法审查程序,瑞士正在确保其国内法,包括其宪法,不仅符合国际标准,而且反映了正义和人权的普遍原则。这表明了瑞士作为国际社会负责任成员的承诺,以及促进和支持全球和平与正义的愿望。在修宪过程中尊重国际法的必要规则,加强了瑞士在国际舞台上的信誉和尊重。它还说明了如何将国际原则和义务纳入国家法律框架,促进国内法与国际法的协调。[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 192.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a192 article 192]]]1999 年 4 月 18 日颁布的《瑞士联邦宪法》第 192 条规定了一项总原则,即《宪法》可随时进行全部或部分修订。这一原则体现了瑞士宪法框架的灵活性和适应性,使瑞士能够有效应对当代的发展和挑战。第 192 条第 1 款强调宪法可随时修订,为根据需要进行调整或更新提供了机会。这一规定保证了瑞士宪法不是一成不变的文件,而是一个可以随着社会、政治或经济的变化而发展的有生命力的框架。第二款规定,除非《宪法》或由《宪法》衍生的法律另有规定,《宪法》的修订遵循普通立法程序。这意味着拟议的修正案必须经过与其他法律相同的阶段,包括瑞士议会两院的审议和批准。然而,在实践中,由于宪法修订的重要性和范围,这些过程往往伴随着比普通法律更高层次的审议和共识。这一宪法修订框架反映了瑞士法律制度在稳定性和灵活性之间的平衡。它允许进行必要的调整,以反映瑞士社会当前的价值观和需求,同时保持有序和民主的程序,保证宪法修改过程中的合法性和慎重考虑。[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 194.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a194 article 194]]] |
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| [[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 192.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a192 article 192]]]Article 192 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation, dated 18 April 1999, establishes the general principle that the Constitution may be revised at any time, either in whole or in part. This principle is a demonstration of the flexibility and adaptability of the Swiss constitutional framework, enabling the country to respond effectively to contemporary developments and challenges. The first paragraph of Article 192 emphasises that the Constitution may be revised at any time, providing the opportunity to make adjustments or updates as required. This provision guarantees that the Swiss Constitution is not a static document, but a living framework that can evolve in line with changes in society, politics or the economy. The second paragraph specifies that, unless otherwise stipulated in the Constitution or in legislation deriving from it, the revision of the Constitution follows the ordinary legislative procedure. This means that proposed amendments must go through the same stages as other laws, including consideration and approval by both chambers of the Swiss Parliament. However, in practice, due to the importance and scope of constitutional revisions, these processes are often accompanied by a higher level of deliberation and consensus than for ordinary laws. This framework for constitutional revision reflects the balance between stability and flexibility in the Swiss legal system. It allows for necessary adjustments to reflect the current values and needs of Swiss society, while maintaining an orderly and democratic process that guarantees legitimacy and careful consideration in the process of constitutional change.[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 194.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a194 article 194]]]
| | 1999 年修订的《瑞士联邦宪法》第 194 条规定了对宪法进行部分修订的框架,这 一程序体现了瑞士政治体制中直接民主与代议制民主的结合。通过这一程序,可以在不对宪法进行全面修订的情况下,对宪法的特定部分进行修改。部分修改既可以由瑞士人民通过民众倡议发起,也可以由联邦议会发起。这种由人民发起部分修订的可能性突出表明了瑞士立法过程中赋予公民的重要权力。特别是民众倡议,见证了瑞士直接民主的力量,使公民能够积极提出宪法修改建议。此外,还强调了在任何部分修订中主题统一的重要性,要求提议的修改必须连贯一致,并集中在一个主题上。这一规定旨在确保提议的修改内容明确且重点突出,避免因修改内容过于宽泛或多样而造成混乱。此外,该条还规定,修订不得违反国际法的强制性规则,这体现了瑞士尊重国际法律规范的承诺。 |
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| Article 194 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation, incorporated in the 1999 revision, sets out the framework for the partial revision of the Constitution, a process that illustrates the combination of direct and representative democracy in the Swiss political system. This procedure makes it possible to amend specific sections of the Constitution without undertaking a complete overhaul. Partial revision can be initiated either by the Swiss people, through a popular initiative, or by the Federal Assembly. This possibility for the people to initiate partial revisions highlights the significant power granted to citizens in the Swiss legislative process. Popular initiatives, in particular, bear witness to the strength of direct democracy in Switzerland, enabling citizens to actively propose constitutional changes. The importance of unity of subject matter in any partial revision is also emphasised, requiring the proposed changes to be coherent and focused on a single subject. This rule is intended to ensure that proposed amendments are clear and focused, avoiding the confusion that could result from amendments that are too broad or diverse. In addition, the article stipulates that revisions must not violate peremptory rules of international law, reflecting Switzerland's commitment to respecting international legal norms.
| | 就民众倡议而言,形式统一原则是另一个重要方面。提案必须以连贯和有条理的方式提出,确保其表述清晰,公众和立法机构能够理解。这一要求确保民众倡议在付诸表决前经过深思熟虑。第 194 条的这些方面反映了瑞士在修宪方面的平衡和民主态度。它们确保对宪法的修改是经过深思熟虑、达成普遍共识的结果,并且符合瑞士的国际承诺和基本价值观。这表明瑞士是如何在适应当代发展的同时,在基本民主原则和尊重国际标准之间保持平衡的。 |
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| As far as popular initiatives are concerned, the principle of unity of form is another crucial aspect. Proposals must be presented in a coherent and structured manner, ensuring that they are clearly formulated and comprehensible to the public and legislative bodies. This requirement ensures that popular initiatives are well thought out before being put to the vote. These aspects of Article 194 reflect Switzerland's balanced and democratic approach to constitutional revision. They ensure that the changes made to the Constitution are the result of careful thought, of a general consensus, and are consistent with the country's international commitments and fundamental values. This demonstrates how Switzerland, while adapting to contemporary developments, maintains a balance between fundamental democratic principles and respect for international standards.
| | 在瑞士,宪法倡议权使人民能够在宪法修订过程中发挥积极作用。这种形式的直接民主是瑞士政治制度的一个特点,使公民有机会直接影响立法。当有10万瑞士公民签署请愿书,要求在18个月内修改宪法时,就可以发起宪法倡议。10 万个签名的门槛确保了只有得到民众大力支持的提案才会被考虑。这一要求在促进民众参与与确保倡议得到认真考虑和相当一部分民众的支持之间取得了平衡。一旦某项宪法倡议符合这一标准,就必须经过瑞士人民以及各州的审议和投票程序。倡议必须获得双重多数才能通过:瑞士选民的多数和各州的多数。这一程序确保拟议的宪法修改不仅反映大多数人的意愿,而且能为瑞士各地区、语言和文化社区所接受。宪法倡议的存在证明了瑞士对直接民主的坚定承诺。瑞士政治体制的这一特点允许公民在制定法律和宪法框架方面发挥重要作用,体现了民主价值观和公民积极参与国家治理。 |
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| In Switzerland, the right of constitutional initiative enables the people to play an active role in the constitutional revision process. This form of direct democracy is a characteristic feature of the Swiss political system, giving citizens the opportunity to directly influence legislation. A constitutional initiative is launched when 100,000 Swiss citizens sign a petition calling for the Constitution to be revised within 18 months. This threshold, set at 100,000 signatures, ensures that only proposals that enjoy significant support among the population are taken into consideration. This requirement represents a balance between facilitating popular participation and ensuring that initiatives are seriously considered and supported by a substantial proportion of the population. Once a constitutional initiative meets this criterion, it is subject to a process that includes consideration and voting by the Swiss people, as well as by the cantons. The initiative must obtain a double majority to be adopted: a majority of the Swiss voters and a majority of the cantons. This process ensures that the proposed constitutional changes not only reflect the will of the majority of the population, but are also acceptable to Switzerland's various regions and linguistic and cultural communities. The existence of the constitutional initiative testifies to Switzerland's deep commitment to direct democracy. This feature of the Swiss political system allows citizens to play a significant role in shaping their legal and constitutional framework, reflecting democratic values and the active participation of citizens in the governance of their country.
| | 在对《瑞士联邦宪法》进行全面修订时,如果议会两院(国民院和联邦院)在批准修订倡议时出现僵局,则将决定权移交给瑞士选民。当两院无法就通过或否决一项全面修改宪法的提案达成一致时,就会出现这种情况。当这一问题付诸全民投票时,必须以一般的方式提出。这意味着瑞士人民是就全面修改宪法的原则进行投票,而不是就新宪法的具体修改或细节进行投票。一旦人民通过了全面修订的原则,新宪法的起草工作就会启动。 |
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| In the context of a total revision of the Swiss Federal Constitution, if an impasse arises between the two chambers of Parliament (the National Council and the Council of States) over the approval of a revision initiative, the decision is then transferred to the Swiss electorate. This situation arises when the chambers are unable to reach agreement on whether to adopt or reject a proposal for a total revision of the Constitution. When the question is put to a popular vote, it must be presented in general terms. This means that the Swiss people are voting on the principle of a total revision, not on specific changes or details of the new Constitution. Once the people have approved the principle of a total revision, a process is set in motion to draft the new Constitution.
| | 这一程序是瑞士直接民主运作的一个范例,它赋予人民决定对国家根本法进行重大修改的最终权力。如果人民同意全面修改的原则,议会两院将进行改组,以反映人民的当前意愿。新的两院随后负责起草新宪法文本。这一全面修订程序确保对宪法的根本性修改不仅是议会决定的结果,而且得到人民授权的支持。这表明瑞士致力于建立一种人民在重要宪法决策中发挥核心作用的政治制度,反映了瑞士社会根深蒂固的民主价值观。 |
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| This process is an example of how direct democracy works in Switzerland, giving the people the ultimate power to decide on major changes to the country's fundamental law. If the people approve the principle of a total revision, both chambers of parliament are renewed to reflect the current will of the people. These new chambers are then responsible for drafting the text of the new Constitution. This total revision procedure ensures that fundamental changes to the Constitution are not only the result of a parliamentary decision, but are also backed by a popular mandate. It illustrates Switzerland's commitment to a political system in which the people play a central role in important constitutional decisions, reflecting the deeply rooted democratic values of Swiss society.
| | === 全面修订《宪法》: 民众倡议和议会审查 === |
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| === Total revision of the Constitution: Popular initiative and parliamentary review === | |
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| In the Swiss constitutional system, the distinction between total and partial revisions of the Constitution is based on the way in which they are formulated and proposed. A total revision of the Swiss Constitution must be presented in general terms. This means that when the principle of a total revision is put to the vote, voters are voting on the overall idea of revising the Constitution in its entirety, without going into the specific details or content of the revision. If the principle of a total revision is approved by the people and the cantons, the process of drafting a new constitution begins, often involving in-depth debate and extensive collaboration to determine the specific content and structure of the new constitution.
| | 在瑞士的宪法制度中,宪法的全面修订和部分修订之间的区别是以其制定和提出的方式为基础的。瑞士宪法的全面修订必须以概括的方式提出。这就意味着,当全面修订宪法的原则被付诸表决时,选民是对全面修订宪法的总体思路进行表决,而不是对修订的具体细节或内容进行表决。如果人民和各州批准了全面修订宪法的原则,新宪法的起草过程就开始了,这通常需要进行深入的辩论和广泛的合作,以确定新宪法的具体内容和结构。 |
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| On the other hand, a partial revision of the Constitution can be proposed in two ways: either in general terms or in the form of a draft. When proposed in general terms, the principle or idea behind the revision is presented without a specific text, similar to the total revision. However, a partial revision can also be presented in draft form, where the specific text of the proposed change is formulated and presented for approval. This approach allows a more focused examination and debate on the specific changes suggested to the Constitution. These methods of formulating constitutional amendments reflect the flexibility and democratic approach of the Swiss constitutional system. They allow for adjustments tailored to the nature and extent of the changes desired, whether for a complete update of the constitutional framework or for targeted amendments to specific aspects of the Constitution.
| | 另一方面,宪法的部分修订可以通过两种方式提出:笼统地提出或以草案的形式提出。在提出一般性建议时,只提出修订的原则或想法,而没有具体的文本,这与全面修订类似。然而,部分修订也可以草案的形式提出,在草案中拟定拟议修改的具体案文并提交审批。通过这种方法,可以对宪法的具体修改建议进行更有针对性的审查和辩论。这些宪法修正案的制定方法体现了瑞士宪法制度的灵活性和民主性。无论是对宪法框架进行全面更新,还是对宪法的具体内容进行有针对性的修改,都可以根据所需修 改的性质和程度进行调整。 |
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| In the context of the total revision of Switzerland's Federal Constitution, if a popular initiative for a total revision of the Constitution is approved by a vote of the people, an important step follows: the renewal of Parliament (the Federal Assembly) and the Federal Council. When the Swiss people vote in favour of a total revision, this indicates a desire for significant change in the country's constitutional framework. To reflect this desire for change and to ensure that the new Constitution is drafted in a spirit that is representative of the population's current aspirations, a renewal of the legislative and executive bodies is necessary.
| | 就瑞士联邦宪法的全面修订而言,如果人民投票通过了全面修订宪法的倡议,那么接下来的重要一步就是:更新议会(联邦议会)和联邦委员会。当瑞士人民投票赞成全面修订宪法时,这表明他们希望对国家的宪法框架进行重大变革。为了反映这种变革愿望,并确保新宪法的起草精神能够代表民众当前的愿望,有必要对立法和行政机构进行革新。 |
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| The renewal of Parliament means that new elections are held for both chambers of the Federal Assembly, namely the National Council (the lower house) and the Council of States (the upper house). This ensures that the members of Parliament who will be involved in drafting the new Constitution faithfully represent the political mandate and opinions of the electorate at that particular time. Similarly, the renewal of the Federal Council, the executive body of the Swiss government, is part of this drive for renewal and representativeness. The Federal Council is responsible for executing laws and plays a crucial role in the administration of the country. The renewal of this body ensures that the executive is in step with the new political and legislative framework that will be established by the new Constitution.
| | 议会换届意味着联邦议会两院,即国民院(下院)和州议会(上院)都要举行新的选举。这将确保参与起草新宪法的议员忠实地代表当时选民的政治授权和意见。同样,瑞士政府的执行机构联邦委员会的更新也是这一更新和代表性驱动力的一部分。联邦委员会负责执行法律,在国家管理中发挥着至关重要的作用。该机构的革新确保了行政机构与新宪法所确立的新的政治和立法框架保持一致。 |
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| This process of renewal following the approval of an initiative for a total revision of the Constitution is a testament to the democratic and responsive structure of Swiss governance. It ensures that major constitutional changes are carried out with full legitimacy and reflect the current wishes of the Swiss people.[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 140.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a140 article 140]]]Article 140 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation, enshrined in the 1999 revision, is an outstanding example of Switzerland's commitment to direct democracy. Under this article, certain key decisions, including constitutional amendments and membership of international organisations, must be approved by the people and the cantons via a compulsory referendum. This procedure ensures that major changes to the country's governance and foreign policy receive direct democratic support.
| | 在全面修订《宪法》的倡议获得批准后进行的这一更新过程,证明了瑞士治理结构的民主性和顺应性。它确保了重大的宪法修改具有充分的合法性,并反映了瑞士人民当前的愿望。[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 140.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a140 article 140]]]1999年修订的《瑞士联邦联邦宪法》第140条是瑞士致力于直接民主的杰出范例。根据该条款,某些重要决定,包括宪法修正案和国际组织成员资格,必须通过强制性全民公决获得人民和各州的批准。这一程序确保了国家治理和外交政策的重大变革得到直接的民主支持。 |
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| Revisions to the Constitution, whether total or partial, are subject to the approval of the people and the cantons. This process was crucial during the total revision of 1999, which saw a complete updating of the constitutional text to better reflect the contemporary realities and values of Swiss society. Similarly, any decision on Switzerland's membership of collective security organisations or supranational communities must pass through this democratic filter, underlining the importance of Swiss autonomy and neutrality. In addition, federal laws considered urgent and without a constitutional basis, if they are to be in force for more than a year, also require popular approval. This provision ensures that even in extraordinary situations, the will of the people remains paramount.
| | 对宪法的修改,无论是全面修改还是部分修改,都必须得到人民和各州的批准。这一程序在1999年的宪法全面修订中至关重要,这次修订对宪法文本进行了全面更新,以更好地反映瑞士社会的当代现实和价值观。同样,任何有关瑞士加入集体安全组织或超国家团体的决定都必须经过这一民主过滤,这凸显了瑞士自治和中立的重要性。此外,被视为紧急且没有宪法依据的联邦法律,如果其有效期超过一年,也需要得到民众的批准。这一规定确保了即使在特殊情况下,人民的意愿仍然是最重要的。 |
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| In addition, popular initiatives aimed at a total revision of the Constitution, as well as those designed in general terms for a partial revision that have been rejected by the Federal Assembly, must be put to the vote of the people. This principle has been applied on numerous occasions, giving Swiss citizens direct power over the development of their constitutional framework. In the event of disagreement between the two chambers of parliament on the principle of a total revision, the matter is resolved by popular vote, thus ensuring that such fundamental disagreements are decided directly by the voters. Article 140 thus reflects a distinctive feature of the Swiss political system, where direct citizen participation in major government decisions is not only valued, but institutionalised. This approach ensures that major changes to the law or to the country's policy benefit from a broad consensus, thereby entrenching direct democracy and federalism at the heart of Swiss governance.[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 193.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a193 article 193]]]Article 193 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation, incorporated in the 1999 revision, lays down the procedure for a total revision of the Constitution. This procedure reflects the democratic nature and respect for international law that are fundamental to the Swiss political system. According to Article 193, a total revision of the Constitution may be initiated in three different ways. Firstly, it can be proposed by the Swiss people, which demonstrates the strength of direct democracy in the Swiss political system. Secondly, the initiative can come from one of the two councils of the Swiss Parliament - the National Council or the Council of States. Thirdly, the total revision can be decreed by the Federal Assembly itself, which is the joint meeting of these two councils.
| | 此外,旨在全面修改《宪法》的民众倡议,以及联邦议会否决的旨在部分修改《宪法》的一般性倡议,都必须交由人民投票表决。这一原则已被多次应用,使瑞士公民对其宪法框架的发展拥有直接的权力。如果议会两院在全面修订原则上出现分歧,则由人民投票决定,从而确保这种根本性的分歧由选民直接决定。因此,第 140 条反映了瑞士政治制度的一个显著特点,即公民直接参与政府的重大决策不仅受到重视,而且已经制度化。这种做法确保了法律或国家政策的重大变革能够获得广泛共识,从而巩固了直接民主和联邦制在瑞士治理中的核心地位。[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 193.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a193 article 193]]]1999 年修订的《瑞士联邦宪法》第 193 条规定了全面修订宪法的程序。这一程序反映了瑞士政治制度的民主性和对国际法的尊重。根据第 193 条,宪法的全面修订可以通过三种不同的方式启动。首先,可以由瑞士人民提出,这体现了瑞士政治体制中直接民主的力量。其次,瑞士议会的两个理事会--国民议会或州议会--之一可以提出倡议。第三,全面修订可以由这两个委员会的联席会议--联邦议会本身颁布法令。 |
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| If the initiative for a total revision comes from the people, or if the two councils fail to reach agreement, it is the Swiss people who must decide by referendum whether the total revision should be undertaken. This step underlines the importance attached to the will of the people in major constitutional decisions in Switzerland. If the complete revision is approved by the people, Article 193 provides for both Councils of Parliament to be renewed. This provision ensures that the new Constitution is drafted by freshly elected representatives, reflecting the current perspectives and expectations of the Swiss population. In addition, Article 193 stipulates that total revisions of the Constitution must respect the imperative rules of international law. This requirement underlines Switzerland's commitment to international legal norms and its desire to ensure that constitutional amendments are in harmony with its international obligations and principles.
| | 如果全面修订的倡议来自人民,或者两个委员会未能达成一致意见,则必须由瑞士人民通过全民公决来决定是否进行全面修订。这一步骤凸显了瑞士在重大宪法决策中对人民意志的重视。如果全面修宪得到人民的批准,第193条规定议会两院都要改选。这一规定确保了新宪法是由新当选的代表起草的,反映了瑞士人民当前的观点和期望。此外,第193条规定,宪法的全面修订必须尊重国际法的必要规则。这一规定强调了瑞士对国际法律规范的承诺,以及确保宪法修正案与其国际义务和原则相一致的愿望。 |
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| === Mechanisms for partial revision of the Constitution === | | === 部分修改《宪法》的机制 === |
| Under the Swiss constitutional system, when a popular initiative in favour of a partial revision of the Constitution, formulated in general terms, succeeds and receives the approval of the Federal Assembly, a specific stage in the legislative process is set in motion to implement the initiative.
| | 根据瑞士的宪政制度,当一项支持对《宪法》进行部分修订的民众倡议在联邦议会获得批准后,立法程序的一个具体阶段就会启动,以落实该倡议。 |
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| Once such an initiative has garnered the necessary support and been approved by the Federal Assembly, the latter is tasked with drafting the concrete text of the partial revision. This involves a detailed drafting process in which the general aspects of the initiative are translated into specific legislative proposals. The Federal Assembly, comprising the National Council and the Council of States, thus works to formulate a text that reflects the spirit of the initiative while being legally viable and consistent with the rest of the Constitution. Once the text of the partial revision has been finalised, it is put to the vote of the people and the cantons. In keeping with Switzerland's tradition of direct democracy, this vote is crucial to the adoption of any constitutional amendment. The text must receive the approval of the majority of voters at national level as well as the majority of cantons. This double majority process ensures that the partial revision of the Constitution enjoys broad support, reflecting the will of the Swiss people and respecting the federal balance between the various cantons.
| | 一旦该倡议获得必要的支持并得到联邦议会的批准,联邦议会将负责起草部分修订的具体文本。这需要一个详细的起草过程,将倡议的总体内容转化为具体的立法提案。因此,由全国委员会和各州委员会组成的联邦议会致力于制定一个既能体现倡议精神,又具有法律可行性并与《宪法》其他部分保持一致的文本。部分修订案文定稿后,将交由人民和各州投票表决。根据瑞士的直接民主传统,这一投票对任何宪法修正案的通过都至关重要。文本必须获得全国大多数选民和各州大多数选民的批准。这一双重多数程序确保了宪法的部分修改获得广泛支持,反映了瑞士人民的意愿,并尊重了各州之间的联邦平衡。 |
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| This procedure for partial revisions of the Constitution illustrates the dynamic interplay between direct and representative democracy in Switzerland. It allows citizens to propose constitutional changes while ensuring that these changes are carefully crafted and assessed before they are adopted. This ensures that changes to the Constitution are both considered and legitimately supported by the population.[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 195.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a195 article 195]]]Article 195 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation clearly states that any revision of the Constitution, whether total or partial, only comes into force once it has been accepted by the people and the cantons. This principle underlines the democratic nature of the constitutional process in Switzerland and ensures that changes to the Constitution are legitimised by broad support. According to this article, the adoption of a constitutional amendment requires the approval of both a majority of Swiss voters in a national referendum and a majority of Swiss cantons. This double majority requirement is an essential element of direct democracy in Switzerland, ensuring that changes to the country's basic law reflect the will of the majority of citizens and take account of regional interests.
| | 部分修改宪法的程序说明了瑞士直接民主和代议制民主之间的动态互动。它允许公民提出修改宪法的建议,同时确保这些修改在通过之前经过仔细斟酌和评估。这确保了对宪法的修改既得到考虑,又得到民众的合法支持。[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 195.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a195 article 195]]]瑞士联邦联邦宪法》第195条明确规定,对宪法的任何修改,无论是全部还是部分修改,只有在得到人民和各州的认可后才能生效。这一原则强调了瑞士宪法程序的民主性,并确保宪法的修改得到广泛支持而合法化。根据该条款,宪法修正案的通过需要在全国公民投票中获得大多数瑞士选民和大多数瑞士各州的批准。这一双重多数要求是瑞士直接民主的基本要素,可确保对国家基本法的修改反映大多数公民的意愿,并考虑到地区利益。 |
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| This procedure ensures that any revision of the Constitution enjoys democratic support at both national and cantonal level, thereby ensuring that changes are representative and balanced. It also reflects Switzerland's respect for its federal system, where the cantons have a significant role in national decision-making, particularly on constitutional issues. Article 195 is therefore an example of Switzerland's commitment to governance that balances cantonal autonomy and national unity, while allowing direct citizen participation in major government decisions. This approach ensures that revisions to the Constitution are carried out with full legitimacy and consensus, reflecting the fundamental principles on which the Swiss political system is based.
| | 这一程序确保对宪法的任何修改都能得到国家和州两级的民主支持,从而确保修改具有代表性和平衡性。这也体现了瑞士对联邦制的尊重,即各州在国家决策,特别是宪法问题的决策中发挥着重要作用。因此,第 195 条是瑞士致力于平衡各州自治和国家统一,同时允许公民直接参与政府重大决策的一个范例。这种做法确保了宪法的修订具有充分的合法性和共识性,反映了瑞士政治制度所依据的基本原则。 |
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| Under Switzerland's system of direct democracy, if the Federal Assembly rejects a popular initiative for a partial revision of the Constitution, it must nevertheless submit the initiative to a vote of the people. This means that, even if the initiative does not win the support of Parliament, Swiss citizens still have the right to decide its fate directly. This process, known as an "advance referendum", allows Swiss voters to decide on the initiative. If the people vote in favour of proceeding with the initiative, then the Federal Assembly must draw up a text of constitutional revision in line with the initiative and submit it to a new vote by the people and the cantons. This process is an example of how direct democracy works in Switzerland, allowing citizens to have a direct impact on political decisions, even when these are initially rejected by their elected representatives. The prior referendum is an important mechanism for ensuring that the voices of the people are heard and respected in the legislative process. It illustrates Switzerland's commitment to maintaining a balance between representative democracy, where elected representatives make decisions on behalf of their constituents, and direct democracy, which allows citizens to play an active and direct role in political decision-making.[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 139.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a139 article 139]]]Article 139 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation, established in the 1999 revision, introduces a crucial mechanism in the Swiss democratic system: the popular initiative for partial revision of the Constitution. This process allows 100,000 Swiss citizens with the right to vote to propose a partial revision of the Constitution. They have 18 months from the official publication of their initiative to collect the necessary signatures. This procedure is a pillar of Swiss direct democracy, enabling citizens to play an active part in constitutional legislation. Popular initiatives may be formulated either in general terms or in the form of a draft proposal. Initiatives in general terms define principles or general ideas for revision, while draft initiatives provide a specific text. This flexibility allows citizens to make a significant contribution to the legislative process, whether by proposing new concepts or suggesting specific textual changes.
| | 根据瑞士的直接民主制度,如果联邦议会否决了民众提出的部分修改宪法的倡议,它仍必须将该倡议提交人民投票表决。这意味着,即使该倡议未获得议会支持,瑞士公民仍有权直接决定其命运。这一过程被称为 "预先全民公决",允许瑞士选民对倡议做出决定。如果人民投票赞成继续实施该倡议,联邦议会就必须根据该倡议起草一份宪法修订案文,并提交人民和各州重新投票表决。这一过程是瑞士直接民主运作的一个范例,它允许公民对政治决策产生直接影响,即使这些决策最初被他们选出的代表否决。事先全民公决是确保人民的声音在立法过程中得到倾听和尊重的重要机制。它表明瑞士致力于在代议制民主和直接民主之间保持平衡,代议制民主是由当选代表代表其选民做出决定,而直接民主则允许公民在政治决策中发挥积极和直接的作用。[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 139.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a139 article 139]]]1999 年修订的《瑞士联邦联邦宪法》第 139 条引入了瑞士民主制度中的一个重要机 制:部分修改宪法的民众倡议。这一程序允许 10 万名有投票权的瑞士公民提出部分修改宪法的建议。自倡议正式公布之日起,他们有 18 个月的时间来收集必要的签名。这一程序是瑞士直接民主的支柱,使公民能够积极参与宪法立法。民众倡议可以是一般性的,也可以是提案草案的形式。一般性倡议确定了修订的原则或总体思路,而草案倡议则提供了具体的文本。这种灵活性使公民能够通过提出新概念或建议具体的文本修改,为立法进程做出重要贡献。 |
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| The Federal Assembly plays an essential role in this process. It examines initiatives to ensure that they respect the principles of unity of form and unity of subject matter, and that they comply with the mandatory rules of international law. If an initiative does not meet these criteria, it may be declared null and void. This ensures that proposals comply with legal standards and are consistent in content. If the Federal Assembly approves an initiative formulated in general terms, it must draw up a text that complies with the spirit of the initiative and then submit it to the vote of the people and the cantons. If the initiative is rejected by the Federal Assembly, it is nevertheless put to a popular vote, giving citizens the final say. In cases where initiatives take the form of a draft, they are put directly to the vote, with the Federal Assembly recommending acceptance or rejection, and may present a counter-proposal.
| | 联邦议会在这一过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。它对倡议进行审查,以确保倡议遵守形式统一和主题统一的原则,并符合国际法的强制性规则。如果倡议不符合这些标准,则可能被宣布无效。这确保了提案符合法律标准,内容一致。如果联邦议会批准了一般性倡议,则必须起草一份符合倡议精神的文本,然后提交人民和各州投票表决。如果联邦议会否决了该倡议,则将其付诸全民投票,让公民拥有最终决定权。如果倡议采取草案形式,则直接付诸表决,由联邦议会建议接受或拒绝,并可提出反建议。 |
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| This article illustrates Switzerland's commitment to governance where citizens have a direct and meaningful right to shape the Constitution. Historical examples, such as popular initiatives on various social and political issues, demonstrate the effectiveness of this mechanism in shaping Swiss legislation. By allowing citizens to propose constitutional revisions and by putting these proposals to a popular vote, Switzerland ensures that its fundamental laws reflect the will of the people and remain relevant and responsive to changes in society.
| | 这篇文章说明了瑞士在治理方面的承诺,即公民有直接和有意义的权利来制定宪法。历史上的一些例子,如关于各种社会和政治问题的民众倡议,证明了这一机制在塑造瑞士立法方面的有效性。瑞士允许公民提出宪法修订建议,并将这些建议付诸全民投票,从而确保其基本法律反映人民的意愿,并始终切合和顺应社会的变化。 |
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| Under the Swiss constitutional system, if a popular initiative for a partial revision of the Constitution is approved by the people in a referendum, the Federal Assembly is then obliged to draft the text of the proposed revision in line with the initiative. This process illustrates how direct democracy influences legislation in Switzerland. When a broadly worded initiative is adopted by popular vote, this indicates that voters support the principle or idea proposed for constitutional revision. Following this, the Federal Assembly, which comprises the National Council and the Council of States, is responsible for drafting a bill that reflects the intentions of the initiative. This process requires careful consideration of the legal and practical implications of the initiative to ensure that the final text is workable, consistent with the rest of the Constitution and respects the norms of international law.
| | 根据瑞士的宪法制度,如果全民公决批准了部分修改宪法的民众倡议,联邦议会就有义务根据该倡议起草拟议的修订案文。这一过程说明了直接民主如何影响瑞士的立法。当一项措辞宽泛的倡议获得民众投票通过时,这表明选民支持修宪建议的原则或理念。随后,由国民议会和州议会组成的联邦议会负责起草反映倡议意图的法案。在这一过程中,需要认真考虑该倡议的法律和实际影响,以确保最终文本切实可行,与《宪法》其他部分保持一致,并尊重国际法准则。 |
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| Once the Federal Assembly has drawn up the draft revision, it is again put to the vote of the people and the cantons. This ensures that the final revision of the Constitution, as drawn up by the elected representatives, receives the direct democratic approval of the Swiss people. This process highlights the active role played by Swiss citizens in shaping their Constitution. It also ensures that changes to the Constitution are the result of an ongoing dialogue between the people and their elected representatives, reflecting a deep commitment to democratic and participatory governance.
| | 联邦议会拟定修订草案后,将再次提交人民和各州投票表决。这就确保了由民选代表起草的宪法最终修订稿能够得到瑞士人民的直接民主认可。这一程序凸显了瑞士公民在制定宪法方面发挥的积极作用。它还确保了宪法的修改是人民与其当选代表之间持续对话的结果,反映了对民主和参与性治理的深刻承诺。 |
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| When a popular initiative in Switzerland results in a draft for a partial revision of the Constitution, the ratification process involves a crucial democratic step: the draft must be put to the vote of the people and the cantons. This means that for a specific constitutional revision detailed in the draft to come into force, it must receive the direct approval of the Swiss electorate and a majority of the cantons. In this process, the Federal Assembly plays an important advisory and decision-making role. It examines the draft and takes a position on it, recommending its acceptance or rejection. The Federal Assembly also has the option of proposing a counter-proposal to the initiative. This counter-proposal option makes it possible to offer an alternative that may better reflect Parliament's views or address the concerns raised by the original draft in a different way. The counter-proposal is also put to the vote of the people and the cantons. In cases where there is both a draft and a counter-proposal, voters have the option of choosing between the two proposals or rejecting both. This procedure ensures that proposed constitutional revisions not only reflect the will of the people, but are also subject to scrutiny and careful consideration by elected representatives. This approach demonstrates the Swiss democratic system, where the direct participation of citizens is balanced by the role of the Federal Assembly. It ensures that changes to the Constitution are the result of a participatory and considered process, guaranteeing that the changes are supported by a broad consensus and are in harmony with the needs and values of Swiss society.
| | 当瑞士的民众倡议产生了部分修改宪法的草案时,批准程序就涉及到一个关键的民主步骤:草案必须交由人民和各州投票表决。这意味着,要使草案中详细规定的具体宪法修正案生效,必须得到瑞士选民和大多数州的直接批准。在这一过程中,联邦议会发挥着重要的咨询和决策作用。联邦议会对草案进行审议并表明立场,建议接受或拒绝该草案。联邦议会还可对倡议提出反建议。这种反建议方案可以提供一种替代方案,更好地反映议会的意见,或以不同的方式解决原草案提出的问题。反提案还将提交人民和各州投票表决。在既有草案又有反提案的情况下,选民可在两个提案中做出选择,或同时否决两个提案。这一程序确保了宪法修订提案不仅反映人民的意愿,而且还受到民选代表的监督和认真审议。这种做法体现了瑞士的民主制度,即公民的直接参与与联邦议会的作用相平衡。它确保对宪法的修改是参与和深思熟虑的结果,保证修改得到广泛共识的支持,并与瑞士社会的需求和价值观保持一致。 |
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| Since 1987, a significant change in the process of Swiss direct democracy has enabled the people and the cantons to vote not only on a popular initiative, but also on a counter-proposal put forward by the Federal Assembly. This change introduced the concept of the "double yes" vote, giving voters greater flexibility in their choices in referendums on constitutional initiatives. The "double yes" vote allows voters to vote in favour of both the popular initiative and the counter-proposal. This means that they can express their support for the general objective or idea of the initiative while preferring the alternative wording or approach proposed by the counter-proposal. The result of this system is that, even if the original popular initiative is not directly adopted, its spirit or main objectives can still be achieved if the counter-proposal, which is often seen as a more moderate or workable compromise, is adopted.
| | 自 1987 年以来,瑞士直接民主进程发生了一项重大变化,即人民和各州不仅可以对民众倡议进行投票,还可以对联邦议会提出的反建议进行投票。这一变化引入了 "双重赞成 "投票的概念,使选民在就宪法倡议进行全民公决时有了更大的选择灵活性。双赞成 "投票允许选民对民众倡议和反提案都投赞成票。这意味着他们既可以表示支持倡议的总体目标或想法,也可以倾向于反建议所提出的其他措辞或方法。这种制度的结果是,即使最初的民众倡议没有被直接采纳,但如果反建议被采纳,其精神或主要目标仍然可以实现,而反建议往往被视为一种更为温和或可行的妥协方案。 |
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| This procedure has strengthened the right of initiative in Switzerland for several reasons. Firstly, it has encouraged the Federal Assembly to propose counter-proposals more frequently, thereby recognising the importance of the concerns raised by popular initiatives. Secondly, it has increased the likelihood that the ideas behind popular initiatives will be implemented, even if not in the exact form originally proposed. Finally, it has allowed greater nuance and flexibility in the voting process, enabling voters to support initiatives while opting for more pragmatic or workable solutions. The "double yes" vote is therefore an example of how Switzerland is continually adapting its system of direct democracy to better reflect the will of the people, while ensuring a balanced and considered decision-making process.
| | 这一程序加强了瑞士的倡议权,原因有几个。首先,它鼓励联邦议会更经常地提出反建议,从而承认民众倡议所提出的问题的重要性。其次,它增加了民众倡议背后的想法得到实施的可能性,即使不是以最初提议的确切形式。最后,它使投票过程具有更大的细微差别和灵活性,使选民能够在支持倡议的同时,选择更加务实或可行的解决方案。因此,"双重赞成 "投票是瑞士不断调整其直接民主制度的一个例子,以更好地反映人民的意愿,同时确保决策过程的平衡和深思熟虑。 |
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| Prior to the introduction of the "double yes" concept in Switzerland in 1987, the voting process on popular initiatives and counter-projects had a different dynamic, which could sometimes lead to the status quo being maintained, even if a majority of citizens wanted change. Under the previous system, when a popular initiative and a counter-proposal were put to the vote simultaneously, voters had to choose between the two, without the option of expressing support for the general aims of the initiative while preferring the counter-proposal approach. This situation created a dispersion of votes between the initiative and the counter-proposal. In many cases, although the majority of voters might be in favour of some form of constitutional reform (whether via the original initiative or the counter-proposal), this majority found itself divided, preventing any constitutional amendment.
| | 在 1987 年瑞士引入 "双赞成 "概念之前,对民众倡议和反倡议的投票过程具有不同的动力,有时会导致维持现状,即使大多数公民希望改变现状。在以前的制度下,当民众倡议和反建议同时付诸表决时,选民必须在两者之间做出选择,而不能选择对倡议的总体目标表示支持,同时又倾向于反建议的方式。这种情况造成了倡议和反建议之间的票数分散。在许多情况下,虽然大多数选民可能赞成某种形式的宪法改革(无论是通过最初的倡议还是反建议),但这一多数发现自己被分裂了,从而阻碍了任何宪法修正案。 |
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| This dispersal of votes often favoured maintaining the status quo. Even if a significant proportion of voters wanted change, having to choose exclusively between the initiative or the counter-proposal could lead to a result where neither received the majority needed to pass. As a result, despite a general desire for reform among the population, the legislative and constitutional system remained unchanged. The introduction of the "double yes" vote was a response to this problem. By allowing voters to support both the initiative and the counter-proposal, this system increased the chances that some form of constitutional change, reflecting the population's desire for reform, would be adopted. This change has strengthened the effectiveness of direct democracy in Switzerland, ensuring that the voices for change are not diluted, and increasing the likelihood that the concerns of the people will be translated into legislative action.[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 139.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a139 article 139]]]
| | 这种票数的分散往往有利于维持现状。即使有相当一部分选民希望进行改革,但如果只能在原提案或反提案之间做出选择,就可能导致两者都无法获得通过所需的多数票。因此,尽管民众普遍希望进行改革,但立法和宪法制度仍保持不变。双赞成票 "的引入正是为了解决这一问题。通过允许选民同时支持提案和反提案,这一制度增加了某种形式的宪法改革获得通过的机会,反映了民众对改革的渴望。这一变化加强了瑞士直接民主的有效性,确保了改革的呼声不会被削弱,并增加了将人民的关切转化为立法行动的可能性。[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 139.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a139 article 139]]] |
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| Before the introduction of the possibility of voting 'yes' to both a popular initiative and a counter-proposal in Switzerland, voters had to choose between one or the other, which could lead to a dispersal of votes. This posed a particular challenge when voters were in favour of constitutional change in general, but were divided between the original initiative and the counter-proposal put forward by the Federal Assembly. As a result, this dispersion of votes could often favour maintaining the status quo, even if a majority of citizens preferred some form of constitutional change. The introduction of the possibility of voting "yes" for both proposals has significantly altered this dynamic. It allows voters to support both the initiative and the counter-proposal, providing a better indication of the general will of the people in favour of change. This "double yes" option makes it possible to measure support for each proposal more accurately, while preventing votes in favour of change from being diluted between the initiative and the counter-proposal. This change to the voting process has strengthened the right of initiative in Switzerland. It has enabled a more faithful representation of the will of the electorate, ensuring that preferences for constitutional change are not hampered by a compulsion to choose between two options. As a result, it has increased the chances that some form of constitutional change, either through the original initiative or the counter-proposal, will be adopted. This change in the voting process illustrates Switzerland's adaptability and commitment to effective and representative direct democracy.
| | 在瑞士引入对民众提案和反提案都投 "赞成 "票的可能性之前,选民必须在两者之间做出选择,这可能导致选票分散。当选民总体上支持宪法改革,但又对最初的倡议和联邦议会提出的反建议意见不一时,这就构成了一个特殊的挑战。因此,即使大多数公民倾向于某种形式的宪法改革,这种投票的分散也往往有利于维持现状。对两个提案都投 "赞成 "票的可能性极大地改变了这一态势。它允许选民同时支持提案和反提案,从而更好地表明人民赞成变革的普遍意愿。这种 "双重赞成 "的选择方式可以更准确地衡量每项提案的支持率,同时防止赞成变革的选票在倡议和反建议之间被稀释。表决程序的这一变化加强了瑞士的倡议权。它使选民的意愿得到了更忠实的体现,确保了对宪法变革的偏好不会因被迫在两个选项中做出选择而受到阻碍。因此,无论是通过最初的倡议还是反建议,它都增加了某种形式的宪法变革获得通过的机会。投票程序的这一变化表明了瑞士对有效和有代表性的直接民主的适应性和承诺。 |
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| Since the adoption of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation in 1848, it has undergone two total revisions, one in 1874 and another in 1999. These total revisions represent key moments in Swiss political and legal history, when substantial changes were made in response to developments in society and the political landscape. The Swiss Constitution is designed to allow a degree of flexibility, which is reflected in the popular initiative procedure. This procedure, which allows 100,000 citizens with voting rights to propose a partial revision of the Constitution, illustrates the strength of direct democracy in Switzerland. It offers citizens a direct and tangible means of influencing the fundamental law of their country, which is a concrete expression of the nation's democratic aspirations. However, although the process is accessible, it is true that a minority of popular initiatives ultimately result in a constitutional revision. Several factors contribute to this phenomenon. Firstly, obtaining 100,000 signatures within 18 months is a significant challenge, requiring considerable organisation and support. Secondly, even if a popular initiative passes this stage, it still needs to be approved by a majority of the people and the cantons before it can be adopted. This voting process requires widespread support and acceptance of the proposal among the Swiss population. Finally, the success of an initiative often depends on its content, timeliness and acceptability in the eyes of the population and political representatives. Initiatives that are too radical, ill-conceived or out of touch with society's current concerns are less likely to succeed.
| | 自 1848 年通过《瑞士联邦宪法》以来,该宪法经历了两次全面修订,一次是在 1874 年,另一次是在 1999 年。这些全面修订代表了瑞士政治和法律史上的关键时刻,根据社会和政治格局的发展做出了重大变革。瑞士宪法的设计允许一定程度的灵活性,这体现在民众倡议程序中。这一程序允许 10 万名有投票权的公民提议对宪法进行部分修改,显示了瑞士直接民主的力量。它为公民提供了影响国家基本法的直接而具体的手段,是国家民主愿望的具体体现。然而,尽管这一过程是可及的,但最终导致修宪的民众倡议确实为数不多。造成这一现象有几个因素。首先,在 18 个月内获得 10 万个签名是一项重大挑战,需要大量的组织和支持。其次,即使民众倡议通过了这一阶段,仍需获得大多数民众和各州的批准方可通过。这一投票过程要求提案得到瑞士民众的广泛支持和认可。最后,一项倡议的成功往往取决于其内容、及时性以及在民众和政治代表眼中的可接受性。过于激进、考虑不周或与社会当前关切脱节的倡议不太可能取得成功。 |
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| = The law = | | = 法律 = |
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| === Definition and scope of the law === | | === 法律的定义和范围 === |
| Law" is the form that rules take to become legally binding. The law is the means by which rules become legally binding. In any legal system, the law is an essential instrument that formalises the norms, guidelines and principles that govern society. It is the mechanism by which state authority establishes the rules that individuals and organisations are required to follow, and it provides a framework for regulating behaviour, resolving conflicts and protecting rights and freedoms. Laws are typically created through a legislative process, which involves the formulation, discussion and adoption of legislative texts by the relevant legislative bodies, such as parliaments or legislative assemblies. Once adopted and promulgated, these rules acquire legal force, which means that they can be applied by government institutions, including the courts. The law serves several essential functions in a society. It establishes standards of behaviour, offers clear predictions and expectations about the consequences of certain actions, and provides a mechanism for resolving disputes in a fair and orderly manner. Laws also help to protect individual rights and freedoms, by delimiting what the state can and cannot do, and by providing remedies for violations of those rights.
| | 法律 "是规则具有法律约束力的形式。法律是使规则具有法律约束力的手段。在任何法律体系中,法律都是一种重要工具,它将管理社会的规范、准则和原则正式化。它是国家权力机构制定个人和组织必须遵守的规则的机制,为规范行为、解决冲突以及保护权利和自由提供了框架。法律通常通过立法程序制定,包括由议会或立法大会等相关立法机构制定、讨论和通过立法文本。一旦通过并颁布,这些规则就获得了法律效力,这意味着包括法院在内的政府机构可以适用这些规则。法律在社会中发挥着几项基本功能。它确立行为标准,对某些行为的后果做出明确的预测和预期,并提供一种以公平有序的方式解决争端的机制。法律还有助于保护个人权利和自由,规定国家可以做什么,不可以做什么,并对侵犯这些权利的行为提供补救措施。 |
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| A law is an act adopted through a legislative procedure and containing rules of law. The law, as a legal act, is adopted according to a defined legislative procedure, which gives it official authority and binding force. It is an instrument by which the State, through its legislative institutions, establishes rules of law that govern the conduct of individuals, organisations and institutions within society. The legislative procedure involved in passing a law varies from one legal system to another, but generally consists of several key stages: proposal, examination, debate, possible amendments and, finally, adoption and promulgation of the law. This procedure ensures that the law is the result of a process of reflection and deliberation, and that it represents the collective will as expressed by the elected representatives of the people. The content of a law consists of rules of law that define rights and obligations, regulate relationships, establish standards of behaviour, and provide sanctions or remedies for non-compliance. These rules are designed to maintain social order, protect individual and collective rights, and promote justice and fairness within society. Once passed, a law has a higher authority than other forms of regulation or guidance, and there may be legal consequences if it is not complied with. Laws are enforced by the executive and interpreted by the judiciary, ensuring that they are applied and comply with the overall constitutional and legal framework.[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 163.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a163 article 163]]]
| | 法律是通过立法程序通过的包含法律规则的行为。法律作为一种法律行为,是按照规定的立法程序通过的,这赋予了它官方权威和约束力。它是国家通过其立法机构制定法律规则的工具,这些规则制约着社会中个人、组织和机构的行为。通过一项法律所涉及的立法程序因法律制度而异,但一般包括几个关键阶段:提案、审查、辩论、可能的修正以及最后的通过和颁布法律。这一程序确保法律是思考和审议过程的结果,代表了人民选出的代表所表达的集体意愿。法律的内容由法律规则组成,这些规则界定权利和义务、规范各种关系、确立行为标准,并规定对不遵守行为的制裁或补救措施。这些规则旨在维护社会秩序,保护个人和集体权利,促进社会公正和公平。法律一旦通过,其权威性就高于其他形式的法规或指导,如果不遵守,可能会产生法律后果。法律由行政部门负责执行,由司法部门负责解释,以确保法律得到实施并符合整体宪法和法律框架。[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 163.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a163 article 163]]] |
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| Article 163 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation, a key element of the country's legal framework, defines the way in which legislative acts are formalised by the Federal Assembly, Switzerland's national legislative body. This provision of the Constitution, incorporated in the major revision of 1999, carefully distinguishes between different forms of legislative acts, reflecting the methodical organisation and rigour of the Swiss legislative process. According to this article, the Federal Assembly issues rules of law in the form of federal laws or ordinances. Federal laws represent the highest level of legislative acts, adopted for important and often complex issues. These laws are the result of a thorough deliberation process within the Federal Assembly and must comply with the Constitution. Ordinances, on the other hand, are more detailed or technical regulations designed to implement or clarify federal laws. They are often used for administrative matters or to specify the details of existing laws. In addition, Article 163 introduces federal decrees, which are used for administrative or organisational decisions. These decrees are divided into two categories: those subject to referendum and simple federal decrees, which are not. Federal decrees subject to referendum are generally reserved for decisions of major importance and can be contested by popular vote, reflecting the principle of direct democracy in Switzerland. Simple federal decrees are used for matters that do not require direct consultation of the people.
| | 瑞士联邦联邦宪法》第163条是瑞士法律框架的关键要素,它规定了瑞士国家立法机构联邦议会正式颁布立法法案的方式。1999年对宪法进行重大修订时纳入的这一条款仔细区分了不同形式的立法行为,反映了瑞士立法程序的有序组织和严谨性。根据该条款,联邦议会以联邦法律或法令的形式颁布法律规则。联邦法律是最高级别的立法行为,针对重要且通常复杂的问题。这些法律是联邦议会内部全面审议的结果,必须符合《宪法》。另一方面,法令是更为详细或技术性的规定,旨在实施或澄清联邦法律。它们通常用于行政事务或具体规定现行法律的细节。此外,第163条引入了联邦法令,用于行政或组织决策。这些法令分为两类:需要全民公决的法令和不需要全民公决的简单联邦法令。须经全民公决的联邦法令一般用于重大决策,并可通过全民投票提出异议,这反映了瑞士的直接民主原则。简单联邦法令用于不需要直接征求人民意见的事项。 |
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| This legislative system allows a clear distinction between different types of legislation, ensuring that each category is tailored to the specific nature of the issue being addressed. For example, the Federal Health Insurance Act, adopted in 1994, is an example of major legislation passed in the form of a federal law, reflecting its importance and complexity. On the other hand, the ordinances issued to regulate specific aspects of this law illustrate the use of ordinances for more technical details. Article 163 of the Swiss Constitution therefore ensures that the legislative process is both structured and flexible, enabling legislation to be adapted and effective, while incorporating the principles of direct and representative democracy that are at the heart of the Swiss political system.
| | 这种立法制度允许明确区分不同类型的立法,确保每一类立法都符合所处理问题的具体性质。例如,1994 年通过的《联邦健康保险法》就是以联邦法律形式通过的重大立法的一个例子,反映了其重要性和复杂性。另一方面,为规范该法的具体方面而颁布的法令则说明了法令在更多技术细节方面的用途。因此,《瑞士宪法》第163条确保了立法程序的结构性和灵活性,使立法既适应需要又行之有效,同时将作为瑞士政治制度核心的直接民主和代议制民主原则纳入其中。 |
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| A federal law in Switzerland is a law in both the formal and substantive sense, which underlines its importance and scope in the Swiss legal system. In the formal sense, a federal law is a legislative act that has been drafted, debated and adopted by the Swiss Parliament, made up of the National Council and the Council of States. This formal process ensures that the law has been subjected to scrutiny and democratic debate, reflecting the collective will of the elected representatives of the Swiss people. The process of drafting a federal law involves several stages, including the proposal, discussion in committee, debate in plenary session, and finally adoption by both houses of parliament. This formal process gives the law its authority and legitimacy. In the material sense, a federal law contains rules of law. This means that it establishes legally binding standards that govern behaviour, rights and obligations within society. Federal laws cover a variety of areas, such as civil law, criminal law, administrative law and constitutional law, and have a direct impact on the daily lives of citizens. The rules they contain are enforceable and serve as the basis for judicial and administrative decisions. Thus, a federal law in Switzerland is a complete legal instrument, incorporating both the formal process of its creation by Parliament and the material content of its provisions. It represents a balance between the democratic procedure of legislation and the establishment of clear and enforceable legal norms, which are essential to the maintenance of order and justice in Swiss society.
| | 瑞士的联邦法律既是形式意义上的法律,也是实质意义上的法律,这突出了其在瑞士法律体系中的重要性和范围。在形式上,联邦法是由国民议会和联邦院组成的瑞士议会起草、辩论和通过的立法法案。这一正式程序确保法律经过严格审查和民主辩论,反映瑞士人民民选代表的集体意愿。联邦法律的起草过程分为几个阶段,包括提案、委员会讨论、全体会议辩论,最后由议会两院通过。这一正式程序赋予了法律的权威性和合法性。从实质意义上讲,联邦法律包含法律规则。这意味着它确立了具有法律约束力的标准,用以规范社会中的行为、权利和义务。联邦法律涵盖民法、刑法、行政法和宪法等多个领域,对公民的日常生活有着直接影响。它们所包含的规则可以强制执行,并作为司法和行政决定的依据。因此,在瑞士,联邦法是一个完整的法律文书,既包括议会制定联邦法的正式程序,也包括联邦法条款的实质内容。它代表了立法的民主程序与建立明确和可执行的法律规范之间的平衡,这对维护瑞士社会的秩序和正义至关重要。 |
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| The definition of law in the substantive sense, as you have described it, effectively embraces a broad conception of law, focusing on its content rather than on the procedure for making it. This approach is essential for understanding the scope and application of laws in different legal systems, including Switzerland. In its broadest definition, law in the substantive sense encompasses all legal acts that set out rules of law. This includes not only laws passed by parliaments or legislative assemblies, but also constitutions, international treaties and regulatory acts issued by executive or administrative authorities. What characterises these acts as laws in the substantive sense is their content: they establish general and abstract norms that are applicable to a variety of situations and persons. In the Swiss context, laws in the material sense emanating from the Federal Assembly include provisions that set out rights, obligations and standards of behaviour. These laws are drawn up by the Federal Assembly, which consists of the National Council and the Council of States, representing the democratic process of legislation. Laws in the substantive sense may also be derived from other sources, such as Federal Council ordinances, which are regulatory acts detailing or implementing federal laws. Law in the substantive sense is an all-encompassing concept that designates any legal text that sets out general and abstract standards, whether it be laws adopted by legislative bodies, the constitution, international treaties or regulations. This conception of law emphasises its central role in structuring and regulating society, by providing a legal framework for interactions and behaviour within it.
| | 正如您所描述的那样,实质意义上的法律定义实际上包含了广义的法律概念,侧重于法律的内容而非制定法律的程序。这种方法对于理解包括瑞士在内的不同法律体系中法律的范围和适用至关重要。从最广泛的定义来看,实质意义上的法律包括所有规定法律规则的法律行为。这不仅包括议会或立法会议通过的法律,还包括宪法、国际条约以及行政或管理机构颁布的监管法规。这些法案作为实质意义上的法律的特点在于其内容:它们确立了适用于各种情况和个人的一般性抽象规范。在瑞士,联邦议会颁布的实质意义上的法律包括规定权利、义务和行为标准的条款。这些法律由联邦议会制定,联邦议会由国民院和州院组成,代表着立法的民主进程。实质意义上的法律也可能来自其他来源,例如联邦委员会法令,它是详细说明或执行联邦法律的规范性法案。实质意义上的法律是一个包罗万象的概念,指任何规定一般和抽象标准的法律文本,无论是立法机构通过的法律、宪法、国际条约还是法规。这种法律概念强调法律在构建和规范社会方面的核心作用,为社会中的互动和行为提供法律框架。 |
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| Important norms can only be made in the form of formal law insofar as it is representative of the people. These formal laws are created through the legislative process and adopted by the elected representatives of the people, thus ensuring that important decisions reflect the will of the people and are the result of democratic debate. Under the Swiss legislative system, the Federal Assembly, made up of the National Council and the Council of States, plays a central role in drafting and adopting formal laws. Formal laws are legislative acts that have been carefully examined, debated and finally adopted by these representative chambers. This process not only guarantees the democratic legitimacy of the laws, but also allows for a thorough examination of the implications and consequences of the proposed rules. The adoption of important standards in the form of formal legislation ensures a degree of transparency and accountability. Elected representatives are accountable to their constituents for the laws they pass, and the open legislative process provides opportunities for public participation and comment. It also ensures that laws are consistent with the Constitution and the fundamental principles of the rule of law.
| | 只有在代表人民的情况下,才能以正式法律的形式制定重要规范。这些正式法律通过立法程序制定,并由人民选出的代表通过,从而确保重要决策反映人民的意愿,是民主辩论的结果。在瑞士的立法体系中,由国民院和州院组成的联邦议会在起草和通过正式法律方面发挥着核心作用。正式法律是经过这两个具有代表性的议院认真审查、辩论并最终通过的立法法案。这一过程不仅保证了法律的民主合法性,还可以对拟议规则的影响和后果进行彻底审查。以正式立法的形式通过重要标准可确保一定程度的透明度和问责制。民选代表要就其通过的法律向选民负责,公开的立法程序为公众提供了参与和发表意见的机会。它还确保法律符合宪法和法治的基本原则。 |
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| In Switzerland, formal laws deal with the most important and fundamental issues for society, such as the protection of human rights, economic regulation, the environment, public health and safety. By reserving the creation of important norms to the formal legislative procedure, Switzerland ensures that these crucial decisions are taken in a well-considered, representative manner and in accordance with democratic principles. The principle of reserving the law is the principle that requires important rules of law to be enacted in the form of legislation. However, the Constitution does not prohibit Parliament from dealing with a matter falling within the scope of Article 164 of the Constitution.[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 164.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a164 article 164]]]
| | 在瑞士,正式法律涉及社会最重要和最基本的问题,如人权保护、经济监管、环境、公共卫生和安全。通过将重要规范的制定保留到正式立法程序中,瑞士确保了这些关键决定是以深思熟虑、具有代表性的方式并按照民主原则做出的。法律保留原则是要求以立法形式颁布重要法律规则的原则。然而,《宪法》并不禁止议会处理属于《宪法》第 164 条范围内的事项。[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 164.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a164 article 164]]] |
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| Article 164 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation, a crucial element of the Swiss legal framework, stipulates that important legislative provisions must be enacted in the form of federal laws. This requirement reflects the importance of democratic representation and deliberation in the Swiss legislative process. The article specifies that federal laws must cover key areas such as the exercise of political rights, restrictions on constitutional rights, the rights and obligations of individuals, taxation aspects, the tasks and services of the Confederation, the obligations of the cantons in implementing federal law, and the organisation and procedure of the federal authorities. Historically, this approach has been adopted to ensure that significant legal decisions are taken with an appropriate level of democratic control. For example, reform of the Swiss healthcare system and changes to federal tax laws were dealt with by federal statute, reflecting their importance to the public welfare and the need for thorough debate and consensus.
| | 瑞士联邦联邦宪法》第 164 条是瑞士法律框架的重要组成部分,该条规定重要的立法条款必须以联邦法律的形式颁布。这一规定反映了民主代表和审议在瑞士立法过程中的重要性。该条款规定,联邦法律必须涵盖一些关键领域,如政治权利的行使、对宪法权利的限制、个人的权利和义务、税收问题、联邦的任务和服务、各州执行联邦法律的义务以及联邦当局的组织和程序。从历史上看,采用这种方法是为了确保在作出重大法律决定时有适当程度的民主监督。例如,瑞士医疗系统的改革和联邦税法的修改都是通过联邦法规来处理的,这反映了它们对公共福利的重要性以及充分辩论和达成共识的必要性。 |
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| In addition, Article 164 allows legislative powers to be delegated to other authorities, but only within the limits defined by the Constitution. This flexibility allows the government to respond more effectively to technical or specialist issues, while ensuring that the legislative process remains consistent with constitutional and democratic principles. However, this delegation is carefully controlled to avoid abuse of power and to maintain the legitimacy and transparency of the legislative process. Switzerland's approach, as illustrated by Article 164, strikes a balance between the need for an efficient legislative process and the preservation of representative democracy. It ensures that important laws, affecting the daily lives of citizens, are adopted in a considered and responsible manner, reflecting the collective will of Swiss society.
| | 此外,《宪法》第164条允许将立法权下放给其他机构,但只能在《宪法》规定的范围内进行。这种灵活性使政府能够更有效地应对技术或专业问题,同时确保立法过程符合宪法和民主原则。不过,这种授权受到严格控制,以避免滥用权力,并保持立法程序的合法性和透明度。瑞士的做法(如第 164 条所示)在高效立法程序与维护代议制民主之间取得了平衡。它确保以深思熟虑和负责任的方式通过影响公民日常生活的重要法律,反映瑞士社会的集体意愿。 |
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| The Swiss Parliament, represented by the Federal Assembly, can delegate the power to enact legislation to the executive in the form of ordinances. This delegation is generally used when the executive, typically the Federal Council in Switzerland, is deemed to be better equipped to manage specific or technical aspects of a legislative matter. This delegation of power is a flexible legislative tool that allows a quicker and more specialised response to certain issues that may require technical expertise or a responsiveness that the traditional parliamentary legislative process cannot always offer effectively. For example, in areas such as environmental regulation, public health standards or financial regulation, where technical detail and specific expertise are required, the Federal Council may be better placed to draw up the appropriate regulations in the form of ordinances.
| | 以联邦议会为代表的瑞士议会可以法令的形式将立法权下放给行政部门。当行政部门,通常是瑞士的联邦委员会,被认为更有能力管理立法事项的具体或技术方面时,通常会采用这种授权方式。这种权力下放是一种灵活的立法工具,可以更快、更专业地应对某些可能需要专业技术知识或传统议会立法程序无法始终有效提供的反应能力的问题。例如,在环境监管、公共卫生标准或金融监管等需要技术细节和特定专业知识的领域,联邦委员会可能更适合以法令的形式制定相应的法规。 |
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| However, this practice is subject to constitutional limits. The Constitution stipulates that certain areas must be regulated by federal law and therefore cannot be delegated to the executive. This ensures that matters of the greatest importance, or those that affect the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, remain under the direct control of Parliament, thereby preserving the primacy of the democratic legislative process. The Swiss Parliament's ability to delegate the power to enact legislation in the form of ordinances reflects a balance between administrative efficiency and democratic oversight. It allows for flexible governance adapted to contemporary realities, while ensuring that essential areas remain under the direct legislative jurisdiction of Parliament.[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 36.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a36 article 36]]]
| | 然而,这种做法受到《宪法》的限制。宪法》规定,某些领域必须由联邦法律规范,因此不能下放给行政部门。这就确保了最重要的事务或影响公民基本权利和自由的事务仍由议会直接控制,从而维护了民主立法程序的首要地位。瑞士议会能够以法令的形式下放立法权,这体现了行政效率与民主监督之间的平衡。它允许适应当代现实的灵活治理,同时确保重要领域仍由议会直接立法管辖。[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 36.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a36 article 36]]] |
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| Article 36 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation is a fundamental pillar in the protection of human rights in the Swiss legal framework. This article stipulates that any restriction of a fundamental right must not only have a solid legal basis, but must also be justified, proportionate and respect the very essence of fundamental rights. The need for a legal basis for any restriction means that limitations on rights cannot be imposed arbitrarily. They must be established by law, thus ensuring a democratic and transparent process. In the case of serious restrictions, the Constitution requires that such limitations be explicitly mentioned in a formal law, thus ensuring thorough debate and reflection. However, in exceptional situations, where there is a serious, direct and imminent danger, restrictions may be imposed even in the absence of a formal law, although this remains an exception.
| | 瑞士联邦联邦宪法》第 36 条是瑞士法律框架内保护人权的基本支柱。该条款规定,对基本权利的任何限制不仅必须有坚实的法律依据,而且必须合理、适度并尊重基本权利的本质。任何限制都必须有法律依据,这意味着对权利的限制不能任意施加。这些限制必须由法律规定,从而确保程序的民主和透明。在严重限制的情况下,《宪法》要求在正式法律中明确提及这些限制,从而确保进行彻底的辩论和思考。然而,在特殊情况下,如果存在严重、直接和迫在眉睫的危险,即使没有正式法律,也可以实施限制,尽管这仍然是一个例外。 |
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| A historical example of the application of this article can be seen in the measures taken by Switzerland in emergency situations, such as health crises or security threats. In these cases, although restrictions were imposed to protect public health or national security, they had to be justified by a legitimate public interest, such as protecting the life and health of citizens. In addition, Article 36 emphasises that any restrictions must be proportionate to the aim pursued. This means that the measures taken must not be excessive and must be appropriate to the objective pursued. This proportionality requirement is a key principle in ensuring that fundamental rights are not unnecessarily or unfairly restricted. Finally, the Article affirms that the essence of fundamental rights is inviolable, thus establishing a core of inalienable rights that cannot be restricted under any pretext. This provision protects fundamental rights such as human dignity, ensuring that even in extreme circumstances, respect for the human person remains paramount.
| | 瑞士在卫生危机或安全威胁等紧急情况下采取的措施就是适用该条款的一个历史例证。在这些情况下,虽然实施限制是为了保护公共卫生或国家安全,但必须以合法的公共利益为理由,如保护公民的生命和健康。此外,第 36 条强调任何限制必须与所追求的目标相称。这意味着所采取的措施不得过度,必须与所追求的目标相称。这一相称性要求是确保基本权利不受到不必要或不公平限制的关键原则。最后,该条款确认基本权利的本质是不可侵犯的,从而确立了不可剥夺的核心权利, 不得以任何借口加以限制。该条款保护人的尊严等基本权利,确保即使在极端情况下,对人的尊重仍然是最重要的。 |
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| Two fundamental aspects of the legislative process in Switzerland should be highlighted, concerning both the primacy of the legislature in important areas and the possibility of delegating legislative powers. Firstly, in areas deemed important, decision-making is reserved for the legislator, i.e. the Federal Assembly, which is the Swiss parliament. This means that for essential matters - such as those affecting constitutional rights, tax obligations or the organisation of the State - the law-making process must follow the formal legislative procedure. This includes the proposal, debate, amendment and voting of laws by both houses of parliament, the National Council and the Council of States. This process ensures that laws in these crucial areas are the result of careful scrutiny and democratic deliberation, reflecting the collective will and values of Swiss society. Secondly, the Swiss Parliament has the ability to delegate the power to pass certain laws to other bodies, often to the Federal Council, which is the executive arm of government. This delegation is, however, subject to constitutional limits. This means that for certain areas specifically reserved by the Constitution for Parliament's legislative competence, no delegation is possible. Delegation is generally used for more technical or specialised matters, where the executive's expertise and flexibility are particularly useful.
| | 瑞士立法程序的两个基本方面值得强调,即立法机构在重要领域的首要地位和立法权下放的可能性。首先,在被视为重要的领域,决策权属于立法者,即瑞士联邦议会。这意味着,对于重要事项,如影响宪法权利、纳税义务或国家组织的事项,立法过程必须遵循正式的立法程序。这包括由议会两院、国民院和联邦院对法律进行提案、辩论、修正和表决。这一程序确保了这些关键领域的法律是认真审查和民主讨论的结果,反映了瑞士社会的集体意愿和价值观。其次,瑞士议会有能力将通过某些法律的权力下放给其他机构,通常是作为政府行政部门的联邦委员会。不过,这种授权受到宪法限制。这意味着,对于《宪法》明确规定由议会行使立法权限的某些领域,不能进行授权。授权一般用于技术性或专业性较强的事务,在这些事务中,行政部门的专业知识和灵活性尤为有用。 |
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| This ability to delegate allows a degree of flexibility in the Swiss legislative system, enabling a more rapid and specialised response to issues that may require technical expertise or responsiveness that the traditional legislative process cannot always provide effectively. However, this is balanced by the need to maintain the primacy of the democratic legislative process for issues of the greatest importance. The Swiss legislative system, as illustrated by these principles, shows a balance between the need for democratic and representative legislation for important issues and the flexibility offered by the delegation of powers for more technical or specific matters. This guarantees both effective governance and respect for democratic and constitutional principles.
| | 这种授权能力使瑞士的立法体系具有一定程度的灵活性,能够更迅速、更专业地应对可能需要技术专长或响应能力的问题,而传统的立法程序并不能始终有效地提供这些专长或响应能力。不过,这也要与保持民主立法程序在最重要问题上的首要地位相平衡。从这些原则中可以看出,瑞士的立法制度在重要问题的民主和代表性立法需求与技术性较强或具体问题的权力下放所提供的灵活性之间取得了平衡。这既保证了有效治理,也保证了对民主和宪法原则的尊重。 |
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| The intrinsic characteristics of the Swiss political system, in particular the referendum and the popular will, are at the heart of its direct democracy. These elements illustrate Switzerland's deep commitment to citizen participation in the political and legislative process. The referendum is a key tool of direct democracy in Switzerland. It allows citizens to vote directly on a range of issues, from laws passed by parliament to constitutional amendments and major political decisions. In Switzerland, there are two types of referendum: the optional referendum, which can be triggered by a certain number of citizens' signatures against a law passed by parliament, and the mandatory referendum for certain major decisions, such as revisions to the Constitution or membership of supranational organisations. These mechanisms ensure that Swiss citizens have a direct and meaningful say in the laws and policies that affect them. The will of the people is a fundamental principle of the Swiss political system. It manifests itself not only through referendums, but also through popular initiatives, where citizens can propose changes to the Constitution. This principle recognises that sovereignty resides with the people and that citizens have the power to actively shape their country's legislation and politics. Popular initiatives require the collection of a specified number of signatures in order to be considered, which ensures that only proposals with significant support among the population can progress. The characteristics of referendums and popular will in Switzerland reflect a system in which citizen participation is valued and facilitated. These elements of direct democracy allow for a concrete expression of the popular will, ensuring that political and legislative decisions reflect the desires and concerns of Swiss citizens.
| | 瑞士政治制度的内在特点,特别是全民公决和民意,是其直接民主的核心。这些要素表明了瑞士对公民参与政治和立法进程的坚定承诺。全民公决是瑞士直接民主的重要工具。它允许公民就一系列问题直接投票,从议会通过的法律到宪法修正案和重大政治决策。在瑞士,全民公决分为两种:一种是选择性全民公决,只要有一定数量的公民签名反对议会通过的法律,就可以启动全民公决;另一种是强制性全民公决,适用于某些重大决策,如修改宪法或加入超国家组织。这些机制确保瑞士公民对影响自身的法律和政策拥有直接而有意义的发言权。人民的意愿是瑞士政治制度的基本原则。它不仅体现在全民公决上,还体现在公民倡议上,公民可以在倡议中提出修改宪法的建议。这一原则承认主权在民,公民有权积极影响国家的立法和政治。民众倡议需要征集到一定数量的签名才能得到考虑,这就确保了只有得到民众大力支持的提案才能取得进展。瑞士全民公决和民众意愿的特点反映了一种重视和促进公民参与的制度。这些直接民主的要素使民众的意愿得以具体表达,确保政治和立法决策反映瑞士公民的愿望和关切。 |
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| === The legislative process === | | === 立法程序 === |
| The legislative process in Switzerland begins with the crucial initiative stage, which is the starting point for any bill. The initiative can come from either Parliament or the Federal Council. This initial stage is essential because it defines the direction and content of the legislative proposal. Parliamentary initiatives reflect the diversity of opinions and interests represented in Parliament, while Federal Council initiatives are generally based on administrative considerations or the need to react to specific developments. Once a proposal has been accepted and approved by Parliament, it enters the drafting phase. This phase is carried out under the supervision of the Federal Council, in coordination with the Federal Office of Justice. This collaboration ensures that the preliminary draft is legally sound and meets legislative and constitutional requirements. The involvement of the Federal Office of Justice is particularly important to ensure that the draft is legally sound and in line with existing principles and standards. Once the draft bill has been drawn up, it is submitted to a consultation process. During this stage, the draft is circulated to various government departments and other stakeholders for their views and comments. This consultation process allows diverse perspectives to be incorporated and potential problems or improvements to be identified before the draft legislation is finalised. Departments and stakeholders can offer criticisms or suggestions, thereby helping to improve and refine the bill. This initial process in the Swiss legislative cycle demonstrates a commitment to a democratic, transparent and inclusive process. It not only allows for broad participation in shaping legislation, but also ensures that proposed laws are well thought-out, balanced and representative of the diverse interests and needs of Swiss society.
| | 瑞士的立法程序始于关键的倡议阶段,这是任何法案的起点。倡议可以来自议会或联邦委员会。这一初始阶段至关重要,因为它确定了立法提案的方向和内容。议会的倡议反映了议会所代表的各种意见和利益,而联邦委员会的倡议通常是基于行政方面的考虑或对具体事态发展做出反应的需要。一旦议会接受并批准一项提案,该提案就进入起草阶段。这一阶段在联邦委员会的监督下,与联邦司法局协调进行。这种合作确保了草案初稿在法律上的合理性,并符合立法和宪法的要求。联邦司法局的参与对于确保草案在法律上合理并符合现行原则和标准尤为重要。法案草案起草完毕后,将提交给磋商程序。在这一阶段,草案将分发给各政府部门和其他利益相关者,征求他们的意见和评论。在立法草案定稿之前,这一磋商过程可以吸纳不同的观点,发现潜在的问题或改进措施。各部门和利益相关者可以提出批评或建议,从而帮助改进和完善法案。瑞士立法周期中的这一初始程序体现了对民主、透明和包容性程序的承诺。它不仅允许广泛参与制定立法,还确保拟议的法律经过深思熟虑,平衡并代表瑞士社会的不同利益和需求。 |
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| The consultation procedure in Switzerland is a key stage in the legislative process, and is characterised by its inclusive and democratic nature. This stage is essential for the development of well-founded legislation and treaties that are representative of the various perspectives within Swiss society. During the consultation procedure, the cantons, political parties and various interest groups are invited to give their opinions on important draft legislation, large-scale projects currently under development and significant international treaties. This invitation to participate in consultation is an established practice that allows a wide range of stakeholders to contribute to the legislative process. The cantons, as political entities within Switzerland's federal structure, play an important role in representing regional and local interests. Political parties bring the perspectives of their electoral bases, while interest groups such as professional associations, trade unions, non-governmental organisations and other civil society groups offer specific expertise and views on issues affecting their respective areas. Consultation has a constitutional basis in Switzerland, which underlines the importance of this process in Swiss legislation. By formally recognising the consultation procedure, the Constitution ensures that the law-making process is not only a governmental process, but also a participatory one that reflects the democratic character of the country. The involvement of cantons, parties and different interest groups ensures that laws and treaties are not just the result of parliamentary deliberations, but also the product of a wider process of engagement and consultation. This allows potential concerns to be identified, diverse and often competing interests to be balanced, and solutions to be worked towards that enjoy broad support. In short, the consultation procedure in Switzerland is an example of how participatory democracy can be integrated into the legislative process to improve the quality and acceptability of laws and policies.[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 147.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a147 article 147]]]
| | 瑞士的咨询程序是立法过程中的一个关键阶段,具有包容性和民主性的特点。这一阶段对于制定有理有据、代表瑞士社会各种观点的立法和条约至关重要。在咨询过程中,各州、各政党和各利益团体应邀就重要的立法草案、正在制定的大型项目和重要的国际条约发表意见。这种邀请参与磋商的做法是一种惯例,可以让广泛的利益相关者为立法进程献计献策。各州作为瑞士联邦结构中的政治实体,在代表地区和地方利益方面发挥着重要作用。各政党代表其选举基础的观点,而专业协会、工会、非政府组织和其他民间团体等利益团体则就影响各自领域的问题提供具体的专业知识和观点。协商在瑞士具有宪法基础,这突出表明了这一程序在瑞士立法中的重要性。通过正式承认协商程序,《宪法》确保了法律制定过程不仅是一个政府过程,也是一个体现国家民主特征的参与过程。各州、党派和不同利益集团的参与确保了法律和条约不仅是议会审议的结果,也是更广泛的参与和协商过程的产物。这样就能发现潜在的问题,平衡不同的、往往是相互竞争的利益,并努力寻求获得广泛支持的解决方案。简而言之,瑞士的磋商程序是一个范例,说明了如何将参与式民主融入立法过程,以提高法律和政策的质量和可接受性。[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 147.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a147 article 147]]] |
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| Article 147 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation formally establishes the consultation procedure, an essential element of the Swiss legislative process that underlines its commitment to participatory democracy. According to this article, the cantons, political parties and interested parties are invited to express their opinions on important legislative projects, far-reaching projects during preparatory work, and significant international treaties. This consultation procedure allows for extensive participation in the process of creating laws and policies in Switzerland. The cantons, as sub-national entities within the country's federal structure, play a crucial role in providing regional and local perspectives. Political parties, representing a range of ideological and political views, also contribute to the richness of debate and deliberation. In addition, the participation of stakeholders, including non-governmental organisations, professional associations, trade unions and other civil society groups, ensures that the voices of different sectors of society are heard. This diversity of opinion and expertise contributes to the development of policies and laws that are more balanced, well-informed and responsive to the needs and concerns of society as a whole. In addition, the inclusion of important international treaties in the consultation process reflects Switzerland's recognition of the growing importance of international issues and agreements. This ensures that decisions taken in the field of international relations also benefit from careful consideration and broad input, taking into account the impacts and implications for Switzerland in a global context. Article 147 of the Swiss Constitution is an example of how a political system can effectively integrate democratic participation into the legislative process, thereby enhancing the legitimacy, transparency and acceptability of laws and policies.
| | 瑞士联邦宪法》第 147 条正式规定了咨询程序,这是瑞士立法程序的一个基本要素,强调了瑞士对参与式民主的承诺。根据该条款,各州、各政党和有关方面应邀就重要的立法项目、准备工作中影响深远的项目以及重要的国际条约发表意见。这一咨询程序允许广泛参与瑞士法律和政策的制定过程。各州作为瑞士联邦结构中的次国家实体,在提供地区和地方观点方面发挥着至关重要的作用。代表各种意识形态和政治观点的政党也为丰富辩论和审议做出了贡献。此外,包括非政府组织、专业协会、工会和其他民间社会团体在内的利益攸关方的参与也确保了社会各界的声音都能被听到。这种意见和专业知识的多样性有助于制定更加平衡、更加知情、更加符合整个社会的需求和关切的政策和法律。此外,将重要的国际条约纳入磋商进程反映出瑞士认识到国际问题和协议日益重要。这确保了在国际关系领域做出的决定也能得到认真考虑和广泛参与,并考虑到在全球背景下对瑞士的影响和意义。瑞士宪法》第 147 条是政治制度如何有效地将民主参与纳入立法程序,从而提高 法律和政策的合法性、透明度和可接受性的一个范例。 |
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| The consultation process in Switzerland, as enshrined in the Constitution, plays a vital role in the development of legislation and public policy. Once a draft bill has been drawn up, it is sent by the Federal Chancellery to the various departments concerned for consultation. This initial internal consultation stage ensures that the draft is examined and evaluated by the various branches of the federal government, each contributing its expertise and point of view on the issues addressed in the draft. Once the draft has been revised and refined following this internal consultation, it enters a broader phase of external consultation. This stage is crucial because it opens up the process to a wider range of stakeholders. The cantons, as federated entities, are being invited to give their views, which is essential to ensure that regional and local perspectives are taken into account. Political parties, representing different spectrums of public and ideological opinion, are also consulted, ensuring that diverse political positions are considered. In addition to the cantons and political parties, representatives of interested parties such as non-governmental organisations, industry groups, trade unions and other experts are also consulted. Their participation brings specialist and technical perspectives to bear and ensures that the interests and concerns of different sectors of society are taken into account in the drafting of legislation. This multi-dimensional approach to the consultation process ensures that the legislative process in Switzerland is not only democratic and transparent, but also inclusive and responsive to the needs and concerns of society as a whole. By incorporating the views of multiple stakeholders from the earliest stages of the legislative process, Switzerland ensures that its laws and policies are well-founded, balanced and representative of the diversity of interests and opinions within the country.
| | 瑞士宪法规定的协商程序在立法和公共政策的制定过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。法案草案一旦起草完毕,就会由联邦总理府送交各有关部门征求意见。最初的内部协商阶段确保联邦政府各部门对草案进行审查和评估,各部门就草案中涉及的问题贡献自己的专业知识和观点。在内部磋商之后,草案经过修订和完善,便进入更广泛的外部磋商阶段。这一阶段至关重要,因为它向更广泛的利益相关者开放了这一进程。各州作为联邦实体,将应邀发表意见,这对于确保地区和地方观点得到考虑至关重要。此外,还征求了代表不同舆论和意识形态的各政党的意见,以确保不同的政治立场都能得到考虑。除各州和政党外,还征求了非政府组织、行业团体、工会和其他专家等相关方代表的意见。他们的参与将带来专家和技术方面的观点,并确保在起草法律时考虑到社会各阶层的利益和关切。这种多维度的咨询方式确保了瑞士的立法过程不仅民主、透明,而且具有包容性,并能对整个社会的需求和关切做出回应。通过在立法过程的最初阶段就采纳多方利益相关者的意见,瑞士确保其法律和政策有理有据、平衡并能代表国内的不同利益和意见。 |
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| The processing of the bill by the Federal Council is a key stage in the Swiss legislative process, following the consultation phase. This stage involves careful revision and finalisation of the bill, as well as the preparation of an official recommendation. Once the consultation procedure has been completed, the relevant federal department proceeds to draft the bill. This drafting process takes into account the feedback and suggestions received during the consultation, as well as the Federal Council's specific directives and instructions. This ensures that the bill not only conforms to the government's political and legal objectives, but also reflects the contributions and concerns of the various stakeholders involved in the consultation process. After this drafting stage, the Federal Council proceeds to the final examination and adoption of the text of the bill. At this stage, the Federal Council assesses the draft in its entirety, ensuring that it is coherent, legally sound and in line with the government's political and legislative objectives. Once the text has been adopted by the Federal Council, an official commentary is published in a document known as a "message". This message accompanies the bill when it is submitted to Parliament for debate and vote. It provides a comprehensive overview of the bill, including the reasons for its introduction, the objectives it seeks to achieve, and the considerations that influenced its formulation. The Federal Council's message plays a crucial role in the legislative process, as it helps members of parliament to understand the background and motivations behind the bill, thereby facilitating informed consideration and debate. The Federal Council's handling of the bill is an essential step in ensuring that the laws proposed in Switzerland are the result of a rigorous, transparent and inclusive process. This stage ensures that laws are well prepared, justified and ready for thorough parliamentary scrutiny.
| | 在咨询阶段之后,联邦委员会对法案的处理是瑞士立法过程中的一个关键阶段。在这一阶段,需要对法案进行仔细的修改和定稿,并准备一份官方建议。磋商程序结束后,相关联邦部门开始起草法案。在起草过程中会考虑到咨询过程中收到的反馈和建议,以及联邦委员会的具体指令和指示。这不仅确保了法案符合政府的政治和法律目标,也反映了参与磋商过程的各利益相关方的贡献和关切。起草阶段结束后,联邦委员会将对法案文本进行最终审查和通过。在这一阶段,联邦委员会将对草案进行整体评估,确保草案内容连贯、法律依据充分,并符合政府的政治和立法目标。一旦联邦委员会通过了草案文本,就会在一份名为 "信息 "的文件中发布官方评注。当法案提交议会进行辩论和表决时,该文件将随法案一起发布。它对法案进行了全面的概述,包括提出法案的原因、力图实现的目标以及影响法案制定的各种因素。联邦委员会的信息在立法过程中起着至关重要的作用,因为它有助于议会成员了解法案背后的背景和动机,从而促进知情的审议和辩论。联邦委员会对法案的处理是确保在瑞士提出的法律是一个严格、透明和包容过程的结果的重要步骤。这一阶段确保法律准备充分、有理有据,并可随时接受议会的全面审查。 |
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| The fourth stage of the Swiss legislative process involves the transmission of the draft law to Parliament, a crucial phase in which the draft is subjected to scrutiny and debate by the nation's elected representatives. Once the Federal Council has finalised the bill and drafted the corresponding dispatch, it is forwarded to the two chambers of the Swiss Parliament: the National Council and the Council of States. The bill, together with the Federal Council's message, is published in the Federal Gazette, the official newspaper of the Swiss government. This document is essential for informing members of parliament, as well as the public, about the content of the bill and the government's reasons for proposing it. In Parliament, the bill is first allocated to a chamber, which takes responsibility for examining it first. The decision as to which chamber the bill is submitted to first depends on a number of factors, including the subject of the bill and parliamentary practice. A parliamentary committee is then responsible for examining the bill in detail. This committee studies the bill, holds hearings and prepares a report for the chamber. When the priority chamber takes up the bill, it votes on whether or not to enter into a full debate on the bill. If the vote is positive, the chamber discusses and debates the bill clause by clause, making amendments if necessary. If the vote is negative, the bill is forwarded to the other chamber for consideration. The second chamber follows a similar procedure, examining the bill and issuing a report. If this chamber accepts the bill, it also enters into the matter. However, if the second chamber also rejects the bill, it is withdrawn and considered rejected. This parliamentary process is an example of how the Swiss legislative system ensures that proposed laws are carefully considered, debated and amended if necessary by elected representatives, thereby ensuring that the laws passed reflect the collective will and interests of Swiss society as a whole.
| | 瑞士立法程序的第四阶段是向议会递交法律草案,在这一关键阶段,草案将接受国家民选代表的审查和辩论。联邦委员会完成法案定稿并起草相应的文件后,将其提交给瑞士议会的两个议院:国民院和联邦院。法案和联邦委员会的致辞将刊登在瑞士政府的官方报纸《联邦公报》上。这份文件对于向议员和公众介绍法案内容和政府提出法案的理由至关重要。在议会中,法案首先分配给一个议院,由该议院首先负责审议。法案先提交给哪个议院取决于多种因素,包括法案的主题和议会惯例。然后,议会委员会负责对法案进行详细审查。该委员会对法案进行研究,举行听证会,并为议院编写报告。优先议院在审议法案时,就是否对法案进行全面辩论进行表决。如果表决结果为赞成,议院将对法案逐条进行讨论和辩论,必要时做出修正。如果表决结果为反对,则将法案提交另一议院审议。第二议院遵循类似程序,审议法案并发布报告。如果该议院接受该法案,它也将参与此事。但是,如果第二议院也否决该法案,则该法案将被撤回并视为被否决。这一议会程序体现了瑞士立法制度如何确保民选代表对拟议的法律进行仔细审议、辩论并在必要时进行修改,从而确保通过的法律反映整个瑞士社会的集体意愿和利益。 |
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| The next phase of the Swiss legislative process involves a "shuttle game" between the two chambers of parliament, the National Council and the Council of States, to resolve differences over a bill. This stage is crucial to achieving consensus on the legislative text. When the two chambers have differing opinions on certain aspects of a bill, the text is sent from one chamber to the other, in an iterative process designed to harmonise their positions. Each chamber examines the changes proposed by the other and can either accept them or propose other changes. This shuttle process continues until agreement is reached on all parts of the bill. This shuttle process ensures that the final text of the bill is the product of full deliberation and represents a compromise acceptable to both houses. In situations where differences persist and agreement seems out of reach, a conciliation conference can be set up. This conference is a committee made up of members of both chambers and aims to find a compromise solution. It is particularly useful in cases where one chamber wants to proceed to a full examination of the bill (an entrée en matière) and the other does not. The conciliation conference plays a mediating role, proposing solutions to overcome disagreements and allow the bill to move forward. If the Conciliation Conference succeeds in reaching a compromise, it is then submitted to both houses for approval. If both houses accept the conciliation conference's proposal, the bill can move forward. However, if no agreement is reached, even after conciliation, the bill is generally considered rejected. This shuttle system and the conciliation conference are examples of how the Swiss legislative process fosters consensus and collaboration between the different branches of government. They reflect the country's commitment to a democratic, inclusive and representative legislative process.
| | 瑞士立法程序的下一阶段涉及议会两院,即国民院和联邦院之间的 "穿梭游戏",以解决对法案的分歧。这一阶段对于就立法文本达成共识至关重要。当参众两院对法案的某些方面有不同意见时,法案文本就会在参众两院之间反复传送,以协调双方的立场。参众两院分别审查对方提出的修改意见,要么接受,要么提出其他修改意见。这一穿梭过程一直持续到就法案的所有部分达成一致为止。这种穿梭过程可确保法案的最终文本是充分审议的产物,是两院均可接受的折衷方案。在分歧持续存在、似乎无法达成一致的情况下,可以召开调解会议。该会议是一个由参众两院议员组成的委员会,旨在找到一个折中的解决方案。在参众两院中,如果其中一院希望对法案进行全面审议,而另一院则不希望,调解会议就显得尤为重要。调解会议发挥调解作用,提出克服分歧的解决方案,使议案得以推进。如果调解会议成功达成妥协,则提交参众两院批准。如果参众两院都接受调解会议的建议,法案就可以向前推进。但是,如果即使经过调解也未能达成一致意见,则一般认为该法案被否决。这种穿梭制度和调解会议是瑞士立法程序如何促进政府各部门之间达成共识与合作的范例。它们反映了瑞士对民主、包容和代表性立法程序的承诺。 |
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| The next stage in the Swiss legislative process involves the Drafting Committee, which plays a crucial role in preparing the final text of the law. Once the two houses of parliament, the National Council and the Council of States, have agreed on the content of the bill, it is sent to the Drafting Committee. The main responsibility of the Drafting Committee is to ensure that the text of the law is clear, coherent and legally correct. It scrutinises the text to correct any errors, clarify the wording and ensure the overall coherence of the document. A unique and important aspect of this process in Switzerland is the drafting of the text in the country's three official languages: German, French and Italian. As Switzerland is a multilingual country, it is essential that the laws are available and understandable to all citizens, whatever their mother tongue. The Drafting Committee therefore ensures that the text of the law is correctly translated into each of these languages, while maintaining the same meaning and content in all language versions. This multilingual drafting stage is essential to guarantee the accessibility and fairness of the legislative process in Switzerland. It reflects the country's respect for its linguistic and cultural diversity and its commitment to inclusive and representative government. After this drafting and translation phase, the final text of the law is ready to be promulgated and implemented.
| | 瑞士立法程序的下一阶段涉及起草委员会,该委员会在编制法律最终文本方面发挥着至关重要的作用。一旦议会两院(国民院和联邦院)就法案内容达成一致,法案就会被送交起草委员会。起草委员会的主要职责是确保法律文本清晰、连贯且符合法律规定。起草委员会对文本进行审查,以纠正任何错误、澄清措辞并确保文件的整体一致性。在瑞士,这一过程的一个独特而重要的方面是用瑞士的三种官方语言起草文本: 德语、法语和意大利语。由于瑞士是一个多语言国家,因此,所有公民,无论其母语是什么,都必须能够使用和理解法律。因此,起草委员会确保将法律文本正确翻译成每种语言,同时在所有语言版本中保持相同的含义和内容。这种多语言起草阶段对于保证瑞士立法程序的可及性和公平性至关重要。它体现了瑞士对语言和文化多样性的尊重,以及对包容性和代议制政府的承诺。在这一起草和翻译阶段之后,法律的最终文本就可以颁布和实施了。 |
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| After the drafting and translation phase by the Drafting Committee, the bill in Switzerland reaches a crucial stage: the final vote in both houses of parliament. This stage is decisive in the legislative process, as it marks the final decision on whether or not the bill should be adopted. The final text of the bill, drafted in German, French and Italian to reflect Switzerland's linguistic diversity, is submitted separately to the National Council (the lower house) and the Council of States (the upper house). Each chamber holds a final vote on the bill. This vote is the culmination of the entire legislative process, including the initiation of the law, the discussions and amendments, the consultation and conciliation phases, and the final drafting. For a bill to be passed, it must receive the approval of a majority in each chamber. If one of the chambers rejects the bill, it is deemed to have been rejected, unless the points of disagreement can be resolved by other means, such as a further conciliation conference. If the bill is approved by both chambers, it then moves on to the enactment stage, where it is signed by the presidents of both chambers and the President of the Confederation, before being published in the Official Compendium of Federal Legislation. The final vote in both chambers is a key moment that ensures that all laws passed in Switzerland have been subject to a thorough democratic process, reflecting a broad consensus among the elected representatives of the people. This concludes the Swiss legislative process, which is characterised by its rigour, transparency and respect for diversity and democracy.
| | 经过起草委员会的起草和翻译阶段后,瑞士的法案进入了一个关键阶段:议会两院的最终表决。这一阶段在立法过程中具有决定性意义,因为它标志着是否通过法案的最终决定。为反映瑞士的语言多样性,法案的最终文本以德语、法语和意大利语起草,并分别提交给国民院(下院)和联邦院(上院)。两院分别对法案进行最终表决。表决是整个立法过程的高潮,包括法律的启动、讨论和修正、协商和调解阶段以及最终起草。法案必须获得参众两院各过半数的同意才能通过。如果其中一个议院否决了该法案,该法案即被视为被否决,除非分歧点可以通过其他方式解决,如再次召开调解会议。如果参众两院都通过了法案,则进入颁布阶段,由参众两院议长和联邦总统签署,然后在《联邦立法官方汇编》上公布。参众两院的最终表决是一个关键时刻,它确保瑞士通过的所有法律都经过了彻底的民主程序,反映了人民选出的代表之间达成的广泛共识。至此,以严谨、透明、尊重多样性和民主为特点的瑞士立法程序结束。 |
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| The next stage in the Swiss legislative process is the publication of the law in the Federal Gazette, which triggers a crucial period for the optional referendum. After final approval of the bill by both houses of parliament, the law is officially published in the Federal Gazette. This marks the start of the 100-day referendum period, during which the law is subject to the optional referendum process. This mechanism of direct democracy is a distinctive feature of the Swiss political system, allowing citizens to play an active role in legislation. During these 100 days, a referendum may be requested by at least 50,000 citizens entitled to vote or by eight cantons. This requirement ensures that only laws that cause significant concern or interest among the population or the cantons will be put to a referendum. The threshold required to trigger a referendum reflects Switzerland's commitment to citizen participation while ensuring that the process is not used for trivial matters or without a genuine support base. If the referendum is called within the deadline, the law will only take effect if it is approved by the Swiss people in a national vote. This means that even after going through all the stages of the legislative process, a law can still be challenged by a direct vote of the people. This aspect of the Swiss system illustrates the power given to citizens in legislative decision-making, reinforcing the democratic nature of the country's system of governance. If no referendum is requested within 100 days, the law is automatically promulgated and comes into force according to the terms specified in the legislative text. This final process of publication and referendum period ensures that laws in Switzerland are not only the result of a representative democratic process, but are also subject to the direct approval of the people, if necessary.
| | 瑞士立法程序的下一阶段是在《联邦公报》上公布法律,这就进入了选择性全民公决的关键时期。在议会两院最终批准法案后,法律正式在《联邦公报》上公布。这标志着为期 100 天的全民公投期的开始,在此期间,该法律将接受选择性全民公投程序。这种直接民主机制是瑞士政治体制的一大特色,允许公民在立法中发挥积极作用。在这100天内,至少5万名有投票权的公民或8个州可以要求进行全民公决。这一规定确保只有引起民众或各州重大关切或兴趣的法律才会付诸全民公决。触发全民公决所需的门槛反映了瑞士对公民参与的承诺,同时也确保了这一进程不会被用于无关紧要的问题或没有真正支持基础的问题。如果在规定期限内举行了全民公决,那么只有在全国投票中获得瑞士人民的批准,法律才能生效。这就意味着,即使经过了立法程序的所有阶段,一项法律仍有可能受到人民直接投票的质疑。瑞士制度的这一特点体现了公民在立法决策中被赋予的权力,加强了国家治理制度的民主性。如果在 100 天内没有公民投票的要求,法律就会自动颁布,并按照法律文本中规定的条款生效。这一公布和全民公决期的最后程序确保瑞士的法律不仅是代议制民主进程的结果,而且在必要时还需得到人民的直接批准。 |
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| If, after being submitted to an optional referendum, the law is accepted by the Swiss people, it passes the final stage before becoming fully effective. In this case, the law is officially published in two key documents: the Official Compendium of Federal Legislation and the Systematic Compendium of Federal Law. The Official Compendium of Federal Legislation is the official publication where all new laws and legislative amendments are recorded. This publication is essential for informing the public and institutions about current and official legislative changes in Switzerland. Publication in the Official Compendium is the final step confirming that the law is in force and must be complied with. At the same time, the law is also published in the Systematic Compendium of Federal Law, which is an organised compilation of all Swiss federal legislation. The Compendium is structured systematically to make it easier to access and understand the laws in force in the country. Publication in this compendium helps to maintain a clear and accessible overview of Swiss legislation, enabling citizens, legal professionals and other interested parties to find relevant legal information easily. Approval by the people and subsequent publication of the law in these official compendia underline the importance of direct democracy in the Swiss legislative system. They ensure that the laws adopted reflect not only the will of elected representatives, but also the direct approval of Swiss citizens. This final stage also ensures the transparency and availability of legal information, key elements in a democratic system where access to legal information is crucial to the exercise of civic rights and responsibilities.
| | 如果法律在提交选择性全民公决后得到瑞士人民的认可,那么它就通过了全面生效前的最后阶段。在这种情况下,法律将在两份重要文件中正式公布:《联邦立法官方汇编》和《联邦法律系统汇编》。联邦立法官方简编》是记录所有新法律和立法修正案的官方出版物。该出版物对于向公众和机构介绍瑞士现行法律和官方法律的变化至关重要。在《官方汇编》上公布是确认法律已经生效并必须遵守的最后一步。同时,该法律也在《联邦法律系统汇编》中公布,该汇编是瑞士所有联邦法律的系统汇编。该汇编的结构系统化,便于查阅和理解瑞士现行法律。该汇编的出版有助于保持瑞士立法的清晰和易读性,使公民、法律专业人士和其他有关各方能够轻松找到相关的法律信息。由人民批准并随后在这些官方汇编中公布的法律强调了直接民主在瑞士立法体系中的重要性。它们确保所通过的法律不仅反映民选代表的意愿,还直接得到瑞士公民的认可。这一最后阶段还确保了法律信息的透明度和可获得性,而这正是民主制度的关键要素,在民主制度中,获得法律信息对于行使公民权利和责任至关重要。 |
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| Once all the previous stages of the Swiss legislative process have been successfully completed, including approval by both chambers of parliament, publication in the Federal Gazette, the possible referendum process, and finally publication in the Official Compendium of Federal Legislation and the Systematic Compendium of Federal Law (if applicable), the law is officially adopted and comes into force. The final adoption of a law in Switzerland represents the culmination of a rigorous and participatory democratic process. This stage confirms that the law has not only won the support of the people's elected representatives in Parliament, but has also passed the test of acceptance by the Swiss people in cases where a referendum has been requested and organised. Bringing the law into force means that it becomes a legally binding rule that must be respected by all citizens and institutions. The law may come into force immediately or on a date specified in the text of the law. Once adopted, the law has a direct effect on society, influencing behaviour, regulating activities, protecting rights and freedoms, and establishing responsibilities and obligations. The adoption of a law in Switzerland, by following this methodical and inclusive process, illustrates the country's commitment to a legislative system that is transparent, democratic and respectful of the principles of the rule of law. This ensures that laws are well-founded, legitimate and reflect the values and needs of Swiss society.
| | 一旦瑞士立法程序的所有前几个阶段都顺利完成,包括议会两院批准、在《联邦公报》上公布、可能的全民公决程序,以及最后在《联邦立法官方汇编》和《联邦法律系统汇编》(如适用)上公布,法律即正式通过并生效。在瑞士,法律的最终通过代表着严格的参与式民主进程达到了顶峰。在这一阶段,法律不仅获得了议会民选代表的支持,而且在要求并组织全民公决的情况下,也通过了瑞士人民的认可。法律生效意味着它成为一项具有法律约束力的规则,所有公民和机构都必须遵守。法律可以立即生效,也可以在法律文本规定的日期生效。法律一旦通过,就会对社会产生直接影响,影响行为、规范活动、保护权利和自由,并确立责任和义务。瑞士法律的通过遵循了这一有条不紊和包容各方的程序,表明该国致力于建立一个透明、民主和尊重法治原则的立法体系。这确保法律有充分的依据、合法并反映瑞士社会的价值观和需求。 |
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| The enactment of a law in Switzerland is the culmination of a complex and well-structured democratic process, marking the formalisation and entry into force of legislation. The enactment process varies depending on whether or not the law has been put to a referendum. If a law is the subject of a referendum, and the Swiss people approve the law in the referendum, the Federal Council plays a crucial role by officially validating the result of the referendum. This formal step is significant because it recognises the democratic choice made by the people. For example, in popular votes on issues such as healthcare reform or changes to environmental laws, the validation by the Federal Council after a favourable vote by the people is a formal confirmation that the law has been adopted. If the law has not been submitted to a referendum, promulgation occurs automatically after the 100-day referendum period has expired, provided that no request for a referendum has been filed. In this case, the Federal Chancellery is responsible for recording the expiry of the referendum deadline. This procedure ensures that the law is only enacted if there is no opposition strong enough to justify a referendum. This has been the case for many less controversial or more technical laws, where the referendum deadline has passed without significant opposition, allowing the law to be promulgated without a hitch. Enactment is therefore a crucial step, confirming that the law has passed all the necessary stages of the Swiss legislative process, from its proposal to its parliamentary consideration, via public consultation and, if necessary, approval by referendum. It symbolises Switzerland's respect for representative and direct democracy, ensuring that every law adopted is the result of a transparent, inclusive and legitimate process.
| | 在瑞士,法律的颁布是一个复杂而有序的民主过程的顶点,标志着立法的正式化和生效。法律的颁布程序因法律是否经过全民公决而有所不同。如果一项法律是全民公决的主题,并且瑞士人民在全民公决中批准了该法律,联邦委员会就会正式确认全民公决的结果,从而发挥关键作用。这一正式步骤意义重大,因为它承认了人民做出的民主选择。例如,在有关医疗改革或环境法修改等问题的民众投票中,联邦委员会在民众投出赞成票后对投票结果进行确认,就是对法律已获通过的正式确认。如果法律没有提交全民公决,在 100 天的全民公决期结束后,只要没有提出全民公决的要求,法律就会自动颁布。在这种情况下,联邦总理府负责记录全民公决期限的届满。这一程序确保了只有在没有足以支持全民公决的强烈反对意见时,法律才会被颁布。许多争议较小或技术性较强的法律都是这种情况,在这些法律中,全民公决的最后期限已过,没有出现明显的反对意见,从而使法律得以顺利颁布。因此,颁布是一个关键步骤,它确认了法律已经通过了瑞士立法程序的所有必要阶段,从法律提案到议会审议,再到公众咨询,必要时通过全民公决批准。它象征着瑞士对代议制和直接民主的尊重,确保通过的每项法律都是透明、包容和合法程序的结果。 |
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| In Switzerland, the publication of a law is one of the last stages in the legislative process, and it is at this point that the law is officially brought to the attention of the public. Publication is essential because it marks the point at which the law is considered to be officially in force and applicable. The Act is published in the Official Compendium of Federal Statutes, which is the main tool for disseminating legislative texts to the public. This publication is crucial not only for reasons of transparency and democratic governance, but also because it informs citizens, businesses, institutions and legal players about new laws and regulations in force. It is essential for citizens to be informed about laws, as this enables legislation to be applied and complied with effectively. Publication in the Official Compendium is also a fundamental principle in law, known as the principle of publicity of laws. This principle states that for a law to be enforceable, it must be made public. In Switzerland, this means that the law is not only passed by Parliament and promulgated by the Federal Council, but is also accessible to all citizens. The practice of publishing laws ensures that all players in Swiss society are informed of legislative changes and can adjust their behaviour accordingly. This ensures that the law is applied uniformly and that citizens can exercise their rights and obligations in full knowledge of the rules in force.
| | 在瑞士,法律的公布是立法程序的最后阶段之一,在这一阶段,法律正式引起公众的注意。公布至关重要,因为这标志着法律被视为正式生效和适用。该法在《联邦法规官方汇编》中公布,该汇编是向公众传播法律文本的主要工具。该出版物的重要性不仅在于其透明度和民主治理,还在于它能让公民、企业、机构和法律界人士了解新生效的法律法规。让公民了解法律是至关重要的,因为这可以使法律得到有效实施和遵守。在《官方汇编》上公布法律也是一项基本原则,即法律公开原则。该原则规定,法律必须公开才能执行。在瑞士,这意味着法律不仅由议会通过,由联邦委员会颁布,而且所有公民都可以查阅。公布法律的做法确保瑞士社会的所有参与者都能了解法律的变化,并据此调整自己的行为。这确保了法律的统一实施,公民可以在充分了解现行规则的情况下行使自己的权利和履行自己的义务。 |
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| The entry into force of a law in Switzerland represents the final stage in the legislative process, where the law becomes binding and enforceable. This stage occurs after the publication of the law, which is a crucial element in informing the public of the new legislation. Once the law has been passed by Parliament, promulgated by the Federal Council and published in the Official Compendium of Federal Statutes, it attains the status of a legally binding rule. The Act may come into force immediately, i.e. as soon as it is published, or it may come into force at a later date specified in the text of the Act. This provision allows a degree of flexibility so that citizens and institutions can adapt to new legal requirements. The date of entry into force is essential because it marks the moment from which the provisions of the law are enforceable. From this date, citizens and institutions are legally obliged to comply with the new legislation. This means that behaviour, actions and transactions must be aligned with the provisions of the law. The importance of entry into force lies in its role in ensuring that laws are not just recommendations or guidelines, but binding rules of conduct. This ensures that the law is respected and applied uniformly, thereby guaranteeing legal order and stability in society. In short, the entry into force of a law in Switzerland is the culmination of a democratic and transparent process, marking the transition from a legislative proposal to an effective legal rule that shapes the structure and functioning of Swiss society.
| | 法律在瑞士的生效是立法过程的最后阶段,在这一阶段,法律具有约束力和可执行性。这一阶段发生在法律公布之后,这是让公众了解新法律的关键因素。一旦法律获得议会通过、联邦委员会颁布并在《联邦法规官方汇编》上公布,它就获得了具有法律约束力的规则的地位。该法可以立即生效,即在公布后立即生效,也可以在法律文本规定的稍后日期生效。这一规定允许一定程度的灵活性,以便公民和机构能够适应新的法律要求。生效日期至关重要,因为它标志着法律条款开始生效。从这一天起,公民和机构在法律上有义务遵守新法律。这意味着行为、行动和交易必须与法律规定保持一致。法律生效的重要性在于它能确保法律不仅仅是建议或指导方针,而是具有约束力的行为规则。这可以确保法律得到遵守和统一适用,从而保证社会的法律秩序和稳定。简而言之,在瑞士,法律的生效是一个民主和透明过程的顶点,标志着从立法建议到有效法律规则的转变,它决定着瑞士社会的结构和运作。 |
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| In Switzerland, the emergency clause is a special provision that allows a law to come into force immediately in exceptional situations. When a law is deemed urgent, it can be applied as soon as it has been passed by Parliament, without waiting for the usual process of promulgation and publication. Declaring a law urgent requires a qualified majority of the members of each council of the Swiss parliament - the National Council and the Council of States. This majority requirement ensures that the decision to declare a law urgent is not taken lightly, but rather in circumstances where swift action is essential to respond to critical situations or immediate needs. Situations justifying such a measure may include national crises, public health emergencies, natural disasters or other exceptional circumstances where a delay in the application of a law could have serious consequences. For example, during a health crisis such as an epidemic, urgent legislation may be required to enable a rapid and effective response to protect public health. By passing laws with the emergency clause, the Swiss Parliament ensures that the government has the necessary tools to act promptly in response to unforeseen and urgent situations. However, this procedure is subject to controls to prevent abuse, ensuring that the emergency clause is used responsibly and only in justified situations.[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 165.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a165 article 165]]]
| | 在瑞士,紧急条款是一项特殊规定,允许法律在特殊情况下立即生效。当一项法律被视为紧急法律时,议会一通过该法律,它就可以立即生效,而无需等待通常的颁布和公布程序。宣布一项法律为紧急法律需要获得瑞士议会各委员会--国民院和联邦院--成员的法定多数票。这一多数票要求确保了宣布一项法律为紧急法律的决定不会轻易做出,而是在必须迅速采取行动应对危急情况或紧急需求的情况下做出的。有理由采取此类措施的情况可能包括国家危机、公共卫生紧急状况、自然灾害或其他特殊情况,在这些情况下,延迟适用法律可能会造成严重后果。例如,在流行病等健康危机期间,可能需要紧急立法,以便迅速有效地做出反应,保护公众健康。瑞士议会通过带有紧急条款的法律,确保政府拥有必要的工具来迅速采取行动,应对不可预见的紧急状况。然而,这一程序受到控制,以防止滥用,确保紧急条款得到负责任的使用,并且只在合理的情况下使用。[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 165.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a165 article 165]]] |
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| Article 165 of the Swiss Federal Constitution plays a crucial role in the country's legislative framework, allowing laws to be passed quickly in urgent situations, while maintaining a balance with democratic principles. This constitutional provision enables Parliament to react effectively and immediately in exceptional circumstances that require rapid intervention, such as national crises or emergency situations. The adoption of urgent legislation requires the approval of a majority of the members of each House of Parliament. These laws, characterised by their temporary nature, are designed to meet immediate and specific needs. A relevant historical example might be legislation in response to a health crisis, where rapid action is required to protect public health. Despite their urgent nature, such laws are not exempt from democratic scrutiny. If a referendum is called against an urgent law, the law expires one year after its adoption if it is not accepted by the people. This ensures that even in emergency situations, laws remain subject to popular approval. For example, an emergency law passed to deal with an economic crisis could be put to a referendum, giving the Swiss people an opportunity to vote on measures taken in their name. Furthermore, if an urgent law has no constitutional basis, it must be approved by the people and the cantons within one year of its adoption. This provision ensures that laws passed in extraordinary circumstances without a direct constitutional basis receive special attention and democratic approval. Article 165 also stipulates that emergency laws that fail to win approval in a vote may not be renewed, thereby emphasising the temporary and exceptional nature of such measures. This mechanism ensures that emergency laws are not used in a prolonged or inappropriate manner. Article 165 reflects Switzerland's ability to balance the need for rapid government action in emergencies with respect for democratic processes and the participation of the Swiss people in legislative decision-making. It is an illustration of how a country can maintain legal order and stability while preserving democratic foundations, even in extraordinary circumstances.
| | 瑞士联邦宪法》第 165 条在国家立法框架中发挥着至关重要的作用,允许在紧急情况下迅速通过法律,同时与民主原则保持平衡。这一宪法条款使议会能够在需要快速干预的特殊情况下(如国家危机或紧急情况)立即做出有效反应。紧急立法的通过需要议会两院多数议员的批准。这些法律的特点是临时性,旨在满足即时和具体的需求。一个相关的历史案例可能是应对卫生危机的立法,在这种情况下需要迅速采取行动保护公众健康。尽管具有紧迫性,但此类法律也不能免于民主审查。如果要求对紧急法律进行全民公决,如果人民不接受,该法律将在通过一年后失效。这确保了即使在紧急情况下,法律仍需得到人民的批准。例如,为应对经济危机而通过的紧急法律可以付诸全民公决,让瑞士人民有机会对以他们的名义采取的措施进行投票。此外,如果紧急法律没有宪法依据,则必须在通过后一年内得到人民和各州的批准。这一规定确保了在没有直接宪法依据的特殊情况下通过的法律得到特别关注和民主批准。第 165 条还规定,在投票中未获得批准的紧急状态法不得延期,从而强调了此类措施的临时性和特殊性。这一机制确保紧急状态法不会被长期或不适当地使用。第 165 条反映了瑞士在紧急情况下平衡政府快速行动的需要与尊重民主程序和瑞士人民参与立法决策的能力。它说明了一个国家如何在维护法律秩序和稳定的同时,即使在非常情况下也能保持民主基础。 |
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| The referendum mechanism in Switzerland, particularly in relation to laws enacted under the emergency clause, is an essential element of democratic control in the legislative process. Even when a law is passed quickly under the emergency clause and comes into force immediately, it remains subject to the possibility of a referendum. If an urgent law that complies with the Constitution is brought into force and a referendum is then requested, the law faces a critical period of democratic validation. In accordance with Article 165 of the Swiss Constitution, this urgent law ceases to be effective one year after its adoption by the Federal Assembly if it is not approved by the Swiss people within this period. This mechanism ensures that, despite the need for rapid action in an emergency, democratic consent remains a fundamental pillar of the legislative process. The referendum process allows Swiss citizens to exercise direct control over laws, even those passed in extraordinary circumstances. For example, if the Swiss government were to pass an urgent law in response to an environmental or economic crisis, citizens would have the right to request a referendum on that law. If a referendum is called and the law is not approved by popular vote within a year of being passed, it would cease to have effect. This mechanism illustrates how the Swiss political system balances government efficiency and responsiveness with democratic participation and control. It ensures that even legislative measures taken in emergency situations do not deviate from the principles of direct democracy that lie at the heart of the Swiss political system.
| | 瑞士的全民公决机制,尤其是针对根据紧急状态条款制定的法律的全民公决机制,是立法过程中民主监督的重要组成部分。即使一项法律根据紧急条款迅速通过并立即生效,仍有可能进行全民公决。如果一项符合宪法的紧急法律生效后又要求进行全民公决,那么该法律将面临一个民主确认的关键时期。根据《瑞士宪法》第165条,如果该紧急法律在联邦议会通过一年后仍未得到瑞士人民的批准,则该法律将停止生效。这一机制确保,尽管在紧急情况下需要迅速采取行动,但民主同意仍然是立法程序的基本支柱。全民公决程序允许瑞士公民直接控制法律,即使是在特殊情况下通过的法律。例如,如果瑞士政府为应对环境或经济危机而通过一项紧急法律,公民有权要求对该法律进行全民公决。如果公民投票被要求举行,而该法律在通过后一年内未获得民众投票通过,则该法律将停止生效。这一机制说明了瑞士的政治体制是如何在政府的效率和反应能力与民主参与和控制之间取得平衡的。它确保了即使是在紧急情况下采取的立法措施也不会偏离直接民主的原则,而这正是瑞士政治制度的核心。 |
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| When an emergency law is passed in Switzerland and found to be contrary to the Constitution, the referendum process requires a higher level of validation: the double majority. This means that for the law to remain in force, it must be approved not only by a majority of the Swiss people, but also by a majority of the cantons. This double majority process is a distinctive feature of Swiss democracy, particularly in cases where emergency laws touch on constitutional aspects. The requirement for approval by both the people and the cantons ensures that changes to the law, even in an emergency situation, receive broad and representative support across the country. This reinforces respect for Switzerland's federal structure and ensures that the interests and opinions of all regions are taken into account. If a referendum is requested against an emergency law that affects the Constitution, and that law does not receive the necessary support of the double majority (the people and the cantons) within a year of its adoption, it ceases to be valid. This control mechanism ensures that laws that have a direct impact on the Constitution - the country's fundamental law - cannot be upheld without clear and widespread democratic support. This process underlines the importance attached in Switzerland to the protection of constitutional principles and democratic participation, even in emergency situations. It ensures that emergency laws, particularly those that could run counter to constitutional principles, are subject to rigorous scrutiny and democratic approval, reflecting the country's deep respect for its democratic and federal foundations.
| | 当瑞士通过的紧急状态法被认为与宪法相悖时,全民公决程序需要更高层次的确认:双重多数。这意味着,该法律要继续有效,不仅要获得大多数瑞士人的批准,还必须获得大多数州的批准。这种双重多数程序是瑞士民主的一个显著特点,尤其是在紧急状态法涉及宪法问题时。要求同时获得人民和各州的批准,确保了法律的修改,即使是在紧急情况下,也能在全国范围内获得广泛和有代表性的支持。这加强了对瑞士联邦结构的尊重,并确保所有地区的利益和意见都得到考虑。如果要求对影响宪法的紧急状态法进行全民公决,而该法在通过后一年内未获得双重多数(人民和各州)的必要支持,则该法不再有效。这一控制机制确保了对宪法--国家的根本大法--有直接影响的法律在没有明确和广泛的民主支持的情况下无法得到维持。这一程序强调了瑞士对保护宪法原则和民主参与的重视,即使在紧急情况下也是如此。它确保紧急状态法,特别是那些可能违背宪法原则的法律,都要经过严格审查和民主批准,这反映了瑞士对其民主和联邦基础的深刻尊重。 |
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| = The decree = | | = 法令 = |
| Article 163 of the Swiss Federal Constitution establishes a formal framework for legislation enacted by the Federal Assembly, ensuring that each type of legislation is appropriate to its purpose and importance. Federal laws and ordinances are the main legislative instruments used by the Federal Assembly to establish rules of law. Federal laws, as formal legislative acts, generally deal with issues of major importance and require careful consideration and democratic discussion. For example, the Federal Health Insurance Act, which marked a turning point in Swiss health policy, is an example of major legislation adopted in the form of a federal act. On the other hand, ordinances are used for more technical or specific issues, enabling federal laws to be implemented in detail. These ordinances are essential for regulating complex areas such as environmental standards or financial regulations, where specific expertise is required.
| | 瑞士联邦宪法》第163条为联邦议会颁布的立法确立了一个正式框架,确保各类立法与其目的和重要性相称。联邦法律和法令是联邦议会制定法律规则的主要立法工具。联邦法律作为正式的立法法案,一般涉及重大问题,需要认真审议和民主讨论。例如,标志着瑞士医疗政策转折点的《联邦医疗保险法》就是以联邦法形式通过的重大立法的一个例子。另一方面,法令适用于技术性更强或更具体的问题,使联邦法律得以详细实施。这些法令对于环境标准或金融法规等需要特殊专业知识的复杂领域的管理至关重要。 |
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| [[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 163.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a163 article 163]]]In addition to federal laws and ordinances, Article 163 also introduces the category of federal decrees. These decrees may be subject to referendum or, if they are not, they may be classified as simple decrees. Federal decrees subject to referendum are used for important decisions, thereby enabling the Swiss people to participate directly in democracy. Simple federal decrees, on the other hand, are used for less crucial administrative or organisational decisions. This structured and diversified legislative framework enables the Federal Assembly to respond effectively to Switzerland's diverse legislative needs. It reflects the country's commitment to a democratic, transparent and well-organised legislative process, ensuring that laws and regulations are appropriate to the nature and importance of the issues being addressed, while including the participation of the Swiss people in major decisions through the referendum. | | [[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 163.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a163 article 163]]]除联邦法律和法令外,第 163 条还引入了联邦法令类别。这些法令可以进行全民公决,如果不进行全民公决,则被归类为简单法令。须经全民公决的联邦法令用于重大决策,从而使瑞士人民能够直接参与民主。而简单的联邦法令则用于不那么重要的行政或组织决策。这种结构化和多样化的立法框架使联邦议会能够有效应对瑞士不同的立法需求。它反映了瑞士对民主、透明和组织良好的立法程序的承诺,确保法律法规适合所处理问题的性质和重要性,同时通过全民公决让瑞士人民参与重大决策。 |
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| == Federal decree == | | == 联邦法令 == |
| Under article 163 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation, federal decrees are distinguished from federal laws and ordinances. Federal decrees, although adopted by Parliament, do not always contain rules of law in the substantive sense. This means that they do not necessarily define general, abstract norms governing behaviour or establishing rights and obligations, as laws or ordinances do. Instead, federal decrees may concern specific decisions, administrative measures or directives that do not have the same scope or generality as laws. However, even if they do not contain rules of law in the material sense, federal decrees are considered to be laws in the formal sense because they are enacted by the Federal Assembly. Their adoption follows the formal legislative process and, as such, they have legal authority and must be complied with, although they do not create legal norms in the traditional sense. This distinction between rules of law in the substantive sense and legislative acts in the formal sense is important for understanding how the different categories of legislative acts are used in the Swiss legal system. It reflects the complexity and sophistication of the country's legislative system, where different types of enactment are adapted to different needs and circumstances, while maintaining a coherent and functional structure.
| | 根据《瑞士联邦宪法》第163条,联邦法令有别于联邦法律和法令。联邦法令虽然由议会通过,但并不总是包含实质意义上的法律规则。这意味着,联邦法令不一定像法律或法令那样,规定一般的、抽象的行为准则或确立权利和义务。相反,联邦法令可能涉及具体的决定、行政措施或指令,其范围或普遍性与法律不同。不过,即使联邦法令不包含实质意义上的法律规则,但由于它们是由联邦议会颁布的,因此在形式上也被视为法律。它们的通过遵循正式的立法程序,因此具有法律权威,必须得到遵守,尽管它们并不产生传统意义上的法律规范。实质意义上的法律规则与形式意义上的立法行为之间的这种区别,对于理解瑞士法律体系中如何使用不同类别的立法行为非常重要。它反映了瑞士立法体系的复杂性和先进性,在这一体系中,不同类型的法令适用于不同的需求和情况,同时又保持了连贯的功能结构。 |
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| These decrees, although issued by the Federal Assembly, differ from federal laws and ordinances in that they do not contain rules of law in the substantive sense. They are more decision-making in nature and are used in specific and often targeted situations. Federal decrees can be used for a variety of decisions that require specific State intervention. These decisions may affect one or more specific persons, or they may concern specific situations that do not require the establishment of new generalised rules of law. For example, a federal decree could be used to allocate funds for a specific project, to respond to a unique emergency situation, or to ratify a specific international agreement. The decision-making nature of federal decrees illustrates the flexibility and adaptability of the Swiss legislative system. Whereas federal laws and ordinances establish general and abstract standards applicable to everyone, federal decrees enable Parliament to act in a targeted and specific manner. This approach ensures that the Federal Assembly can respond effectively to needs or situations that do not require the creation or modification of generalised rules of law, while maintaining coherent and effective governance.
| | 这些法令虽然由联邦议会颁布,但与联邦法律和法令不同的是,它们并不包含实质意义上的法律规则。它们更多的是决策性的,用于特定的、往往是有针对性的情况。联邦法令可用于需要国家具体干预的各种决定。这些决定可能会影响到一个或多个具体的人,也可能涉及到不需要制定新的一般法律规则的具体情况。例如,联邦法令可用于为某一具体项目分配资金、应对特殊紧急情况或批准某项具体的国际协定。联邦法令的决策性质说明了瑞士立法体系的灵活性和适应性。联邦法律和法令规定了适用于所有人的一般性抽象标准,而联邦政令则使议会能够有针对性地采取具体行动。这种方法确保联邦议会能够有效应对不需要制定或修改一般法律规则的需求或情况,同时保持治理的连贯性和有效性。 |
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| Decisions refer to individual and concrete measures taken by the competent authorities, based on existing law. These decisions are applied to specific cases, and are distinguished from laws and ordinances by their targeted nature and their direct application to particular situations or individuals. These individual measures are taken in the context of specific cases, which means that they are specifically designed to deal with unique circumstances or problems. They are not intended to establish general standards applicable to everyone, but rather to respond to specific needs or situations that arise. For example, a decision may be an authorisation or permit granted to a company for a specific activity, a decision concerning the legal status of an individual, or a resolution of a particular case under existing laws. This type of decision-making is crucial to ensuring that the legal system can respond flexibly and appropriately to the various situations that arise, providing tailor-made legal solutions that respect the established legal frameworks. This approach also allows for flexibility in the administration of justice and the implementation of policy, ensuring that the decisions taken are relevant and effective for the specific cases to which they apply.
| | 决定是指主管当局根据现行法律采取的个别具体措施。这些决定适用于具体案例,因其针对性强、直接适用于特定情况或个人而有别于法律和法令。这些个别措施是在具体案件的背景下采取的,这意味着它们是专门为处理特殊情况或问题而设计的。这些措施不是为了制定适用于所有人的一般标准,而是为了应对出现的具体需求或情况。例如,一项决定可能是对公司开展特定活动的授权或许可,可能是关于个人法律地位的决定,也可能是根据现行法律对特定案件的解决。这类决策对于确保法律系统能够灵活、适当地应对出现的各种情况,在尊重既定法律框架的前提下提供量身定制的法律解决方案至关重要。这种方法还能使司法和政策的执行具有灵活性,确保作出的决定对适用的具体案件具有相关性和有效性。 |
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| In the Swiss legal framework, decisions taken by the authorities are characterised by their specifically targeted and individualised nature. These decisions are distinguished from laws and ordinances by their direct application to particular cases, reflecting a tailored and precise approach to legislation and administration. The concrete nature of these decisions is illustrated by their orientation towards real and immediate situations. Unlike laws, which establish general standards, these decisions are formulated in response to specific circumstances. For example, in the context of the COVID-19 crisis, the Swiss Federal Council took concrete decisions on containment and economic support measures, each tailored to the specific needs and challenges posed by the pandemic. On the other hand, the individual nature of these decisions is evident in their targeting of specific persons or entities. The effects of these decisions are limited to the parties involved. For example, a decision may concern planning permission for a specific building project or a court ruling in a particular dispute. These decisions apply or interpret existing rules, taking into account the unique details of each case. This decision-making model ensures that the Swiss authorities can respond effectively to individual situations while respecting the established legal framework. It balances the universality of laws with the need to treat each situation according to its particularities. This approach reflects the Swiss tradition of precise and considered governance, ensuring that the decisions taken are both fair and tailored to the cases they concern.
| | 在瑞士的法律框架中,当局做出的决定具有针对性和个性化的特点。这些决定有别于法律和法令,因为它们直接适用于特定案件,反映了一种有针对性的、精确的立法和行政方法。这些决定的具体性质体现在它们面向真实和直接的情况。与制定一般标准的法律不同,这些决定是根据具体情况制定的。例如,在 COVID-19 危机的背景下,瑞士联邦委员会就遏制和经济支持措施做出了具体决定,每项决定都是针对大流行病带来的具体需求和挑战而制定的。另一方面,这些决定的个别性体现在它们针对特定的个人或实体。这些决定的影响仅限于所涉各方。例如,一项决定可能涉及特定建筑项目的规划许可,或法院对某一争端的裁决。这些决定适用或解释现有规则,同时考虑到每个案件的独特细节。这种决策模式确保瑞士当局在尊重既定法律框架的同时,能够有效应对个别情况。它兼顾了法律的普遍性和根据具体情况对症下药的必要性。这种方法体现了瑞士精确和深思熟虑的治理传统,确保所做决定既公正又适合相关案件。 |
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| In the Swiss legal system, certain federal decrees are considered to be of such importance that they can be submitted to a referendum, in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Constitution or legislation. This possibility of referendum reflects Switzerland's commitment to direct democracy, allowing citizens to have their say on key government decisions. Federal decrees subject to referendum are generally those that have a significant impact on society or are controversial in nature. The referendum provides a direct opportunity for Swiss citizens to have their say on these decisions, ensuring that important policies reflect the will of the people. This procedure guarantees active citizen participation in the decision-making process and strengthens the democratic legitimacy of policies and laws. For example, issues such as major changes in health policy, changes in tax legislation or decisions concerning national security can be put to a referendum, giving citizens the opportunity to play a direct role in these important decisions. This ability to submit federal decrees to a referendum illustrates the balance between executive power and the right of citizens to participate actively in the governance of their country. It is fundamental to the Swiss political system, reflecting a tradition of direct democracy and citizen participation that is central to Swiss decision-making.
| | 在瑞士的法律体系中,某些联邦法令被认为非常重要,可以根据联邦宪法或法律的规定提交全民公决。这种全民公决的可能性反映了瑞士对直接民主的承诺,允许公民对政府的重要决策发表意见。需要进行全民公决的联邦法令通常是那些对社会有重大影响或具有争议性的法令。全民公决为瑞士公民提供了对这些决策发表意见的直接机会,确保重要政策反映人民的意愿。这一程序保证了公民积极参与决策过程,并加强了政策和法律的民主合法性。例如,卫生政策的重大变化、税收立法的变化或有关国家安全的决定等问题都可以提交全民公决,使公民有机会在这些重要决定中发挥直接作用。这种将联邦法令提交全民公决的能力说明了行政权力与公民积极参与国家治理的权利之间的平衡。这是瑞士政治制度的根本,反映了直接民主和公民参与的传统,是瑞士决策的核心。 |
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| The federal decree in Switzerland is a legislative instrument that enables the adoption of acts that are mainly administrative and specific decisions of the State. This includes decisions that do not require the creation of new rules of law in the general sense, but which are essential for the efficient management and regulation of certain activities or situations. A concrete example of the use of a federal decree is the granting of concessions for nuclear power plants. In this case, the federal decree would be used to grant authorisation and establish the specific conditions under which an entity may build and operate a nuclear power plant. These conditions would include aspects such as safety standards, environmental protection measures and monitoring obligations. The use of a federal decree for such decisions allows for detailed assessment and regulation tailored to the specifics of each case. Federal decrees, in this context, are an important tool for the Swiss government, as they provide the flexibility to manage specific cases while ensuring compliance with general policies and laws. This mechanism allows the Swiss authorities to take administrative and regulatory decisions in a targeted manner, ensuring that specific and often technical issues are dealt with effectively and appropriately. This approach is representative of the Swiss legal and administrative system, where the emphasis is on precision, specificity and efficiency, while maintaining a coherent legal framework and compliance with the general principles of legislation and governance.[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 53.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a53 article 53]]]
| | 在瑞士,联邦政令是一种立法工具,可以通过主要属于国家行政和具体决定的行为。这包括不需要制定新的一般意义上的法律规则,但对有效管理和规范某些活动或情况至关重要的决定。使用联邦法令的一个具体例子是核电厂特许权的授予。在这种情况下,联邦法令将被用于授权和确定具体条件,在这些条件下,一个实体可以建造和运营核电站。这些条件将包括安全标准、环境保护措施和监测义务等方面。通过联邦法令做出此类决定,可以根据具体情况进行详细评估和监管。在这种情况下,联邦法令是瑞士政府的一个重要工具,因为它在确保遵守一般政策和法律的同时,还提供了管理具体案件的灵活性。这一机制使瑞士当局能够有针对性地做出行政和监管决定,确保有效、适当地处理具体的、通常是技术性的问题。这种方法代表了瑞士的法律和行政制度,其重点是精确、具体和高效,同时保持法律框架的连贯性,并遵守立法和治理的一般原则。[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 53.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a53 article 53]]] |
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| Article 53 of the Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation plays a fundamental role in preserving the integrity and autonomy of the cantons, which are the cornerstones of the country's federal structure. This constitutional provision provides rigorous protection for the existence, status and territory of the cantons, underlining Switzerland's commitment to balanced federalism. By guaranteeing the existence and status of the cantons and their territory, the Swiss Confederation maintains the stability and respect for regional diversity that characterise the Swiss federal system. This guarantee is essential to preserve cantonal autonomy in a country where local traditions and regional particularities are deeply rooted.
| | 瑞士联邦联邦宪法》第53条在维护各州的完整性和自治权方面发挥着根本性作用,而各州是瑞士联邦结构的基石。这一宪法条款为各州的存在、地位和领土提供了严格保护,强调了瑞士对均衡联邦制的承诺。通过保障各州及其领土的存在和地位,瑞士联邦保持了瑞士联邦制度的稳定性和对地区多样性的尊重。在一个地方传统和地区特点根深蒂固的国家,这种保障对于维护各州的自治至关重要。 |
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| With regard to potential changes to the number or status of the cantons, the Constitution requires dual approval: that of the voters in the cantons concerned and that of the people and the cantons at national level. This requirement reflects the democratic principle that such changes must be approved not only by the populations directly affected, but also by the nation as a whole. A historical example of this procedure was the creation of the canton of Jura in 1979, which was separated from the canton of Bern after a democratic process that included a regional vote as well as national approval. Changes to a canton's territory also follow a rigorous democratic process. Following approval by the voters of the cantons concerned, the Federal Assembly intervenes with a federal decree to make the changes official. These provisions ensure that any territorial changes respect the wishes of the local populations while at the same time complying with national interests. For minor border adjustments between cantons, the procedure is simplified, allowing cantons to conclude mutual agreements for border rectifications. This mechanism provides flexibility for adjustments that may be necessary due to geographical developments or other practical considerations. Article 53 embodies the way in which Switzerland preserves national unity while respecting cantonal autonomy, a balance that lies at the heart of its federal structure. It ensures that changes affecting the cantons are made in a democratic and transparent manner, reflecting Switzerland's respect for its federal and democratic principles.
| | 关于各州数量或地位的可能变化,《宪法》要求获得双重批准:相关各州选民的批准以及全国人民和各州的批准。这一要求反映了民主原则,即此类变更不仅必须获得直接受影响人口的批准,还必须获得整个国家的批准。这一程序的一个历史范例是 1979 年汝拉州的成立,该州是在经过地区投票和国家批准等民主程序后从伯尔尼州分离出来的。州领土的变更也要经过严格的民主程序。在获得相关州选民的批准后,联邦议会通过联邦法令进行干预,使变更正式生效。这些规定确保了任何领土变更在尊重当地居民意愿的同时,也符合国家利益。对于州与州之间微小的边界调整,则简化了程序,允许各州就边界调整签订相互协议。这一机制为因地理发展或其他实际考虑而可能需要的调整提供了灵活性。第53条体现了瑞士在尊重各州自治权的同时维护国家统一的方式。它确保以民主和透明的方式进行影响各州的变革,体现了瑞士对其联邦和民主原则的尊重。 |
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| Switzerland's approach to democratic decision-making, particularly on issues of national importance such as the granting of concessions for nuclear power plants or the purchase of military equipment, illustrates its commitment to involving the people in key government processes. This method of decision-making is in line with Switzerland's tradition of direct democracy, where citizens play an active role in important national affairs. The granting of concessions for nuclear power plants, for example, is a subject with significant environmental, economic and safety implications. In Switzerland, such decisions are not taken solely by government authorities; they may also be submitted to the people for approval, especially if they give rise to significant public concern or debate. This ensures that decisions with a major impact on society are taken with the consent and participation of the people. Similarly, the purchase of military equipment, which involves significant public expenditure and strategic considerations, can also be subject to popular approval. This approach ensures that defence spending and policies reflect the will and preferences of the Swiss people. These decision-making processes, involving referendums or popular votes, are essential to maintaining the confidence and legitimacy of the government. They reflect the belief that citizens should have a say in decisions that significantly affect the nation. By directly involving the people in these important decisions, Switzerland strengthens its democratic system and ensures that the policies adopted are in line with the interests and values of its citizens.
| | 瑞士的民主决策方式,尤其是在核电厂特许权的授予或军事装备的购买等国家重大问题上的民主决策方式,表明了其让人民参与关键政府程序的承诺。这种决策方法符合瑞士的直接民主传统,即公民在重要的国家事务中发挥积极作用。例如,核电站特许权的授予是一个对环境、经济和安全有重大影响的问题。在瑞士,此类决定并非仅由政府当局作出,还可能提交人民批准,特别是在引起公众重大关切或辩论的情况下。这确保了对社会有重大影响的决策是在人民的同意和参与下做出的。同样,涉及重大公共开支和战略考虑的军事装备采购也可提交人民批准。这种做法确保国防开支和政策反映瑞士人民的意愿和偏好。这些涉及全民公决或民众投票的决策程序对于维护政府的信心和合法性至关重要。它们反映了一种信念,即公民应当在对国家有重大影响的决策中拥有发言权。通过让人民直接参与这些重要决策,瑞士加强了其民主制度,并确保所采取的政策符合公民的利益和价值观。 |
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| Swiss democracy is characterised by a unique balance between centralised power in Berne and the active participation of the people and the cantons in federal affairs. This model reflects a combination of representative and direct democracy, ensuring that decisions taken at federal level both reflect the will of the people and respect regional autonomy. On the one hand, the people and the cantons delegate part of their power to the Federal Assembly and the Federal Council in Berne, where elected representatives and civil servants take decisions on national issues. This delegation is the essence of representative democracy, where voters entrust their representatives with the responsibility of legislating and governing on their behalf. On the other hand, and in a distinctive way, Switzerland attaches great importance to the direct involvement of the people in federal affairs. This participation takes the form of referendums and popular initiatives, in which citizens have the power to challenge laws passed by parliament or to propose new legislation. This form of direct democracy is a central aspect of Swiss governance, giving citizens direct and regular control over government decisions. Swiss democracy also recognises the importance of cantonal autonomy, where cantons retain significant powers in areas such as education, policing, health and other local affairs. The cantons are not simply administrative entities, but key political players with their own governments and parliaments, reflecting Switzerland's cultural, linguistic and regional diversity. This democratic structure, combining the delegation of power to Berne with the active participation of the people and the cantons, creates a robust and flexible system that is able to respond to the needs and concerns of different parts of Swiss society. It ensures that legislation and policies are not only taken into account by elected representatives, but are also subject to the scrutiny and direct approval of citizens.
| | 瑞士民主的特点是在伯尔尼中央集权与人民和各州积极参与联邦事务之间保持独特的平衡。这种模式体现了代议制民主和直接民主的结合,确保联邦层面的决策既反映人民的意愿,又尊重地区自治。一方面,人民和各州将部分权力下放给伯尔尼的联邦议会和联邦委员会,由民选代表和公务员就国家事务做出决定。这种授权是代议制民主的精髓所在,选民将立法和管理的责任委托给他们的代表。另一方面,瑞士以独特的方式高度重视人民直接参与联邦事务。这种参与采取全民公决和民众倡议的形式,公民有权对议会通过的法律提出质疑或提出新的立法建议。这种形式的直接民主是瑞士治理的核心内容,使公民能够对政府决策进行直接和定期的控制。瑞士的民主制度也承认州自治的重要性,各州在教育、治安、卫生和其他地方事务方面保留着重要的权力。各州不是简单的行政实体,而是重要的政治参与者,拥有自己的政府和议会,反映了瑞士文化、语言和地区的多样性。这种民主结构将伯尔尼的权力下放与人民和各州的积极参与结合在一起,形成了一个强大而灵活的体系,能够满足瑞士社会各阶层的需求和关切。它确保立法和政策不仅得到民选代表的考虑,而且还受到公民的监督和直接批准。 |
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| == Simple federal decrees == | | == 简单的联邦法令 == |
| Simple federal decrees represent a specific category of legislative acts in the Swiss legal system. Unlike federal decrees subject to referendum, simple federal decrees are not subject to popular approval by referendum. They are generally used for government or administrative decisions which, although important, do not require direct consultation of the people.
| | 简单联邦法令是瑞士法律体系中立法行为的一个特殊类别。与需要全民公决的联邦法令不同,简单联邦法令不需要全民公决的批准。它们通常用于政府或行政决策,这些决策虽然重要,但不需要直接征求人民的意见。 |
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| A notable example of a simple federal decree is the guarantee of cantonal constitutions. When a Swiss canton revises its constitution, the new constitution must be guaranteed by the Confederation. However, this guarantee, which is granted by the Federal Assembly, does not require a referendum at national level. Its purpose is to ensure that cantonal constitutions comply with the Federal Constitution, while respecting cantonal autonomy.
| | 简单联邦法令的一个显著例子就是对州宪法的保障。当瑞士各州修改其宪法时,新宪法必须得到联邦的保障。不过,这种由联邦议会提供的保障并不需要在全国范围内进行全民公决。其目的是确保各州宪法符合联邦宪法,同时尊重各州的自治权。 |
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| Another example of the use of simple federal decrees is the adoption of the federal budget. Every year, the Federal Assembly votes on the State budget, detailing the planned expenditure and revenue. Although the budget is a crucial document reflecting political and economic priorities, it is ratified in the form of a simple federal decree, without going to a referendum.
| | 使用简单联邦法令的另一个例子是通过联邦预算。每年,联邦议会都会对国家预算进行表决,详细说明计划支出和收入。虽然预算是一份反映政治和经济优先事项的重要文件,但它是以简单联邦法令的形式批准的,无需经过全民公决。 |
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| These decrees play a vital role in Swiss governance, enabling Parliament to take essential administrative and financial decisions efficiently. At the same time, the Swiss system maintains a balance between these forms of decision-making and direct democratic participation in matters of a more far-reaching or controversial nature. This distinction between simple federal decrees and those subject to referendum illustrates how Switzerland adapts its legislative process to the nature and importance of different government decisions.
| | 这些法令在瑞士的治理中发挥着至关重要的作用,使议会能够有效地做出重要的行政和财政决定。同时,瑞士的制度在这些决策形式与直接民主参与影响深远或有争议的事务之间保持平衡。简单的联邦法令与需要全民公决的法令之间的区别说明了瑞士是如何根据不同政府决策的性质和重要性调整其立法程序的。 |
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| = The ordinance = | | = 条例 = |
| In the Swiss legal system, ordinances play an essential role as rules for the application or enforcement of federal laws. These ordinances, as rules of law, are designed to specify, detail or supplement the provisions contained in federal laws, thus enabling legislation to be implemented effectively and practically.
| | 在瑞士的法律体系中,法令作为适用或执行联邦法律的规则发挥着重要作用。这些法令作为法律规则,旨在明确、细化或补充联邦法律中的规定,从而使立法得到切实有效的执行。 |
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| Ordinances are generally issued by the Federal Council, the executive body of the Swiss government, although some may also be issued by administrative departments or other federal authorities. They have legal force and are binding, which means that they must be complied with in the same way as laws. The main role of ordinances is to provide the technical details and practical guidance needed to apply laws. For example, a federal law may establish a general framework for environmental protection, while an associated ordinance will define specific pollution standards, monitoring procedures and penalties for non-compliance.
| | 法令一般由瑞士政府的执行机构--联邦委员会颁布,但有些法令也可能由行政部门或其他联邦机构颁布。法令具有法律效力和约束力,这意味着法令必须与法律一样得到遵守。法令的主要作用是提供适用法律所需的技术细节和实际指导。例如,联邦法律可能会制定环境保护的总体框架,而相关法令则会规定具体的污染标准、监测程序和违规处罚。 |
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| This hierarchy between laws and ordinances ensures that the legislative framework is both flexible and appropriate. Laws provide general principles and guidelines, while ordinances deal with more specific and technical aspects, facilitating implementation tailored to practical realities and specific needs. Ordinances are a crucial legislative tool in the Swiss legal system, providing an efficient method of detailing and applying federal laws. They ensure that legislation is not only adopted, but also applied effectively and appropriately, thereby contributing to the orderly functioning and respect for the rule of law in Switzerland.[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 163.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a163 article 163]]]
| | 法律和法令之间的这种等级关系确保了立法框架的灵活性和适当性。法律提供一般性原则和指导方针,而条例则涉及更具体和技术性的方面,便于根据实际情况和具体需求进行实施。法令是瑞士法律体系中重要的立法工具,为联邦法律的细化和实施提供了有效的方法。它们不仅确保法律获得通过,而且确保法律得到有效和适当的实施,从而促进瑞士法治的有序运作和尊重。[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 163.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a163 article 163]]] |
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| The ordinance, as a form of legislative act specified in Article 163 of the Swiss Federal Constitution, is of particular importance in the country's legal system. According to this article, the Federal Assembly, which is Switzerland's supreme legislative body, has the power to establish rules of law not only in the form of federal laws, but also in the form of ordinances. In this context, ordinances are essential for the practical implementation of federal laws. They enable the principles and general guidelines set out in federal laws to be translated into specific, detailed and operational instructions. This function is crucial to ensuring that laws are not only theoretically sound, but also effectively applicable in day-to-day reality. For example, a federal law might establish a general framework for the regulation of financial services, while the corresponding ordinances would detail specific requirements for banking licences, financial reporting standards, and compliance criteria. In this way, the ordinances provide a concrete and detailed application of the laws, addressing the technical and practical aspects necessary for their implementation.
| | 法令作为《瑞士联邦宪法》第163条规定的一种立法行为,在瑞士的法律体系中具有特别重要的地位。根据该条款,作为瑞士最高立法机构的联邦议会不仅有权以联邦法律的形式制定法律规则,还有权以法令的形式制定法律规则。在这种情况下,法令对于联邦法律的实际执行至关重要。它们使联邦法律中规定的原则和一般准则转化为具体、详细和可操作的指示。这一职能对于确保法律不仅在理论上站得住脚,而且在日常现实中有效适用至关重要。例如,联邦法律可能会制定金融服务监管的总体框架,而相应的法令则会详细规定银行执照、财务报告标准和合规标准的具体要求。通过这种方式,法令提供了法律的具体和详细应用,解决了法律实施所需的技术和实际问题。 |
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| The distinction between federal laws and ordinances reflects the methodical and hierarchical structure of the Swiss legislative system. While federal laws lay down the legislative foundations and broad policy guidelines, ordinances focus on the details and methods of implementation, offering the flexibility needed to adapt legislation to specific situations and needs. This approach ensures that the Swiss legislative framework is both robust and adaptable, capable of responding to the complex and changing demands of society and the economy, while ensuring precise and effective governance. Ordinances, as a complement to federal laws, play a crucial role in ensuring that Swiss legislation is not only comprehensive, but also relevant and applicable in practice.
| | 联邦法律和法令之间的区别反映了瑞士立法体系的方法和等级结构。联邦法律规定了立法基础和广泛的政策方针,而法令则侧重于实施的细节和方法,提供了使立法适应具体情况和需求所需的灵活性。这种方法确保了瑞士的立法框架既稳健又具有适应性,能够应对复杂多变的社会和经济需求,同时确保精确有效的管理。作为联邦法律的补充,法令在确保瑞士立法不仅全面,而且具有相关性和实际适用性方面发挥着至关重要的作用。 |
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| Under Swiss federal law, the power to issue ordinances is divided between a number of state bodies, each with a specific role in implementing and enforcing the law. This division of powers illustrates the complexity and efficiency of the Swiss legal and administrative system. The Federal Assembly, as Switzerland's supreme legislative body, has the power to establish rules that are both substantive and formal. This means that it can create laws and ordinances that not only establish general standards applicable to society as a whole, but also do so according to a formally recognised legislative procedure. For example, the Federal Assembly has passed important laws such as the Health Insurance Act, supplemented by ordinances detailing its implementation. The Federal Council, the executive arm of government, also plays a crucial role in issuing ordinances, particularly for the practical implementation of laws. Federal Council ordinances provide precise guidelines for the application of laws in a variety of areas, from economic regulation to environmental protection. For example, in the context of environmental regulation, the Federal Council has issued ordinances specifying pollution standards and reporting requirements for companies. As for the Federal Supreme Court, although its main role is to interpret the law, it has the power to issue orders concerning procedural and administrative aspects of justice. These orders are essential to ensure the smooth running of the Swiss judicial system, by clarifying procedures and guaranteeing the efficiency of judicial administration. This system, in which various State bodies have the power to issue ordinances, ensures that federal law is implemented in a comprehensive and appropriate manner. It provides the flexibility needed to meet the specific needs and complex challenges of governance, while maintaining order and consistency in the application of the law in Switzerland.
| | 根据瑞士联邦法律,颁布法令的权力由多个国家机构分担,每个机构在实施和执行法律方面都有特定的职责。这种权力划分显示了瑞士法律和行政体系的复杂性和效率。联邦议会作为瑞士的最高立法机构,有权制定实质性和形式性的规则。这意味着联邦议会不仅可以制定适用于整个社会的一般标准,还可以根据正式认可的立法程序制定法律和法令。例如,联邦议会通过了《健康保险法》等重要法律,并辅之以详细说明其执行情况的法令。联邦委员会作为政府的行政机构,在颁布法令方面也发挥着至关重要的作用,尤其是在实际执行法律方面。联邦委员会的法令为从经济监管到环境保护等各个领域的法律实施提供了精确的指导方针。例如,在环境监管方面,联邦委员会颁布法令,明确规定污染标准和企业报告要求。至于联邦最高法院,虽然其主要职责是解释法律,但也有权发布有关司法程序和行政方面的命令。这些命令对于确保瑞士司法系统的顺利运行至关重要,可以明确程序,保证司法行政的效率。在这一制度中,各国家机构有权颁布法令,确保联邦法律以全面和适当的方式得到执行。它提供了满足特定需求和应对复杂治理挑战所需的灵活性,同时保持了瑞士法律适用的秩序和一致性。 |
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| The use of ordinances in the Swiss legal system is closely linked to the non-exhaustive nature of laws and the need to adapt legislation to practical realities. Indeed, the role of ordinances is crucial in filling gaps and specifying details that laws, often formulated in terms of broad principles, cannot cover exhaustively. The Federal Council, as the executive body of the Swiss government, plays a central role in this adaptation process. While the Federal Assembly, as the legislative body, establishes the broad outlines and fundamental principles through legislation, the Federal Council is responsible for drawing up ordinances to ensure that these laws are applied effectively and in accordance with the law. In this way, ordinances make it possible to provide the necessary clarifications and adjust legislation to specific circumstances and needs. For example, in the field of public health, the Federal Assembly may adopt a law establishing the general framework for health cover. The Federal Council then issues ordinances detailing how this law is to be implemented, such as reimbursement procedures, quality standards for healthcare services and eligibility criteria. This division of tasks between the legislature and the executive allows for a more flexible and responsive approach to governance. While the legislator establishes the general guidelines and objectives, the executive, through ordinances, ensures that these objectives are achievable and adapted to the actual conditions and challenges. This complementarity between the legislature and the executive is essential for an efficient and responsive legal and administrative system, capable of responding to the changing needs of society.
| | 法令在瑞士法律体系中的使用与法律的非穷尽性以及使立法适应实际情况的需要密切相关。事实上,法令在填补空白和明确细节方面发挥着至关重要的作用,而法律往往是以宽泛的原则制定的,无法详尽无遗地涵盖这些细节。联邦委员会作为瑞士政府的执行机构,在这一调整过程中发挥着核心作用。联邦议会作为立法机构,通过立法确定大纲和基本原则,而联邦委员会则负责制定法令,以确保这些法律依法得到有效实施。通过这种方式,法令可以对法律进行必要的澄清,并根据具体情况和需要对法律进行调整。例如,在公共卫生领域,联邦议会可以通过一项法律,确定医疗保险的总体框架。然后,联邦委员会颁布法令,详细说明如何执行该法律,如报销程序、医疗服务质量标准和资格标准。立法机构和行政机构之间的这种任务分工使管理方式更加灵活,反应更加迅速。立法机构制定总体方针和目标,行政机构则通过法令确保这些目标可以实现,并适应实际情况和挑战。立法机构和行政机构之间的这种互补性对于建立一个高效、反应迅速、能够应对不断变化的社会需求的法律和行政体系至关重要。 |
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| In the Swiss legal system, ordinances fall into two main categories, each fulfilling distinct and essential functions. Legislative ordinances, on the one hand, act as extensions or clarifications of formal laws passed by Parliament. Although inferior in rank to these formal laws, they have significant legal force and are binding on citizens. They are drawn up according to a specific procedure by an executive, legislative or judicial authority. A historical example can be found in the ordinances relating to banking regulation, where the Federal Council detailed operational and compliance standards for financial institutions, based on principles established by federal legislation. These legislative ordinances are published in the Official Compendium of Federal Legislation and the Systematic Compendium of Federal Law, thus guaranteeing their accessibility and transparency. Administrative ordinances, on the other hand, focus primarily on the internal organisation and procedures of the public administration. They provide guidance to civil servants and administrative bodies on how to carry out their duties and responsibilities. Unlike legislative orders, they are not published officially but are passed on internally. For example, administrative orders may detail internal procedures for processing permit applications or set out guidelines for assessing asylum claims. These documents play a crucial role in the day-to-day running of the Swiss administration, ensuring that it is managed consistently and in accordance with the policies and laws in force. The presence of these two types of ordinance in the Swiss legal system illustrates the complexity and sophistication of governance in the country. While legislative ordinances extend and clarify the scope of laws for the general public, administrative ordinances facilitate efficient and orderly administration. Together, they enable detailed and appropriate implementation of laws, while ensuring a structured and functional public administration.
| | 在瑞士的法律体系中,法令分为两大类,各自发挥着不同的基本功能。一方面,立法条例是对议会通过的正式法律的延伸或澄清。尽管在级别上低于这些正式法律,但它们具有重要的法律效力,对公民具有约束力。它们由行政、立法或司法机构按照特定程序制定。一个历史性的例子是有关银行监管的法令,联邦委员会根据联邦立法确定的原则,详细规定了金融机构的运营和合规标准。这些立法条例在《联邦立法官方汇编》和《联邦法律系统汇编》中公布,从而保证了其可获取性和透明度。另一方面,行政法令主要侧重于公共行政的内部组织和程序。它们为公务员和行政机构如何履行职责提供指导。与立法令不同的是,它们不正式公布,而是在内部传递。例如,行政命令可能会详细说明处理许可申请的内部程序,或规定评估庇护申请的指导方针。这些文件在瑞士行政机构的日常运作中发挥着至关重要的作用,确保行政机构的管理与现行政策和法律保持一致。这两类法令在瑞士法律体系中的存在说明了瑞士治理的复杂性和先进性。立法条例为公众扩展和澄清了法律的范围,而行政条例则促进了高效有序的行政管理。它们共同确保了法律的详细和适当实施,同时确保了公共行政的结构性和功能性。 |
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| Legislation in Switzerland, including ordinances, is strictly governed by respect for fundamental rights, as set out in the Federal Constitution. This means that ordinances, although important instruments for implementing laws, must not under any circumstances impede or violate the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution. The Swiss Constitution establishes a framework of rights and freedoms that protect citizens, such as freedom of expression, the right to privacy, and equality before the law. All legislation, including ordinances issued by the Federal Council or other authorities, must comply with these rights. If an ordinance were to conflict with fundamental rights, it would be considered unconstitutional and therefore invalid. In addition, the Constitution imposes certain limits on what can be regulated by ordinance. This ensures that substantial changes in policy or law, particularly those that might affect fundamental rights or other important aspects of public life, are made through appropriate legislative processes, including, where appropriate, parliamentary approval and referendum. This approach reflects Switzerland's commitment to the rule of law and respect for individual rights. It ensures that, even in the effective administration and enforcement of laws, the protection of fundamental rights remains an absolute priority. So, while ordinances are essential for the day-to-day management and implementation of laws, they must always be balanced with respect for fundamental constitutional principles.[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 36.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a36 article 36]]]
| | 瑞士的立法,包括法令,严格遵守《联邦宪法》规定的对基本权利的尊重。这意味着,法令虽然是实施法律的重要工具,但在任何情况下都不得妨碍或侵犯宪法所保障的基本权利。瑞士《宪法》确立了保护公民的权利和自由框架,如言论自由、隐私权和法律面前人人平等。所有立法,包括联邦委员会或其他当局颁布的法令,都必须符合这些权利。如果某项法令与基本权利相冲突,则会被视为违宪,因而无效。此外,《宪法》还对法令可以规范的内容规定了一定的限制。这确保了政策或法律的重大变化,特别是那些可能影响基本权利或公共生活其他重要方面的变化,都要通过适当的立法程序,包括在适当情况下通过议会批准和全民公决。这种做法体现了瑞士对法治和尊重个人权利的承诺。它确保即使在有效实施和执行法律的过程中,保护基本权利仍然是绝对的优先事项。因此,尽管法令对于法律的日常管理和实施至关重要,但它们必须始终与对宪法基本原则的尊重保持平衡。[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 36.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a36 article 36]]] |
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| Article 36 of the Swiss Federal Constitution plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance between the fundamental rights of individuals and the requirements of public order and the general welfare. This constitutional provision emphasises that any restrictions on fundamental rights must be carefully justified, legally founded and proportionate. The legal basis for restrictions on fundamental rights is a fundamental principle of the Swiss rule of law. This means that any restrictions on these rights must be explicitly provided for by law. A historical example might be national security laws, which restrict certain rights for reasons of public security, but which must have a clear legal basis in order to be valid. The need to justify any restriction of fundamental rights by a public interest or the protection of the rights of others is also essential. This provision ensures that restrictions do not serve particular interests, but meet legitimate social needs. For example, the restrictions imposed in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, such as confinements or masking requirements, were justified by the protection of public health.
| | 瑞士联邦宪法》第 36 条在保持个人基本权利与公共秩序和普遍福利要求之间的平 衡方面发挥着至关重要的作用。这一宪法条款强调,对基本权利的任何限制都必须经过认真论证,具有法律依据,并与之相称。限制基本权利的法律依据是瑞士法治的一项基本原则。这意味着对这些权利的任何限制都必须由法律明确规定。历史上的一个例子可能是国家安全法,该法出于公共安全的原因限制某些权利,但必须有明确的法律依据才能有效。以公共利益或保护他人权利为由限制基本权利也必须有正当理由。这一规定确保了限制不是为了特定利益,而是为了满足合法的社会需求。例如,在 COVID-19 大流行的背景下实施的限制,如禁闭或遮蔽要求,就是以保护公众健康为理由的。 |
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| The proportionality rule is another pillar of this provision. It ensures that restrictions are not excessive in relation to the objective pursued. In the Swiss legal framework, this means that restrictive measures must be balanced and must not go beyond what is necessary to achieve their aim. For example, censorship of the media would be considered a disproportionate restriction on freedom of expression, except in very specific and justified circumstances. Finally, the inviolability of the essence of fundamental rights is a key principle. This implies that certain fundamental characteristics of individual rights, such as the right to life or freedom of thought, are absolute and cannot be restricted under any pretext. These principles reflect the way in which Switzerland balances the protection of individual freedoms with social and governmental responsibilities, ensuring that restrictions on fundamental rights are legitimate, necessary and fair. They demonstrate Switzerland's commitment to respect for individual rights while recognising the sometimes unavoidable need for certain limitations for the common good.
| | 相称性规则是该条款的另一个支柱。它确保限制措施不会超出所追求的目标。在瑞士的法律框架中,这意味着限制性措施必须是平衡的,不得超出实现其目标所必需的范围。例如,对媒体的审查将被视为对表达自由的过度限制,除非在非常具体和合理的情况下。最后,基本权利的本质不可侵犯是一项重要原则。这意味着个人权利的某些基本特征,如生命权或思想自由,是绝对的,不能以任何借口加以限制。这些原则反映了瑞士平衡保护个人自由与社会和政府责任的方式,确保对基本权利的限制是合法、必要和公平的。这些原则表明了瑞士尊重个人权利的承诺,同时也承认为了共同利益,有时不可避免地需要做出某些限制。 |
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| The power to issue ordinances in Switzerland is framed in such a way as to respect the Constitution while allowing a degree of flexibility in the administration and implementation of laws. This ability to issue ordinances is essential to the effectiveness of government, but it must be exercised within the limits set by the country's supreme legal framework. The Swiss Constitution, as the fundamental law, determines the general principles and limits of government authority, including the ability to issue ordinances. This power is not restricted by the Constitution, but it must be exercised in accordance with its provisions. In other words, ordinances must not contradict the principles or rights set out in the Constitution. In addition, the Constitution or federal legislation may explicitly authorise the Federal Council to issue ordinances in specific areas. This delegation of power is often used to enable the Federal Council to specify technical details or to apply laws appropriately. For example, a federal law may establish a regulatory framework for environmental protection, and the Constitution or the law may then mandate the Federal Council to develop ordinances that detail specific standards, compliance procedures and penalties for non-compliance. This system ensures that ordinances, while essential for flexible and responsive governance, are issued within a clearly defined legal framework, respecting both the sovereignty of the law and constitutional principles. It also ensures that the legislative process remains transparent and accountable to the Swiss people, in line with the principles of democracy and the rule of law that lie at the heart of the Swiss political system.
| | 瑞士的法令颁布权在尊重宪法的同时,也为法律的实施和执行提供了一定程度的灵活性。这种颁布法令的能力对政府的有效性至关重要,但必须在国家最高法律框架规定的范围内行使。瑞士宪法作为基本法,确定了政府权力的一般原则和限制,包括颁布法令的能力。这项权力不受宪法限制,但必须按照宪法规定行使。换言之,法令不得与《宪法》规定的原则或权利相抵触。此外,《宪法》或联邦立法可明确授权联邦委员会在特定领域颁布法令。这种授权通常用于使联邦委员会能够明确技术细节或适当适用法律。例如,一项联邦法律可能会建立一个环境保护监管框架,然后《宪法》或法律可能会授权联邦委员会制定法令,详细规定具体标准、遵守程序和对违规行为的处罚。这种制度确保了法令的发布,虽然法令对于灵活和反应迅速的治理至关重要,但它是在明确界定的法律框架内发布的,既尊重法律主权,也尊重宪法原则。它还确保立法过程保持透明,并对瑞士人民负责,符合作为瑞士政治制度核心的民主和法治原则。 |
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| The special feature of ordinances in the Swiss legal system is that they are not subject to a referendum. This distinguishes ordinances from federal laws, which can be contested and put to a popular vote. The fundamental reason for this distinction is that ordinances do not create new laws in themselves, but rather serve to implement, clarify or supplement provisions already established by federal legislation. Ordinances are generally drawn up by the Federal Council or other administrative authorities and are designed to provide detailed guidelines for the practical application of laws. For example, if a federal law is passed to regulate a certain industry, a corresponding ordinance could specify technical criteria, compliance procedures, or safety standards that companies must follow. By not subjecting ordinances to a referendum, the Swiss system balances administrative efficiency with democratic participation. While fundamental and significant laws are subject to popular consultation, the more technical and administrative aspects of their implementation can be handled more directly and quickly. This approach ensures that, while respecting the principle of direct democracy for major issues, the administration can operate efficiently and responsively, adapting and applying laws to changing needs and circumstances.
| | 在瑞士法律体系中,法令的特点是无需全民公决。这一点使法令有别于联邦法律,后者可以提出异议并付诸全民投票。这种区别的根本原因在于,法令本身并不制定新的法律,而是为了实施、澄清或补充联邦法律已经制定的规定。法令一般由联邦委员会或其他行政当局制定,旨在为法律的实际应用提供详细的指导。例如,如果通过了一项联邦法律来规范某个行业,那么相应的法令就可以规定企业必须遵守的技术标准、合规程序或安全标准。通过不对法令进行全民公决,瑞士的制度在行政效率和民主参与之间取得了平衡。虽然基本和重要的法律需要经过全民协商,但在实施过程中,技术性和行政性较强的问题可以更直接、更迅速地得到处理。这种做法确保了在尊重重大问题直接民主原则的同时,行政部门也能高效运作,根据不断变化的需求和情况调整和适用法律。 |
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| The drafting of enabling legislation for ordinances in Switzerland requires a delicate balance to ensure both legal clarity and respect for democratic principles. A well-drafted enabling act must be clear enough for citizens to understand the scope and limits of the power conferred, yet detailed enough to avoid ambiguity. A historical example of this practice can be seen in Swiss laws relating to the regulation of telecommunications. When the Swiss Parliament passed laws governing this sector, it defined the broad outlines of the policies and objectives, while leaving it to the Federal Council to detail the technical aspects through ordinances. In this context, the legislation was clear enough for citizens to understand the guiding principles, and subsequent ordinances were consistent with these principles while offering the flexibility needed to adapt to rapid technological change.
| | 在瑞士,起草法令授权法需要微妙的平衡,以确保法律的明确性和对民主原则的尊重。精心起草的授权法案必须足够清晰,让公民了解所赋予权力的范围和限制,同时又足够详细,以避免含糊不清。瑞士有关电信监管的法律就是这种做法的一个历史范例。当瑞士议会通过有关该行业的法律时,它确定了政策和目标的大体轮廓,而将技术方面的细节通过法令留给联邦委员会。在这种情况下,立法足够清晰,公民能够理解指导原则,随后的法令也与这些原则保持一致,同时提供了适应快速技术变革所需的灵活性。 |
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| With regard to compliance with the various layers of law, the ordinances must respect the hierarchy of norms, complying not only with federal law but also with the cantonal constitutions. This is essential in order to maintain legislative coherence and respect Switzerland's federal structure. For example, in the implementation of environmental policies, ordinances must not only adhere to federal directives but also take account of the specific characteristics of the cantons, thus ensuring that they are applied effectively and in a way that respects regional particularities. Transparency and information also play a crucial role in this process. The Swiss government endeavours to communicate openly about enabling legislation and the ordinances it generates, ensuring that citizens are well informed and able to understand the implications of these legislative texts. Parliamentary debates, official publications and the media play an essential role in this communication process. Finally, the possibility of revision and control is a key principle of Swiss governance. By allowing ordinances to be reviewed on a regular basis, the Swiss legal system ensures that these texts remain relevant, appropriate to the legislative objectives and open to public scrutiny and criticism. This approach reflects Switzerland's deep commitment to a legislative process that is democratic, transparent and responsive to the needs and concerns of its citizens.
| | 在遵守各层次法律方面,法令必须尊重规范等级,不仅要遵守联邦法律,还要遵守各州宪法。这对于保持立法的一致性和尊重瑞士的联邦结构至关重要。例如,在执行环境政策时,法令不仅要遵守联邦指令,还要考虑到各州的具体特点,从而确保这些指令得到有效执行,并尊重各地区的特殊性。在这一过程中,透明度和信息也起着至关重要的作用。瑞士政府努力就其制定的授权立法和法令进行公开交流,确保公民充分了解并能够理解这些立法文本的含义。议会辩论、官方出版物和媒体在这一沟通过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。最后,修订和控制的可能性是瑞士治理的一项重要原则。瑞士的法律制度允许对法令进行定期审查,从而确保这些文本始终具有相关性,符合立法目标,并接受公众的监督和批评。这种做法体现了瑞士对立法程序民主、透明和响应公民需求和关切的坚定承诺。 |
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| Ordinances in Swiss law occupy a unique position in the legislative hierarchy. It is considered a rule of law in the substantive sense, but is not a law in the formal sense, which distinguishes it from traditional laws passed by the Federal Assembly. This distinction is based on the nature and procedure of its adoption, as well as on the fact that it is not subject to referendum. As a rule of substantive law, the ordinance establishes concrete standards and directives for the implementation of laws. They play a crucial role in providing the detail and precision required for the practical application of the principles set out in federal laws. However, unlike laws in the formal sense, ordinances are generally issued by the Federal Council or other administrative authorities, not by Parliament. This method of drafting means that they do not go through the same full legislative process as formal laws, particularly as regards parliamentary debate and approval. A crucial aspect of ordinances is that they are not subject to referendum. This means that, although they have the force of law, Swiss citizens do not have the opportunity to challenge them directly by popular vote. This feature is justified by the fact that ordinances serve primarily to clarify and apply laws that have already been passed, rather than to establish new, independent legal principles. As such, they are seen as extensions or applications of existing legislation rather than stand-alone legislative innovations. Ordinances in Switzerland are an essential part of the legal system, providing the flexibility to adapt and apply federal laws in a detailed and contextual manner, while respecting the overall structure and principles of Swiss legislation.
| | 瑞士法律中的法令在立法层次中占有独特的地位。它被视为实质意义上的法律规则,但不是形式意义上的法律,这使其有别于联邦议会通过的传统法律。这种区别基于其通过的性质和程序,也基于其无需全民公决这一事实。作为实体法的一项规则,法令规定了执行法律的具体标准和指令。它们在提供实际应用联邦法律规定的原则所需的细节和精确度方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而,与正式意义上的法律不同,法令通常由联邦委员会或其他行政当局发布,而不是由议会发布。这种起草方法意味着法令不像正式法律那样经过完整的立法程序,特别是在议会辩论和批准方面。法令的一个重要方面是它们无须经过全民公决。这意味着,尽管法令具有法律效力,但瑞士公民没有机会通过全民投票直接对其提出质疑。这一特点的理由是,法令的主要作用是澄清和适用已经通过的法律,而不是建立新的、独立的法律原则。因此,法令被视为现行法律的延伸或应用,而不是独立的立法创新。在瑞士,法令是法律体系的重要组成部分,在尊重瑞士立法的整体结构和原则的前提下,可以根据具体情况灵活调整和适用联邦法律。 |
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根据维克多-莫尼埃的课程改编[1][2][3]
在瑞士这样的法律体系中,规范等级的概念是确保法律秩序一致性和合法性的基本原则。国际法处于这一等级的顶端,其中包括国际条约和协定,如瑞士于1974年批准的《欧洲人权公约》。这些条约一经批准,即成为国内法的一部分,并优先于国内法。
根据国际法,1999年大幅修订的《瑞士联邦宪法》发挥着核心作用。它不仅规定了国家的基本原则和公民权利,还规定了政治和行政结构。作为最高标准,它指导着适用于全国的联邦法律的起草工作。例如,1995 年通过的《联邦男女平等法》说明了联邦法律如何具体落实宪法原则。为了执行这些法律,政府或行政当局颁布了法令。这些法令虽然不如法律那么正式,但对于具体规定实际和技术细节却至关重要。例如,《医疗保险条例》详细规定了 1994 年《医疗保险法》的实际内容。
在瑞士联邦制度下,各州享有高度自治权,州宪法规定了各州机构的组织和运作。这些宪法必须符合联邦宪法。例如,2003 年通过的沃州宪法就体现了这种等级关系。州法律由州议会通过,涉及各州职权范围内的事务,如教育或警察。这些法律必须符合州宪法和联邦宪法。1959 年,沃州先于联邦在州一级引入了妇女选举权,这表明州法律有时可以先于联邦法律的变化。最后,与联邦法令类似的州法令对州法律的实施至关重要。它们可以根据当地的具体情况进行调整。
这种分级制度确保瑞士法律与其宪法和国际原则保持一致。它还表明瑞士法律在面对社会和国际变化时的灵活性和适应性,同时尊重各州的多样性和自治性。
国际法规则,尤其是源自欧洲共同体的国际法规则的出现和日益融合,已开始打破瑞士等国传统的规范等级制度。虽然瑞士不是欧盟成员国,但与欧盟保持着密切的关系,这导致瑞士的法律体系采用了许多欧洲规则和标准。瑞士与欧盟之间的人员自由流动协议就是这种影响的一个典型例子,该协议于2002年生效。该协议要求瑞士调整立法,特别是在劳动法和移民政策方面,以符合欧洲标准。欧洲标准越来越多地融入瑞士法律,引发了有关国家主权以及这些标准如何融入现有规范等级的复杂问题。传统上,瑞士联邦宪法和联邦法律具有优先地位,但采用欧洲标准有时会与国内法产生矛盾或冲突。
此外,瑞士立法与国际协定的一致性问题也经常提交给瑞士联邦最高法院。这些情况有时会引发公众和政治辩论,讨论瑞士应如何平衡其法律自治与国际和欧洲协议的要求。这种现象并非瑞士独有,许多其他非欧盟成员国但参加了某些欧洲协议的国家也面临着类似的挑战。这一发展反映出国际法和欧洲法的相互关联性日益增强,对国家法律体系产生了影响,并对传统的规范等级制度提出了挑战。瑞士将国际条约纳入国内法律秩序,使其优先于国内法律。这种纳入意味着,国际条约一旦获得瑞士批准,其条款就直接适用于瑞士的法律体系,而无需将其转化为具体的国内立法。
国际准则的这种优先地位是国际公法的一项基本原则,被称为 "一元论",即国际规则和国内规则构成一个统一的法律体系。在瑞士,这一原则体现在法律和宪法实践中。瑞士联邦宪法》明确承认国际法的优先地位,规定已批准的国际条约优先于与之冲突的联邦法律。但这一优先地位并不意味着国际准则优先于《瑞士联邦宪法》。如果国际标准与宪法发生冲突,问题就会变得复杂,可能需要立法干预,甚至需要修改宪法。例如,为遵守国际协议(如瑞士与欧盟之间的双边协议)而需要进行的调整,有时需要修改立法或进行民众投票,以解决与瑞士法律或宪法的潜在冲突。这一法律框架强调了瑞士对国际法的承诺以及遵守国际标准和义务的意愿。它也反映了在全球化和各国日益相互依存的背景下,尊重国际承诺和维护国家主权之间平衡的复杂性。
瑞士联邦宪法》第 5 条规定了依法治国的原则,在瑞士的法律和政治架构中发挥着至关重要的作用。这一宪法条款强调了瑞士对法治和民主治理的高度尊重。该条第一款强调,法律既是国家活动的基础,也是国家活动的界限。这反映了瑞士的法制传统,可追溯到 1848 年现代联邦国家的建立,在这一传统中,尊重法律被视为政府行为合法性的根本。这种做法确保国家采取的所有行动都有法律依据,并在法律范围内,从而防止任意和专制。第二段介绍了公共利益和相称性的概念。从历史上看,这一原则对于平衡社会需求与个人权利至关重要。例如,在执行 1983 年《联邦环境保护法》等环境政策时,国家必须确保所采取的措施不仅符合公共利益,而且与所追求的目标相称,从而避免过度限制。第三款坚持要求国家和个人在活动中保持善意,这是政府和公民之间信任的支柱。这一诚信要求是解释法律和处理公共事务的指导原则。它加强了透明度和公正性,而这些价值观正是瑞士政治文化的核心。最后,第四段申明联邦和各州必须尊重国际法,这在当代全球化背景下尤为重要。瑞士通过遵守《日内瓦公约》等国际条约,在历史上表明了其对国际法的承诺。这一宪法条款确保瑞士在保持其法律和政治完整性的同时,继续忠实于其国际承诺。因此,《瑞士联邦宪法》第 5 条体现了自 19 世纪以来指导瑞士国家发展的基本原则。它反映了瑞士对合法性、相称性、善意和尊重国际法等原则的承诺,这些原则对于维护民主社会的法律秩序和政治稳定至关重要。
瑞士法律体系中的国际条约优先原则源于拉丁格言 "Pacta sunt servanda",意为 "协议必须得到尊重"。该原则是国际公法的基石,规定各国有义务遵守和适用其批准的条约。瑞士在通过一项国际条约时,承诺将该条约的规定纳入国内法律体系并予以遵守。这意味着国际法对瑞士法律具有直接影响,在发生冲突时,国际条约优先于国内法律。这种做法符合瑞士对国际法的承诺,也反映了瑞士以负责任的方式参与国际社会的愿望。
从历史上看,瑞士一直重视国际法,瑞士在主办国际组织和促进国际和平与合作方面发挥的作用就证明了这一点。例如,日内瓦国际组织是许多国际组织的总部,也是外交和条约谈判的重要地点。瑞士还在起草日内瓦四公约方面发挥了重要作用,这些公约是国际人道主义法的基础。尊重 "条约必须遵守 "原则和国际法在瑞士法律中的优先地位不仅是法律义务,也是瑞士中立和尊重国际协议传统的体现。这种做法使瑞士得以保持其作为一个尊重法律的可靠国家的国际声誉,并在国际社会中发挥积极和建设性的作用。
现代国际法的奠基人之一雨果-格劳秀斯(Hugo Grotius)所确立的 "条约必须遵守 "的格言所体现的诚信原则实际上是国际法的一个基本支柱。在其于 1625 年出版的开创性著作《战争与和平法》(De Jure Belli ac Pacis)中,格劳秀斯为现在公认的万国法(或国际公法)奠定了基础。根据格劳秀斯的观点,善意在国家间关系中至关重要。这意味着各国必须遵守自己的承诺,尤其是它们批准的国际条约和协定。这一理念的基础是,国家根据这些条约做出的承诺必须兑现,这是国际关系稳定性和可预测性的保证。尊重履行条约的诚意对于维护国际和平与秩序至关重要。这意味着国家一旦做出国际承诺,就不能置之不理,必须言行一致。包括瑞士在内的许多国家的法律实践都体现了这一方针,在瑞士,遵守国际条约是国家法律体系的组成部分。就瑞士而言,尊重诚信和国际法的首要地位也符合瑞士的中立传统及其作为国际冲突调解人的角色。通过严格遵守其国际承诺,瑞士加强了其在国际舞台上的信誉和声望,这对于一个作为众多国际组织的东道国并经常作为外交谈判的中立国来说是至关重要的。
在瑞士,联邦法律优先于州法律是该国联邦制法律体系中的一项基本原则,具体表现为 "Bundesrecht bricht kantonales Recht"(直译为 "联邦法律优先于州法律")。该原则也被称为 "联邦法律的贬损力",规定当联邦法律与州法律发生冲突时,以联邦法律为准。这一规则反映了瑞士的联邦制结构,即联邦(联邦政府)和各州共享权力。虽然各州享有广泛的自治权,可以在许多领域进行立法,但其法律必须符合联邦宪法和联邦法律。联邦法律至上的原则确保了全国法律框架的统一性和一致性,同时也允许地方享有一定程度的多样性和自治权。从历史上看,这一原则的确立是为了在各州的自治与某些涉及国家利益的领域的统一立法需求之间保持平衡。例如,在公民权利、外交政策或国防等领域,必须以联邦法律为准,以确保在国家层面采取一致和统一的方法。联邦法律的优先地位也是解决州立法与联邦立法之间潜在矛盾的关键因素。例如,如果某州通过的法律与联邦法律相冲突,联邦最高法院作为瑞士的最高法院,可能会被要求适用 "Bundesrecht bricht kantonales Recht "原则来解决冲突。
瑞士联邦宪法》第49条规定联邦法律优先于各州法律,在维护瑞士法律秩序和国家统一方面发挥着核心作用。该条款反映了瑞士的联邦制结构,即在各州自治和联邦国家完整之间寻求平衡。从历史上看,自 1848 年建立现代国家以来,瑞士一直是一个联邦制国家,各州拥有自己的政府和立法机构。但是,在涉及国家利益的问题上,联邦法律必须具有优先权。这一点在不同的历史背景下都有所体现,例如运输或贸易政策的协调,在这些情况下,需要在国家层面采取协调一致的方法,这对国家的经济发展和一体化至关重要。第 49 条规定,尽管各州有权在教育或公共卫生等不同领域进行立法,但其法律不得与联邦法律相抵触。例如,在能源政策方面,各州可以制定自己的法规,但这些法规必须符合联邦标准,如《能源法》中规定的标准。本文还强调了联邦在确保各州遵守联邦法律方面的作用。这涉及到一个监督机制,以确保各州的行动不违背联邦法律。联邦最高法院作为国家的最高司法机构,经常被要求对联邦法律和州法律之间的争议做出裁决,从而确认了联邦法律的优先地位。该条款的重要性在于,它既能维护瑞士立法的统一性和法律的一致性,又能尊重各州的多样性和自治性。这使瑞士能够保持其作为联邦国家的稳定性和完整性,同时适应当代的发展和挑战。简而言之,第 49 条是瑞士如何协调其联邦治理承诺与国家统一的有力例证。
被视为基本准则的1999年《瑞士联邦宪法》在瑞士的法律和社会框架中发挥着至关重要的作用。正如 19 世纪颇具影响力的法学家和社会学家洛伦茨-冯-斯坦因(Lorenz von Stein)所强调的那样,这部宪法在形式上不仅仅是法律的集合,它还是社会秩序和国家公民社会存在的体现。冯-斯坦因在其宪法概念中强调,宪法是一个社会的社会和政治结构的反映。他认为,宪法不仅规范国家的法律方面,还包含社会的价值观、原则和愿望。1999 年《瑞士宪法》取代了 1874 年的旧版宪法,清楚地表明了这一观点。
1999 年的宪法修订不仅仅是对现有法律的更新,而是对宪法的全面修订,目的是使宪法现代化,让公民更容易理解和使用。它纳入了直接民主、联邦制和尊重人权等原则,反映了瑞士社会的基本价值观。瑞士宪法作为一项基本准则,是瑞士所有其他法律的框架。它保障个人自由,确立法治原则,并规定联邦政府和各州之间的权力划分。这种宪法结构使瑞士能够在国家统一和地区多样性之间保持平衡,这也是瑞士民族特性的一个重要方面。
在法律方面,正如 1999 年《瑞士联邦宪法》所示,正式意义上的宪法概念至关重要。正式意义上的宪法以其书面形式、通过时的庄严性及其在法律规范等级中的最高权威地位而与众不同。成文宪法是法律和政治稳定的支柱,为国家治理提供了清晰易懂的框架。这与那些宪法不是单一的成文法文件的制度形成鲜明对比,如英国,其宪法是法律、公约和判例法的集合。
正式意义上的宪法通过过程通常以庄严和严格为特点。例如,1999 年的瑞士联邦宪法取代了 1874 年的宪法,反映了国家治理和价值观的重大变化。宪法的起草和通过都有瑞士人民的监督和直接参与,突出了瑞士治理的民主性和参与性。正式宪法的至高无上性也是一个基本方面。普通法律和政府政策必须符合宪法规定。就瑞士而言,这意味着所有立法,无论是联邦立法还是州立法,都必须符合 1999 年《联邦宪法》确立的原则。这种等级制度确保基本权利、民主原则和法治得到维护和保护。
宪法还规定了国家运作的基本规则。就瑞士而言,这包括联邦政府的结构、联邦与各州之间的权力划分以及对公民权利和自由的保障。例如,瑞士宪法确立了直接民主原则,允许公民通过全民公决和民众倡议在立法过程中发挥积极作用。因此,作为正式意义上的宪法,1999 年《瑞士联邦宪法》不仅仅是一份法律文件,它还反映了瑞士人民的价值观、历史和身份认同,在确定国家的社会和政治秩序方面发挥着核心作用。
作为一套成文规则,宪法在法律体系中的独特之处在于其形式优于其他规则。这种优越性尤其体现在修改宪法的程序上,该程序通常比适用于普通法律的程序更加严格和苛刻。修改宪法的程序凸显了宪法的特殊地位。与立法者可以相对容易地修改或废除的普通法律不同,修改宪法往往需要更为复杂的程序。这可能包括在立法院获得法定多数票等要求,甚至需要全民公决。这些更严格的要求反映了宪法作为国家原则和组织基石的根本作用,并确保不会轻易或在未达成广泛共识的情况下进行修改。例如,1999 年通过的瑞士联邦宪法取代了之前的 1874 年宪法,并使之现代化。这一过程不仅是一项立法工作,也是一项民主参与行动,因为它涉及全国公民投票。这表明了对人民意愿的尊重,以及对宪法作为国家法律和政治秩序基础的重要性的认可。修订程序的这种严格性确认了宪法作为国家最高准则的地位。它确保宪法的修改是深思熟虑和普遍同意的结果,而不是仓促或单方面的决定。这有助于法律和政治制度的稳定,确保宪法继续忠实地反映社会的基本价值观和原则。
与其他法律规范相比,正式意义上的宪法修订程序确实具有更严格和更民主的特点。这种严格性至关重要,因为宪法代表着国家的法律和政治基础,体现着国家的基本原则和价值观。修宪程序的严格性体现在对宪法文本的修改有更严格的要求。例如,在包括瑞士在内的许多国家,修改宪法不仅需要立法者的批准(通常是特定多数),而且在许多情况下还需要人民通过全民公决直接批准。这种特定多数和全民公决的要求确保了对宪法的任何修改都能反映集体意愿,而不是临时或党派政治决定的产物。另一方面,公民直接参与修宪过程也凸显了这一程序的民主性。在瑞士,直接民主在治理中发挥着核心作用,这一点在宪法修正案中尤为突出。全民公决为公民提供了一个独特的机会,直接表达他们对国家重大问题的看法,从而加强宪法修改的民主承诺和合法性。相比之下,通过、修改和废除普通法律的程序通常没有那么严格。这些法律通常只需议会简单多数通过即可修改,不需要系统地直接征求人民的意见。这种灵活性对于立法者有效应对不断变化的社会需求和发展是必要的。
在瑞士的法律框架中,《联邦宪法》的修订程序具有严格和民主要求高的特点,体现在全民公决和双重多数规则的要求上。这一程序强调了瑞士强大的直接民主传统,也反映了瑞士对联邦制的尊重。当瑞士提出修宪建议时,必须提交由瑞士选民直接参与的全国公民投票。这一规定确保对联邦宪法的任何修改都直接得到人民的批准。这一程序确保人民的意愿成为立法程序的核心,加强了宪法修改的合法性。除了人民的多数之外,宪法修正案还必须获得瑞士各州多数的批准,这是双重多数的第二个组成部分。这一要求反映了瑞士的联邦制结构,即在国家决策中认真考虑各州的利益。这一规则确保了宪法修正案不仅能得到广大民众的认可,也能为瑞士大多数联邦实体所接受,从而尊重了地区和文化的特殊性。瑞士历次重大宪法修订(如 1999 年宪法修订取代了 1874 年宪法)都体现了这一程序。这一重大修订涉及对瑞士政府的结构和原则进行重大修改,不仅要在全民公决中获得大多数瑞士公民的支持,还要获得大多数州的支持。这一过程不仅表明了瑞士的民主承诺,也确保了修改反映了国家和地区的共识。因此,瑞士的宪法修订需要双重多数,这表明瑞士致力于尊重人民意愿和各州之间的联邦平衡的治理。这一过程确保了对国家最高法律的根本性修改是经过深思熟虑和广泛同意的,有助于瑞士长期的政治和法律稳定。
实质意义上的宪法概念指的是一套规则,这些规则不论其形式或法律性质如何,都制约着国家的组织和运作以及政治权力的行使。这种宪法概念较少关注通过宪法的法律形式或正式程序,而更多关注规则本身的实质内容。从这一角度来看,实质意义上的宪法不仅包括正式承认为宪法的文件中规定的规则,还包括对国家运作和权力行使至关重要的其他规范、惯例和原则。这包括三权分立、尊重基本权利、政府各部门之间的平衡以及民主参与安排等原则。
例如,在某些法律体系中,治理和国家组织的关键要素可能并未正式载入宪法文本,但在实质意义上被视为宪法的组成部分。这可能包括宪法惯例、判例法确立的法律原则或根深蒂固的民主传统。就瑞士而言,尽管 1999 年《联邦宪法》是确定国家结构的正式文件,但实质意义上的宪法还包括不一定编入宪法文本的其他基本原则和惯例。例如,这可能包括通过全民公决和民众倡议实现直接民主的做法(这是瑞士治理的一个基本要素),或联邦法院制定的原则。
实质意义上的宪法包括一整套成文或不成文的基本规则,在确定国家的结构和治理方面发挥着至关重要的作用。这些规则不仅限于书面文件中的正式规定,还包括对国家运作方式有重大影响的惯例、传统和法律原则。国家结构是实质意义上宪法的关键要素之一,它由这些规则和原则确定。这包括国家各机关的组织方式、各自的关系以及立法、行政和司法之间的分权。例如,虽然《瑞士联邦宪法》正式规定了政府的结构,但随着时间的推移而形成的惯例和公约补充并丰富了这一结构。指定管辖权的方式是另一个重要方面。它决定了如何将权力和责任分配给各级政府,特别是在瑞士这样的联邦制国家,联邦和各州共享管辖权。这里的实质性规则不仅包括成文规定,还包括指导权力行使的解释和惯例。
各种国家机构的运作也受这些基本规则的制约。这涉及作出决定的方式、行使权力的方式以及各机构之间的互动方式。瑞士的直接民主(公民有权就重要问题直接投票)等要素是这一动态不可分割的一部分,即使它们超越了成文规定。最后,实质意义上的宪法界定了个人与国家之间的关系,特别是在公民权利和自由方面。虽然基本权利通常都写入了宪法文本,但其解释和适用却受到司法判决、公约和不成文法律原则的影响。
可以说,每个国家都有一部实质意义上的宪法,因为每个国家都制定了一套基本规则来界定其结构、运作方式以及与社会的互动方式。这些基本规则,无论是成文的还是不成文的,对任何国家的存在和运作都至关重要,因为它们为国家的政治和法律组织奠定了基础。实质意义上的宪法不仅限于书面文件或正式法律。它还包括交织在国家政治和社会结构中的原则、规范和惯例,即使这些原则、规范和惯例没有正式写入法律文本。例如,像英国这样的国家并没有一部编纂成单一文件的宪法,但它们确实有一套法律、公约和司法惯例,它们共同构成了实质意义上的宪法。
在每个国家,这些基本规则决定了政府的结构、权力分配和行使的方式、公民的权利和责任以及决策机制。它们确保政治和法律制度的连贯性和稳定性,是治理和解决冲突的框架。即使在瑞士这样拥有正式宪法的国家,实质意义上的宪法也不仅仅是书面文本。它包括直接民主等根深蒂固的民主实践,以及对法律和宪法原则的法理解释。
英国(或更广义地说,联合王国)的例子很好地说明了一个国家拥有实质意义上的宪法但没有形式意义上的宪法的情况。在英国的法律体系中,没有一个单一的、成文的文件被公认为国家宪法。相反,英国宪法是由成文法、公约、判例法和历史文件拼凑而成的。
英国宪法的主要原则之一是议会至上。这意味着议会拥有最终立法权,理论上只需简单多数即可制定或废除任何法律。这一原则与正式宪法限制和框定立法机构权力的制度明显不同。有几份历史文件被认为是实质意义上的英国宪法的一部分。1215 年的《大宪章》就是一个早期的例子,它确立了重要的正义原则并限制了国王的权力。1689 年的《权利法案》是另一份重要文件,它确立了限制君主权力、议会言论自由和某些公民权利等基本原则。除这些历史文件外,英国宪法还受到宪法惯例(不具法律约束力但遵循传统的做法和程序)和法院判决的影响,随着时间的推移,这些惯例和判决对治理进行了解释和塑造。这种制度具有一定程度的灵活性,因为它允许宪法根据社会和政治发展进行调整,而无需经过正式的宪法审查程序。不过,它也建立在根深蒂固的传统基础上,即尊重既定规范和对政治行为者的克制,从而保证了治理体系的稳定性和连续性。
以色列国提供了另一个有趣的例子,即一个国家拥有物质意义上的宪法,但没有正式意义上的宪法。以色列没有一部单一的正式宪法,而是由一系列基本法作为事实上的宪法。这些基本法虽然在宪法方面具有重要意义,但在通过或修订程序方面与其他普通法律没有区别。这些基本法涵盖了国家治理和组织的各个重要方面,如议会权力、公民权利和司法。自 1948 年建国以来,以色列在不同时期通过了这些基本法,它们共同构成了国家的宪法框架。以色列《基本法》的一个显著特点是,与普通法律一样,只需议会(以色列议会)的简单多数通过,即可对其进行修改。这与拥有正式宪法的国家形成鲜明对比,在这些国家,修改宪法往往需要更严格的程序和更多的多数票。虽然基本法被称为 "根本法",但在法律地位或立法程序方面与普通法并无区别。这种缺乏正式区分的做法引发了有关以色列基本权利保护和宪法原则稳定性的问题,特别是在涉及可能影响权力平衡或公民权利的立法时。
瑞士联邦宪法》的修订过程是国家治理和法律结构的一个重要方面。瑞士联邦宪法》第 193 条和第 194 条规定了全面或部分修订的细节。
根据《瑞士联邦宪法》第193条,《瑞士联邦宪法》可随时进行全部或部分修订。这种灵活性确保了宪法能够不断发展,适应社会、经济和政治的变化。全面修订,即彻底修改宪法,是一项重大工程,并不常见。瑞士宪法的上一次全面修订于 1999 年完成,取代了 1874 年的旧版本。部分修订则更为常见,涉及对宪法某些条款的具体修改。这些部分修订可以由议会提出,也可以通过民众倡议的方式提出,这是瑞士直接民主的一个显著特点。民众倡议允许公民提出宪法修正案,只要他们收集到所需数量的签名。
第194条规定了宪法修正案的批准程序。对宪法的任何修改,无论是全部还是部分修改,都必须获得双重多数的批准:瑞士人民的多数和各州的多数。这一双重多数要求确保了任何宪法修正案都能在国家和地区层面获得广泛支持,体现了瑞士的联邦制以及对瑞士不同地区、语言和文化社区的尊重。这一修订程序确保瑞士宪法始终是一份有生命力的文件,反映瑞士人民的价值观和愿望,同时维护国家法律和政治框架的稳定性和完整性。瑞士民主的一个关键要素是将修订的灵活性与通过修订必须达成广泛共识的要求结合起来,从而在连续性与适应新的挑战和社会需求之间实现平衡。
1999 年 4 月 18 日制定的《瑞士联邦联邦宪法》按照第 193 条的规定,以独特的民主 方式对宪法进行了全面修订。这一修订过程深刻体现了瑞士对直接民主和尊重国际法的承诺。修订宪法的可能性可由多个行为者发起:瑞士人民自己、两个立法委员会(国民议会或州议会)之一或整个联邦议会。这种多元化的启动机制确保了瑞士社会中的不同群体都能在制定宪法框架方面发挥积极作用。从历史上看,这一规定使瑞士宪法得以逐步发展,反映出社会态度、政治需求和国际背景的变化。
如果人民提出全面修改宪法的建议,或者两个委员会之间出现分歧,瑞士人民有权通过投票决定是否进行全面修改。这一原则加强了瑞士直接民主的性质,公民在重大宪法问题上拥有重要的监督权和决定权。1999 年的宪法修订取代了 1874 年的宪法,这一例子表明了这一程序的有效性,人民直接参与了对其基本法的全面修订。如果人民批准全面修订,两个理事会都将换届,确保修订工作由反映选民当前观点和愿望的代表执行。这一独特的规定确保了对宪法的任何重大修改都符合人民的当代观点。
最后,第 193 条着重强调对宪法的修订不得违反国际法的强制性规则。这反映了瑞士对国际准则的承诺及其作为国际社会成员的责任。尊重国际法是瑞士政策的基本原则,反映了瑞士作为中立国和众多国际组织东道国的历史角色。瑞士宪法的修订过程将直接民主、立法代表制和遵守国际法结合在一起,显示了瑞士如何在传统价值观和适应新现实之间保持平衡,确保其宪法对后代而言仍然是一份有生命力和相关性的文件。
瑞士联邦联邦宪法》第 194 条涉及宪法的部分修订,提供了一个对宪法进行具体修改 而无需全面修订的机制。这一程序是瑞士宪法框架灵活性和可发展性的关键因素。根据该条款,部分修改可以由人民通过民众倡议发起,也可以由联邦议会发起。这一条款允许民选代表和公民在修宪过程中发挥积极作用。人民有可能发起部分修订,这说明瑞士直接民主的力量,在瑞士,公民拥有影响立法的重要权力。
第 194 条还规定,任何部分修订都必须遵守主题统一的原则。这意味着拟议的修订必须连贯一致,并侧重于单一主题或专题。这一原则旨在避免混淆,确保修订内容清晰、重点突出、易于选民理解。此外,该条还强调,部分修订不得违反国际法的强制性规则。这种对国际准则的尊重符合瑞士对国际法的长期承诺,也符合瑞士作为一个尊重国际协定和条约的国家的声誉。最后,任何部分修改宪法的民众倡议都必须遵守形式统一的原则。这意味着提案必须以连贯和有条理的方式提出,使人民和立法机构更容易理解和评估。
瑞士的第一部正式宪法制定于1798年,是瑞士政治和法律发展史上的一个重要里程碑。在此之前,瑞士并不是一个现代意义上的统一国家,而是一个由联盟和条约网络连接起来的州联盟。瑞士联邦成立于 1291 年,当时签订的《联邦条约》被认为是瑞士的开国法案。该条约以及随后各州之间签订的条约建立了一个复杂的联盟网络,对瑞士各州之间的关系做出了规定。这些协定主要侧重于共同防御和管理共同事务,但并不构成正式意义上的宪法。这种邦联结构一直持续到1712年《阿劳和约》签订,标志着瑞士各州之间战争的结束。在此期间,瑞士的特点是权力下放,各州在管理和立法方面保持高度自治。瑞士没有中央文件或成文宪法来管理所有州。
1798 年,随着第一部正式宪法(通常称为《赫尔维蒂共和国宪法》)的出台,这种情况发生了改变。这部宪法受到法国大革命理想的影响,标志着瑞士与过去邦联制的重大突破。它引入了国家统一、中央集权和共同公民权等概念,为现代瑞士国家奠定了基础。这第一部正式宪法为瑞士随后的宪法和法律结构发展奠定了基础,最终导致了1848年《联邦宪法》的出台,确立了瑞士的现代联邦制结构。这些发展表明,瑞士是如何从一个分散的联盟网络演变成一个拥有正式、结构化宪法的统一联邦国家的。
1798年宪法是瑞士宪法史上的一个重要里程碑,因为它是瑞士第一部正式意义上的宪法。它标志着瑞士从根本上摆脱了以前各州之间的条约和联盟制度,引入了受法国大革命启发的思想,为中央集权制国家奠定了基础。1798 年的宪法被称为《赫尔维蒂共和国宪法》,是在法国入侵瑞士后实施的。它以中央集权政府取代了分散的邦联结构,建立了共同公民身份和统一管理的模式。然而,这部宪法并没有受到瑞士社会各界的欢迎,因为它意味着与州自治传统的重大决裂。
1848 年宪法是另一个决定性的转折点。它引入了联邦制结构,这也是今天瑞士政治体制的特点。受海尔维第共和国和1848年欧洲自由主义运动失败的启发,这部宪法力图在各州自治与建立强有力的中央政府之间取得平衡。它建立了联邦政府与各州分享权力的联邦制度,各州在其内部事务中保留一定程度的自治权。1848 年宪法奠定了现代瑞士政治制度的基础。它引入了联邦委员会、联邦议会和联邦最高法院等重要机构,并确立了直接民主、联邦制和中立等原则,这些原则至今仍是瑞士特征的基本要素。
瑞士《联邦宪法》修订的首要原则是可以随时修订,为根据社会需求和情况的变化进行修改提供了极大的灵活性。这一原则是重视直接民主和适应性的政治制度的基本原则。修订瑞士宪法的倡议可以由人民(民众倡议)或议会(议会倡议)发起。民众倡议需要收集一定数量的合格公民签名才能提出修宪建议,而议会倡议则从联邦议会开始。
根据《宪法》第195条规定的双重多数原则,修宪提案一经提出,必须同时获得瑞士人民和各州的批准。这意味着,宪法的(全部或部分)修改要想获得通过,不仅要在全国范围内的全民投票中获得多数票,还必须获得瑞士各州多数票的批准。这一双重多数要求确保了任何宪法修正案都能获得广泛支持,既能反映瑞士大多数人的意愿,又能征得瑞士不同地区和文化社区的同意。这一程序强调了协商一致和公平代表权在瑞士政治体制中的重要性,确保宪法修改经过深思熟虑和广泛同意。
宪法的部分修订和全面修订之间的区别是瑞士法律框架的一个重要方面,反映了宪法程序的灵活性和深度。宪法的部分修订侧重于修改一些具体条款。这样就可以在不质疑整个宪法框架的情况下进行有针对性的修改。部分修订通常用于满足特定需求或更新宪法的某些方面,以应对社会、经济或政治格局的变化。此类修订可由民众倡议或联邦议会发起,由公民团体收集必要的签名来提出修改建议。另一方面,全面修订涉及修改整部《宪法》。这意味着要重新审查并有可能重写整个宪法文件。这项工作要比部分修订复杂得多,影响也深远得多,因为它对国家法律和政治制度的根本基础提出了质疑。全面修订可以由人民或联邦议会提出,如果获得民众投票通过,则需要对两个议会进行更新,以反映当前人民的意愿。瑞士宪法上一次全面修订是在 1999 年,以取代之前的 1874 年宪法。根据瑞士直接民主和联邦制的传统,无论是全面修订还是部分修订,都必须经过人民和各州的批准。这种做法确保了对宪法的任何修改都是广泛共识和深思熟虑的结果,从而尊重了瑞士赖以生存的基本民主原则。
对瑞士宪法的任何修改,无论是全部还是部分修改,都必须尊重国际法的强制性规则,这是强调瑞士对国际法承诺的一项基本原则。这一条件对于维护瑞士法律体系的完整性和确保瑞士继续履行其国际义务至关重要。国际法的强制性规则通常被称为 "强制法",是国际社会公认的一般国际法的基本准则,是不可改变的,任何国家都不得减损。它们包括禁止酷刑、种族灭绝和侵略以及尊重人权和基本自由等原则。通过将这一要求纳入宪法审查程序,瑞士正在确保其国内法,包括其宪法,不仅符合国际标准,而且反映了正义和人权的普遍原则。这表明了瑞士作为国际社会负责任成员的承诺,以及促进和支持全球和平与正义的愿望。在修宪过程中尊重国际法的必要规则,加强了瑞士在国际舞台上的信誉和尊重。它还说明了如何将国际原则和义务纳入国家法律框架,促进国内法与国际法的协调。
1999 年 4 月 18 日颁布的《瑞士联邦宪法》第 192 条规定了一项总原则,即《宪法》可随时进行全部或部分修订。这一原则体现了瑞士宪法框架的灵活性和适应性,使瑞士能够有效应对当代的发展和挑战。第 192 条第 1 款强调宪法可随时修订,为根据需要进行调整或更新提供了机会。这一规定保证了瑞士宪法不是一成不变的文件,而是一个可以随着社会、政治或经济的变化而发展的有生命力的框架。第二款规定,除非《宪法》或由《宪法》衍生的法律另有规定,《宪法》的修订遵循普通立法程序。这意味着拟议的修正案必须经过与其他法律相同的阶段,包括瑞士议会两院的审议和批准。然而,在实践中,由于宪法修订的重要性和范围,这些过程往往伴随着比普通法律更高层次的审议和共识。这一宪法修订框架反映了瑞士法律制度在稳定性和灵活性之间的平衡。它允许进行必要的调整,以反映瑞士社会当前的价值观和需求,同时保持有序和民主的程序,保证宪法修改过程中的合法性和慎重考虑。
1999 年修订的《瑞士联邦宪法》第 194 条规定了对宪法进行部分修订的框架,这 一程序体现了瑞士政治体制中直接民主与代议制民主的结合。通过这一程序,可以在不对宪法进行全面修订的情况下,对宪法的特定部分进行修改。部分修改既可以由瑞士人民通过民众倡议发起,也可以由联邦议会发起。这种由人民发起部分修订的可能性突出表明了瑞士立法过程中赋予公民的重要权力。特别是民众倡议,见证了瑞士直接民主的力量,使公民能够积极提出宪法修改建议。此外,还强调了在任何部分修订中主题统一的重要性,要求提议的修改必须连贯一致,并集中在一个主题上。这一规定旨在确保提议的修改内容明确且重点突出,避免因修改内容过于宽泛或多样而造成混乱。此外,该条还规定,修订不得违反国际法的强制性规则,这体现了瑞士尊重国际法律规范的承诺。
就民众倡议而言,形式统一原则是另一个重要方面。提案必须以连贯和有条理的方式提出,确保其表述清晰,公众和立法机构能够理解。这一要求确保民众倡议在付诸表决前经过深思熟虑。第 194 条的这些方面反映了瑞士在修宪方面的平衡和民主态度。它们确保对宪法的修改是经过深思熟虑、达成普遍共识的结果,并且符合瑞士的国际承诺和基本价值观。这表明瑞士是如何在适应当代发展的同时,在基本民主原则和尊重国际标准之间保持平衡的。
在瑞士,宪法倡议权使人民能够在宪法修订过程中发挥积极作用。这种形式的直接民主是瑞士政治制度的一个特点,使公民有机会直接影响立法。当有10万瑞士公民签署请愿书,要求在18个月内修改宪法时,就可以发起宪法倡议。10 万个签名的门槛确保了只有得到民众大力支持的提案才会被考虑。这一要求在促进民众参与与确保倡议得到认真考虑和相当一部分民众的支持之间取得了平衡。一旦某项宪法倡议符合这一标准,就必须经过瑞士人民以及各州的审议和投票程序。倡议必须获得双重多数才能通过:瑞士选民的多数和各州的多数。这一程序确保拟议的宪法修改不仅反映大多数人的意愿,而且能为瑞士各地区、语言和文化社区所接受。宪法倡议的存在证明了瑞士对直接民主的坚定承诺。瑞士政治体制的这一特点允许公民在制定法律和宪法框架方面发挥重要作用,体现了民主价值观和公民积极参与国家治理。
在对《瑞士联邦宪法》进行全面修订时,如果议会两院(国民院和联邦院)在批准修订倡议时出现僵局,则将决定权移交给瑞士选民。当两院无法就通过或否决一项全面修改宪法的提案达成一致时,就会出现这种情况。当这一问题付诸全民投票时,必须以一般的方式提出。这意味着瑞士人民是就全面修改宪法的原则进行投票,而不是就新宪法的具体修改或细节进行投票。一旦人民通过了全面修订的原则,新宪法的起草工作就会启动。
这一程序是瑞士直接民主运作的一个范例,它赋予人民决定对国家根本法进行重大修改的最终权力。如果人民同意全面修改的原则,议会两院将进行改组,以反映人民的当前意愿。新的两院随后负责起草新宪法文本。这一全面修订程序确保对宪法的根本性修改不仅是议会决定的结果,而且得到人民授权的支持。这表明瑞士致力于建立一种人民在重要宪法决策中发挥核心作用的政治制度,反映了瑞士社会根深蒂固的民主价值观。
在瑞士的宪法制度中,宪法的全面修订和部分修订之间的区别是以其制定和提出的方式为基础的。瑞士宪法的全面修订必须以概括的方式提出。这就意味着,当全面修订宪法的原则被付诸表决时,选民是对全面修订宪法的总体思路进行表决,而不是对修订的具体细节或内容进行表决。如果人民和各州批准了全面修订宪法的原则,新宪法的起草过程就开始了,这通常需要进行深入的辩论和广泛的合作,以确定新宪法的具体内容和结构。
另一方面,宪法的部分修订可以通过两种方式提出:笼统地提出或以草案的形式提出。在提出一般性建议时,只提出修订的原则或想法,而没有具体的文本,这与全面修订类似。然而,部分修订也可以草案的形式提出,在草案中拟定拟议修改的具体案文并提交审批。通过这种方法,可以对宪法的具体修改建议进行更有针对性的审查和辩论。这些宪法修正案的制定方法体现了瑞士宪法制度的灵活性和民主性。无论是对宪法框架进行全面更新,还是对宪法的具体内容进行有针对性的修改,都可以根据所需修 改的性质和程度进行调整。
就瑞士联邦宪法的全面修订而言,如果人民投票通过了全面修订宪法的倡议,那么接下来的重要一步就是:更新议会(联邦议会)和联邦委员会。当瑞士人民投票赞成全面修订宪法时,这表明他们希望对国家的宪法框架进行重大变革。为了反映这种变革愿望,并确保新宪法的起草精神能够代表民众当前的愿望,有必要对立法和行政机构进行革新。
议会换届意味着联邦议会两院,即国民院(下院)和州议会(上院)都要举行新的选举。这将确保参与起草新宪法的议员忠实地代表当时选民的政治授权和意见。同样,瑞士政府的执行机构联邦委员会的更新也是这一更新和代表性驱动力的一部分。联邦委员会负责执行法律,在国家管理中发挥着至关重要的作用。该机构的革新确保了行政机构与新宪法所确立的新的政治和立法框架保持一致。
在全面修订《宪法》的倡议获得批准后进行的这一更新过程,证明了瑞士治理结构的民主性和顺应性。它确保了重大的宪法修改具有充分的合法性,并反映了瑞士人民当前的愿望。
1999年修订的《瑞士联邦联邦宪法》第140条是瑞士致力于直接民主的杰出范例。根据该条款,某些重要决定,包括宪法修正案和国际组织成员资格,必须通过强制性全民公决获得人民和各州的批准。这一程序确保了国家治理和外交政策的重大变革得到直接的民主支持。
对宪法的修改,无论是全面修改还是部分修改,都必须得到人民和各州的批准。这一程序在1999年的宪法全面修订中至关重要,这次修订对宪法文本进行了全面更新,以更好地反映瑞士社会的当代现实和价值观。同样,任何有关瑞士加入集体安全组织或超国家团体的决定都必须经过这一民主过滤,这凸显了瑞士自治和中立的重要性。此外,被视为紧急且没有宪法依据的联邦法律,如果其有效期超过一年,也需要得到民众的批准。这一规定确保了即使在特殊情况下,人民的意愿仍然是最重要的。
此外,旨在全面修改《宪法》的民众倡议,以及联邦议会否决的旨在部分修改《宪法》的一般性倡议,都必须交由人民投票表决。这一原则已被多次应用,使瑞士公民对其宪法框架的发展拥有直接的权力。如果议会两院在全面修订原则上出现分歧,则由人民投票决定,从而确保这种根本性的分歧由选民直接决定。因此,第 140 条反映了瑞士政治制度的一个显著特点,即公民直接参与政府的重大决策不仅受到重视,而且已经制度化。这种做法确保了法律或国家政策的重大变革能够获得广泛共识,从而巩固了直接民主和联邦制在瑞士治理中的核心地位。
1999 年修订的《瑞士联邦宪法》第 193 条规定了全面修订宪法的程序。这一程序反映了瑞士政治制度的民主性和对国际法的尊重。根据第 193 条,宪法的全面修订可以通过三种不同的方式启动。首先,可以由瑞士人民提出,这体现了瑞士政治体制中直接民主的力量。其次,瑞士议会的两个理事会--国民议会或州议会--之一可以提出倡议。第三,全面修订可以由这两个委员会的联席会议--联邦议会本身颁布法令。
如果全面修订的倡议来自人民,或者两个委员会未能达成一致意见,则必须由瑞士人民通过全民公决来决定是否进行全面修订。这一步骤凸显了瑞士在重大宪法决策中对人民意志的重视。如果全面修宪得到人民的批准,第193条规定议会两院都要改选。这一规定确保了新宪法是由新当选的代表起草的,反映了瑞士人民当前的观点和期望。此外,第193条规定,宪法的全面修订必须尊重国际法的必要规则。这一规定强调了瑞士对国际法律规范的承诺,以及确保宪法修正案与其国际义务和原则相一致的愿望。
根据瑞士的宪政制度,当一项支持对《宪法》进行部分修订的民众倡议在联邦议会获得批准后,立法程序的一个具体阶段就会启动,以落实该倡议。
一旦该倡议获得必要的支持并得到联邦议会的批准,联邦议会将负责起草部分修订的具体文本。这需要一个详细的起草过程,将倡议的总体内容转化为具体的立法提案。因此,由全国委员会和各州委员会组成的联邦议会致力于制定一个既能体现倡议精神,又具有法律可行性并与《宪法》其他部分保持一致的文本。部分修订案文定稿后,将交由人民和各州投票表决。根据瑞士的直接民主传统,这一投票对任何宪法修正案的通过都至关重要。文本必须获得全国大多数选民和各州大多数选民的批准。这一双重多数程序确保了宪法的部分修改获得广泛支持,反映了瑞士人民的意愿,并尊重了各州之间的联邦平衡。
部分修改宪法的程序说明了瑞士直接民主和代议制民主之间的动态互动。它允许公民提出修改宪法的建议,同时确保这些修改在通过之前经过仔细斟酌和评估。这确保了对宪法的修改既得到考虑,又得到民众的合法支持。
瑞士联邦联邦宪法》第195条明确规定,对宪法的任何修改,无论是全部还是部分修改,只有在得到人民和各州的认可后才能生效。这一原则强调了瑞士宪法程序的民主性,并确保宪法的修改得到广泛支持而合法化。根据该条款,宪法修正案的通过需要在全国公民投票中获得大多数瑞士选民和大多数瑞士各州的批准。这一双重多数要求是瑞士直接民主的基本要素,可确保对国家基本法的修改反映大多数公民的意愿,并考虑到地区利益。
这一程序确保对宪法的任何修改都能得到国家和州两级的民主支持,从而确保修改具有代表性和平衡性。这也体现了瑞士对联邦制的尊重,即各州在国家决策,特别是宪法问题的决策中发挥着重要作用。因此,第 195 条是瑞士致力于平衡各州自治和国家统一,同时允许公民直接参与政府重大决策的一个范例。这种做法确保了宪法的修订具有充分的合法性和共识性,反映了瑞士政治制度所依据的基本原则。
根据瑞士的直接民主制度,如果联邦议会否决了民众提出的部分修改宪法的倡议,它仍必须将该倡议提交人民投票表决。这意味着,即使该倡议未获得议会支持,瑞士公民仍有权直接决定其命运。这一过程被称为 "预先全民公决",允许瑞士选民对倡议做出决定。如果人民投票赞成继续实施该倡议,联邦议会就必须根据该倡议起草一份宪法修订案文,并提交人民和各州重新投票表决。这一过程是瑞士直接民主运作的一个范例,它允许公民对政治决策产生直接影响,即使这些决策最初被他们选出的代表否决。事先全民公决是确保人民的声音在立法过程中得到倾听和尊重的重要机制。它表明瑞士致力于在代议制民主和直接民主之间保持平衡,代议制民主是由当选代表代表其选民做出决定,而直接民主则允许公民在政治决策中发挥积极和直接的作用。
1999 年修订的《瑞士联邦联邦宪法》第 139 条引入了瑞士民主制度中的一个重要机 制:部分修改宪法的民众倡议。这一程序允许 10 万名有投票权的瑞士公民提出部分修改宪法的建议。自倡议正式公布之日起,他们有 18 个月的时间来收集必要的签名。这一程序是瑞士直接民主的支柱,使公民能够积极参与宪法立法。民众倡议可以是一般性的,也可以是提案草案的形式。一般性倡议确定了修订的原则或总体思路,而草案倡议则提供了具体的文本。这种灵活性使公民能够通过提出新概念或建议具体的文本修改,为立法进程做出重要贡献。
联邦议会在这一过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。它对倡议进行审查,以确保倡议遵守形式统一和主题统一的原则,并符合国际法的强制性规则。如果倡议不符合这些标准,则可能被宣布无效。这确保了提案符合法律标准,内容一致。如果联邦议会批准了一般性倡议,则必须起草一份符合倡议精神的文本,然后提交人民和各州投票表决。如果联邦议会否决了该倡议,则将其付诸全民投票,让公民拥有最终决定权。如果倡议采取草案形式,则直接付诸表决,由联邦议会建议接受或拒绝,并可提出反建议。
这篇文章说明了瑞士在治理方面的承诺,即公民有直接和有意义的权利来制定宪法。历史上的一些例子,如关于各种社会和政治问题的民众倡议,证明了这一机制在塑造瑞士立法方面的有效性。瑞士允许公民提出宪法修订建议,并将这些建议付诸全民投票,从而确保其基本法律反映人民的意愿,并始终切合和顺应社会的变化。
根据瑞士的宪法制度,如果全民公决批准了部分修改宪法的民众倡议,联邦议会就有义务根据该倡议起草拟议的修订案文。这一过程说明了直接民主如何影响瑞士的立法。当一项措辞宽泛的倡议获得民众投票通过时,这表明选民支持修宪建议的原则或理念。随后,由国民议会和州议会组成的联邦议会负责起草反映倡议意图的法案。在这一过程中,需要认真考虑该倡议的法律和实际影响,以确保最终文本切实可行,与《宪法》其他部分保持一致,并尊重国际法准则。
联邦议会拟定修订草案后,将再次提交人民和各州投票表决。这就确保了由民选代表起草的宪法最终修订稿能够得到瑞士人民的直接民主认可。这一程序凸显了瑞士公民在制定宪法方面发挥的积极作用。它还确保了宪法的修改是人民与其当选代表之间持续对话的结果,反映了对民主和参与性治理的深刻承诺。
当瑞士的民众倡议产生了部分修改宪法的草案时,批准程序就涉及到一个关键的民主步骤:草案必须交由人民和各州投票表决。这意味着,要使草案中详细规定的具体宪法修正案生效,必须得到瑞士选民和大多数州的直接批准。在这一过程中,联邦议会发挥着重要的咨询和决策作用。联邦议会对草案进行审议并表明立场,建议接受或拒绝该草案。联邦议会还可对倡议提出反建议。这种反建议方案可以提供一种替代方案,更好地反映议会的意见,或以不同的方式解决原草案提出的问题。反提案还将提交人民和各州投票表决。在既有草案又有反提案的情况下,选民可在两个提案中做出选择,或同时否决两个提案。这一程序确保了宪法修订提案不仅反映人民的意愿,而且还受到民选代表的监督和认真审议。这种做法体现了瑞士的民主制度,即公民的直接参与与联邦议会的作用相平衡。它确保对宪法的修改是参与和深思熟虑的结果,保证修改得到广泛共识的支持,并与瑞士社会的需求和价值观保持一致。
自 1987 年以来,瑞士直接民主进程发生了一项重大变化,即人民和各州不仅可以对民众倡议进行投票,还可以对联邦议会提出的反建议进行投票。这一变化引入了 "双重赞成 "投票的概念,使选民在就宪法倡议进行全民公决时有了更大的选择灵活性。双赞成 "投票允许选民对民众倡议和反提案都投赞成票。这意味着他们既可以表示支持倡议的总体目标或想法,也可以倾向于反建议所提出的其他措辞或方法。这种制度的结果是,即使最初的民众倡议没有被直接采纳,但如果反建议被采纳,其精神或主要目标仍然可以实现,而反建议往往被视为一种更为温和或可行的妥协方案。
这一程序加强了瑞士的倡议权,原因有几个。首先,它鼓励联邦议会更经常地提出反建议,从而承认民众倡议所提出的问题的重要性。其次,它增加了民众倡议背后的想法得到实施的可能性,即使不是以最初提议的确切形式。最后,它使投票过程具有更大的细微差别和灵活性,使选民能够在支持倡议的同时,选择更加务实或可行的解决方案。因此,"双重赞成 "投票是瑞士不断调整其直接民主制度的一个例子,以更好地反映人民的意愿,同时确保决策过程的平衡和深思熟虑。
在 1987 年瑞士引入 "双赞成 "概念之前,对民众倡议和反倡议的投票过程具有不同的动力,有时会导致维持现状,即使大多数公民希望改变现状。在以前的制度下,当民众倡议和反建议同时付诸表决时,选民必须在两者之间做出选择,而不能选择对倡议的总体目标表示支持,同时又倾向于反建议的方式。这种情况造成了倡议和反建议之间的票数分散。在许多情况下,虽然大多数选民可能赞成某种形式的宪法改革(无论是通过最初的倡议还是反建议),但这一多数发现自己被分裂了,从而阻碍了任何宪法修正案。
这种票数的分散往往有利于维持现状。即使有相当一部分选民希望进行改革,但如果只能在原提案或反提案之间做出选择,就可能导致两者都无法获得通过所需的多数票。因此,尽管民众普遍希望进行改革,但立法和宪法制度仍保持不变。双赞成票 "的引入正是为了解决这一问题。通过允许选民同时支持提案和反提案,这一制度增加了某种形式的宪法改革获得通过的机会,反映了民众对改革的渴望。这一变化加强了瑞士直接民主的有效性,确保了改革的呼声不会被削弱,并增加了将人民的关切转化为立法行动的可能性。
在瑞士引入对民众提案和反提案都投 "赞成 "票的可能性之前,选民必须在两者之间做出选择,这可能导致选票分散。当选民总体上支持宪法改革,但又对最初的倡议和联邦议会提出的反建议意见不一时,这就构成了一个特殊的挑战。因此,即使大多数公民倾向于某种形式的宪法改革,这种投票的分散也往往有利于维持现状。对两个提案都投 "赞成 "票的可能性极大地改变了这一态势。它允许选民同时支持提案和反提案,从而更好地表明人民赞成变革的普遍意愿。这种 "双重赞成 "的选择方式可以更准确地衡量每项提案的支持率,同时防止赞成变革的选票在倡议和反建议之间被稀释。表决程序的这一变化加强了瑞士的倡议权。它使选民的意愿得到了更忠实的体现,确保了对宪法变革的偏好不会因被迫在两个选项中做出选择而受到阻碍。因此,无论是通过最初的倡议还是反建议,它都增加了某种形式的宪法变革获得通过的机会。投票程序的这一变化表明了瑞士对有效和有代表性的直接民主的适应性和承诺。
自 1848 年通过《瑞士联邦宪法》以来,该宪法经历了两次全面修订,一次是在 1874 年,另一次是在 1999 年。这些全面修订代表了瑞士政治和法律史上的关键时刻,根据社会和政治格局的发展做出了重大变革。瑞士宪法的设计允许一定程度的灵活性,这体现在民众倡议程序中。这一程序允许 10 万名有投票权的公民提议对宪法进行部分修改,显示了瑞士直接民主的力量。它为公民提供了影响国家基本法的直接而具体的手段,是国家民主愿望的具体体现。然而,尽管这一过程是可及的,但最终导致修宪的民众倡议确实为数不多。造成这一现象有几个因素。首先,在 18 个月内获得 10 万个签名是一项重大挑战,需要大量的组织和支持。其次,即使民众倡议通过了这一阶段,仍需获得大多数民众和各州的批准方可通过。这一投票过程要求提案得到瑞士民众的广泛支持和认可。最后,一项倡议的成功往往取决于其内容、及时性以及在民众和政治代表眼中的可接受性。过于激进、考虑不周或与社会当前关切脱节的倡议不太可能取得成功。
法律 "是规则具有法律约束力的形式。法律是使规则具有法律约束力的手段。在任何法律体系中,法律都是一种重要工具,它将管理社会的规范、准则和原则正式化。它是国家权力机构制定个人和组织必须遵守的规则的机制,为规范行为、解决冲突以及保护权利和自由提供了框架。法律通常通过立法程序制定,包括由议会或立法大会等相关立法机构制定、讨论和通过立法文本。一旦通过并颁布,这些规则就获得了法律效力,这意味着包括法院在内的政府机构可以适用这些规则。法律在社会中发挥着几项基本功能。它确立行为标准,对某些行为的后果做出明确的预测和预期,并提供一种以公平有序的方式解决争端的机制。法律还有助于保护个人权利和自由,规定国家可以做什么,不可以做什么,并对侵犯这些权利的行为提供补救措施。
法律是通过立法程序通过的包含法律规则的行为。法律作为一种法律行为,是按照规定的立法程序通过的,这赋予了它官方权威和约束力。它是国家通过其立法机构制定法律规则的工具,这些规则制约着社会中个人、组织和机构的行为。通过一项法律所涉及的立法程序因法律制度而异,但一般包括几个关键阶段:提案、审查、辩论、可能的修正以及最后的通过和颁布法律。这一程序确保法律是思考和审议过程的结果,代表了人民选出的代表所表达的集体意愿。法律的内容由法律规则组成,这些规则界定权利和义务、规范各种关系、确立行为标准,并规定对不遵守行为的制裁或补救措施。这些规则旨在维护社会秩序,保护个人和集体权利,促进社会公正和公平。法律一旦通过,其权威性就高于其他形式的法规或指导,如果不遵守,可能会产生法律后果。法律由行政部门负责执行,由司法部门负责解释,以确保法律得到实施并符合整体宪法和法律框架。
瑞士联邦联邦宪法》第163条是瑞士法律框架的关键要素,它规定了瑞士国家立法机构联邦议会正式颁布立法法案的方式。1999年对宪法进行重大修订时纳入的这一条款仔细区分了不同形式的立法行为,反映了瑞士立法程序的有序组织和严谨性。根据该条款,联邦议会以联邦法律或法令的形式颁布法律规则。联邦法律是最高级别的立法行为,针对重要且通常复杂的问题。这些法律是联邦议会内部全面审议的结果,必须符合《宪法》。另一方面,法令是更为详细或技术性的规定,旨在实施或澄清联邦法律。它们通常用于行政事务或具体规定现行法律的细节。此外,第163条引入了联邦法令,用于行政或组织决策。这些法令分为两类:需要全民公决的法令和不需要全民公决的简单联邦法令。须经全民公决的联邦法令一般用于重大决策,并可通过全民投票提出异议,这反映了瑞士的直接民主原则。简单联邦法令用于不需要直接征求人民意见的事项。
这种立法制度允许明确区分不同类型的立法,确保每一类立法都符合所处理问题的具体性质。例如,1994 年通过的《联邦健康保险法》就是以联邦法律形式通过的重大立法的一个例子,反映了其重要性和复杂性。另一方面,为规范该法的具体方面而颁布的法令则说明了法令在更多技术细节方面的用途。因此,《瑞士宪法》第163条确保了立法程序的结构性和灵活性,使立法既适应需要又行之有效,同时将作为瑞士政治制度核心的直接民主和代议制民主原则纳入其中。
瑞士的联邦法律既是形式意义上的法律,也是实质意义上的法律,这突出了其在瑞士法律体系中的重要性和范围。在形式上,联邦法是由国民议会和联邦院组成的瑞士议会起草、辩论和通过的立法法案。这一正式程序确保法律经过严格审查和民主辩论,反映瑞士人民民选代表的集体意愿。联邦法律的起草过程分为几个阶段,包括提案、委员会讨论、全体会议辩论,最后由议会两院通过。这一正式程序赋予了法律的权威性和合法性。从实质意义上讲,联邦法律包含法律规则。这意味着它确立了具有法律约束力的标准,用以规范社会中的行为、权利和义务。联邦法律涵盖民法、刑法、行政法和宪法等多个领域,对公民的日常生活有着直接影响。它们所包含的规则可以强制执行,并作为司法和行政决定的依据。因此,在瑞士,联邦法是一个完整的法律文书,既包括议会制定联邦法的正式程序,也包括联邦法条款的实质内容。它代表了立法的民主程序与建立明确和可执行的法律规范之间的平衡,这对维护瑞士社会的秩序和正义至关重要。
正如您所描述的那样,实质意义上的法律定义实际上包含了广义的法律概念,侧重于法律的内容而非制定法律的程序。这种方法对于理解包括瑞士在内的不同法律体系中法律的范围和适用至关重要。从最广泛的定义来看,实质意义上的法律包括所有规定法律规则的法律行为。这不仅包括议会或立法会议通过的法律,还包括宪法、国际条约以及行政或管理机构颁布的监管法规。这些法案作为实质意义上的法律的特点在于其内容:它们确立了适用于各种情况和个人的一般性抽象规范。在瑞士,联邦议会颁布的实质意义上的法律包括规定权利、义务和行为标准的条款。这些法律由联邦议会制定,联邦议会由国民院和州院组成,代表着立法的民主进程。实质意义上的法律也可能来自其他来源,例如联邦委员会法令,它是详细说明或执行联邦法律的规范性法案。实质意义上的法律是一个包罗万象的概念,指任何规定一般和抽象标准的法律文本,无论是立法机构通过的法律、宪法、国际条约还是法规。这种法律概念强调法律在构建和规范社会方面的核心作用,为社会中的互动和行为提供法律框架。
只有在代表人民的情况下,才能以正式法律的形式制定重要规范。这些正式法律通过立法程序制定,并由人民选出的代表通过,从而确保重要决策反映人民的意愿,是民主辩论的结果。在瑞士的立法体系中,由国民院和州院组成的联邦议会在起草和通过正式法律方面发挥着核心作用。正式法律是经过这两个具有代表性的议院认真审查、辩论并最终通过的立法法案。这一过程不仅保证了法律的民主合法性,还可以对拟议规则的影响和后果进行彻底审查。以正式立法的形式通过重要标准可确保一定程度的透明度和问责制。民选代表要就其通过的法律向选民负责,公开的立法程序为公众提供了参与和发表意见的机会。它还确保法律符合宪法和法治的基本原则。
在瑞士,正式法律涉及社会最重要和最基本的问题,如人权保护、经济监管、环境、公共卫生和安全。通过将重要规范的制定保留到正式立法程序中,瑞士确保了这些关键决定是以深思熟虑、具有代表性的方式并按照民主原则做出的。法律保留原则是要求以立法形式颁布重要法律规则的原则。然而,《宪法》并不禁止议会处理属于《宪法》第 164 条范围内的事项。
瑞士联邦联邦宪法》第 164 条是瑞士法律框架的重要组成部分,该条规定重要的立法条款必须以联邦法律的形式颁布。这一规定反映了民主代表和审议在瑞士立法过程中的重要性。该条款规定,联邦法律必须涵盖一些关键领域,如政治权利的行使、对宪法权利的限制、个人的权利和义务、税收问题、联邦的任务和服务、各州执行联邦法律的义务以及联邦当局的组织和程序。从历史上看,采用这种方法是为了确保在作出重大法律决定时有适当程度的民主监督。例如,瑞士医疗系统的改革和联邦税法的修改都是通过联邦法规来处理的,这反映了它们对公共福利的重要性以及充分辩论和达成共识的必要性。
此外,《宪法》第164条允许将立法权下放给其他机构,但只能在《宪法》规定的范围内进行。这种灵活性使政府能够更有效地应对技术或专业问题,同时确保立法过程符合宪法和民主原则。不过,这种授权受到严格控制,以避免滥用权力,并保持立法程序的合法性和透明度。瑞士的做法(如第 164 条所示)在高效立法程序与维护代议制民主之间取得了平衡。它确保以深思熟虑和负责任的方式通过影响公民日常生活的重要法律,反映瑞士社会的集体意愿。
以联邦议会为代表的瑞士议会可以法令的形式将立法权下放给行政部门。当行政部门,通常是瑞士的联邦委员会,被认为更有能力管理立法事项的具体或技术方面时,通常会采用这种授权方式。这种权力下放是一种灵活的立法工具,可以更快、更专业地应对某些可能需要专业技术知识或传统议会立法程序无法始终有效提供的反应能力的问题。例如,在环境监管、公共卫生标准或金融监管等需要技术细节和特定专业知识的领域,联邦委员会可能更适合以法令的形式制定相应的法规。
然而,这种做法受到《宪法》的限制。宪法》规定,某些领域必须由联邦法律规范,因此不能下放给行政部门。这就确保了最重要的事务或影响公民基本权利和自由的事务仍由议会直接控制,从而维护了民主立法程序的首要地位。瑞士议会能够以法令的形式下放立法权,这体现了行政效率与民主监督之间的平衡。它允许适应当代现实的灵活治理,同时确保重要领域仍由议会直接立法管辖。
瑞士联邦联邦宪法》第 36 条是瑞士法律框架内保护人权的基本支柱。该条款规定,对基本权利的任何限制不仅必须有坚实的法律依据,而且必须合理、适度并尊重基本权利的本质。任何限制都必须有法律依据,这意味着对权利的限制不能任意施加。这些限制必须由法律规定,从而确保程序的民主和透明。在严重限制的情况下,《宪法》要求在正式法律中明确提及这些限制,从而确保进行彻底的辩论和思考。然而,在特殊情况下,如果存在严重、直接和迫在眉睫的危险,即使没有正式法律,也可以实施限制,尽管这仍然是一个例外。
瑞士在卫生危机或安全威胁等紧急情况下采取的措施就是适用该条款的一个历史例证。在这些情况下,虽然实施限制是为了保护公共卫生或国家安全,但必须以合法的公共利益为理由,如保护公民的生命和健康。此外,第 36 条强调任何限制必须与所追求的目标相称。这意味着所采取的措施不得过度,必须与所追求的目标相称。这一相称性要求是确保基本权利不受到不必要或不公平限制的关键原则。最后,该条款确认基本权利的本质是不可侵犯的,从而确立了不可剥夺的核心权利, 不得以任何借口加以限制。该条款保护人的尊严等基本权利,确保即使在极端情况下,对人的尊重仍然是最重要的。
瑞士立法程序的两个基本方面值得强调,即立法机构在重要领域的首要地位和立法权下放的可能性。首先,在被视为重要的领域,决策权属于立法者,即瑞士联邦议会。这意味着,对于重要事项,如影响宪法权利、纳税义务或国家组织的事项,立法过程必须遵循正式的立法程序。这包括由议会两院、国民院和联邦院对法律进行提案、辩论、修正和表决。这一程序确保了这些关键领域的法律是认真审查和民主讨论的结果,反映了瑞士社会的集体意愿和价值观。其次,瑞士议会有能力将通过某些法律的权力下放给其他机构,通常是作为政府行政部门的联邦委员会。不过,这种授权受到宪法限制。这意味着,对于《宪法》明确规定由议会行使立法权限的某些领域,不能进行授权。授权一般用于技术性或专业性较强的事务,在这些事务中,行政部门的专业知识和灵活性尤为有用。
这种授权能力使瑞士的立法体系具有一定程度的灵活性,能够更迅速、更专业地应对可能需要技术专长或响应能力的问题,而传统的立法程序并不能始终有效地提供这些专长或响应能力。不过,这也要与保持民主立法程序在最重要问题上的首要地位相平衡。从这些原则中可以看出,瑞士的立法制度在重要问题的民主和代表性立法需求与技术性较强或具体问题的权力下放所提供的灵活性之间取得了平衡。这既保证了有效治理,也保证了对民主和宪法原则的尊重。
瑞士政治制度的内在特点,特别是全民公决和民意,是其直接民主的核心。这些要素表明了瑞士对公民参与政治和立法进程的坚定承诺。全民公决是瑞士直接民主的重要工具。它允许公民就一系列问题直接投票,从议会通过的法律到宪法修正案和重大政治决策。在瑞士,全民公决分为两种:一种是选择性全民公决,只要有一定数量的公民签名反对议会通过的法律,就可以启动全民公决;另一种是强制性全民公决,适用于某些重大决策,如修改宪法或加入超国家组织。这些机制确保瑞士公民对影响自身的法律和政策拥有直接而有意义的发言权。人民的意愿是瑞士政治制度的基本原则。它不仅体现在全民公决上,还体现在公民倡议上,公民可以在倡议中提出修改宪法的建议。这一原则承认主权在民,公民有权积极影响国家的立法和政治。民众倡议需要征集到一定数量的签名才能得到考虑,这就确保了只有得到民众大力支持的提案才能取得进展。瑞士全民公决和民众意愿的特点反映了一种重视和促进公民参与的制度。这些直接民主的要素使民众的意愿得以具体表达,确保政治和立法决策反映瑞士公民的愿望和关切。
瑞士的立法程序始于关键的倡议阶段,这是任何法案的起点。倡议可以来自议会或联邦委员会。这一初始阶段至关重要,因为它确定了立法提案的方向和内容。议会的倡议反映了议会所代表的各种意见和利益,而联邦委员会的倡议通常是基于行政方面的考虑或对具体事态发展做出反应的需要。一旦议会接受并批准一项提案,该提案就进入起草阶段。这一阶段在联邦委员会的监督下,与联邦司法局协调进行。这种合作确保了草案初稿在法律上的合理性,并符合立法和宪法的要求。联邦司法局的参与对于确保草案在法律上合理并符合现行原则和标准尤为重要。法案草案起草完毕后,将提交给磋商程序。在这一阶段,草案将分发给各政府部门和其他利益相关者,征求他们的意见和评论。在立法草案定稿之前,这一磋商过程可以吸纳不同的观点,发现潜在的问题或改进措施。各部门和利益相关者可以提出批评或建议,从而帮助改进和完善法案。瑞士立法周期中的这一初始程序体现了对民主、透明和包容性程序的承诺。它不仅允许广泛参与制定立法,还确保拟议的法律经过深思熟虑,平衡并代表瑞士社会的不同利益和需求。
瑞士的咨询程序是立法过程中的一个关键阶段,具有包容性和民主性的特点。这一阶段对于制定有理有据、代表瑞士社会各种观点的立法和条约至关重要。在咨询过程中,各州、各政党和各利益团体应邀就重要的立法草案、正在制定的大型项目和重要的国际条约发表意见。这种邀请参与磋商的做法是一种惯例,可以让广泛的利益相关者为立法进程献计献策。各州作为瑞士联邦结构中的政治实体,在代表地区和地方利益方面发挥着重要作用。各政党代表其选举基础的观点,而专业协会、工会、非政府组织和其他民间团体等利益团体则就影响各自领域的问题提供具体的专业知识和观点。协商在瑞士具有宪法基础,这突出表明了这一程序在瑞士立法中的重要性。通过正式承认协商程序,《宪法》确保了法律制定过程不仅是一个政府过程,也是一个体现国家民主特征的参与过程。各州、党派和不同利益集团的参与确保了法律和条约不仅是议会审议的结果,也是更广泛的参与和协商过程的产物。这样就能发现潜在的问题,平衡不同的、往往是相互竞争的利益,并努力寻求获得广泛支持的解决方案。简而言之,瑞士的磋商程序是一个范例,说明了如何将参与式民主融入立法过程,以提高法律和政策的质量和可接受性。
瑞士联邦宪法》第 147 条正式规定了咨询程序,这是瑞士立法程序的一个基本要素,强调了瑞士对参与式民主的承诺。根据该条款,各州、各政党和有关方面应邀就重要的立法项目、准备工作中影响深远的项目以及重要的国际条约发表意见。这一咨询程序允许广泛参与瑞士法律和政策的制定过程。各州作为瑞士联邦结构中的次国家实体,在提供地区和地方观点方面发挥着至关重要的作用。代表各种意识形态和政治观点的政党也为丰富辩论和审议做出了贡献。此外,包括非政府组织、专业协会、工会和其他民间社会团体在内的利益攸关方的参与也确保了社会各界的声音都能被听到。这种意见和专业知识的多样性有助于制定更加平衡、更加知情、更加符合整个社会的需求和关切的政策和法律。此外,将重要的国际条约纳入磋商进程反映出瑞士认识到国际问题和协议日益重要。这确保了在国际关系领域做出的决定也能得到认真考虑和广泛参与,并考虑到在全球背景下对瑞士的影响和意义。瑞士宪法》第 147 条是政治制度如何有效地将民主参与纳入立法程序,从而提高 法律和政策的合法性、透明度和可接受性的一个范例。
瑞士宪法规定的协商程序在立法和公共政策的制定过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。法案草案一旦起草完毕,就会由联邦总理府送交各有关部门征求意见。最初的内部协商阶段确保联邦政府各部门对草案进行审查和评估,各部门就草案中涉及的问题贡献自己的专业知识和观点。在内部磋商之后,草案经过修订和完善,便进入更广泛的外部磋商阶段。这一阶段至关重要,因为它向更广泛的利益相关者开放了这一进程。各州作为联邦实体,将应邀发表意见,这对于确保地区和地方观点得到考虑至关重要。此外,还征求了代表不同舆论和意识形态的各政党的意见,以确保不同的政治立场都能得到考虑。除各州和政党外,还征求了非政府组织、行业团体、工会和其他专家等相关方代表的意见。他们的参与将带来专家和技术方面的观点,并确保在起草法律时考虑到社会各阶层的利益和关切。这种多维度的咨询方式确保了瑞士的立法过程不仅民主、透明,而且具有包容性,并能对整个社会的需求和关切做出回应。通过在立法过程的最初阶段就采纳多方利益相关者的意见,瑞士确保其法律和政策有理有据、平衡并能代表国内的不同利益和意见。
在咨询阶段之后,联邦委员会对法案的处理是瑞士立法过程中的一个关键阶段。在这一阶段,需要对法案进行仔细的修改和定稿,并准备一份官方建议。磋商程序结束后,相关联邦部门开始起草法案。在起草过程中会考虑到咨询过程中收到的反馈和建议,以及联邦委员会的具体指令和指示。这不仅确保了法案符合政府的政治和法律目标,也反映了参与磋商过程的各利益相关方的贡献和关切。起草阶段结束后,联邦委员会将对法案文本进行最终审查和通过。在这一阶段,联邦委员会将对草案进行整体评估,确保草案内容连贯、法律依据充分,并符合政府的政治和立法目标。一旦联邦委员会通过了草案文本,就会在一份名为 "信息 "的文件中发布官方评注。当法案提交议会进行辩论和表决时,该文件将随法案一起发布。它对法案进行了全面的概述,包括提出法案的原因、力图实现的目标以及影响法案制定的各种因素。联邦委员会的信息在立法过程中起着至关重要的作用,因为它有助于议会成员了解法案背后的背景和动机,从而促进知情的审议和辩论。联邦委员会对法案的处理是确保在瑞士提出的法律是一个严格、透明和包容过程的结果的重要步骤。这一阶段确保法律准备充分、有理有据,并可随时接受议会的全面审查。
瑞士立法程序的第四阶段是向议会递交法律草案,在这一关键阶段,草案将接受国家民选代表的审查和辩论。联邦委员会完成法案定稿并起草相应的文件后,将其提交给瑞士议会的两个议院:国民院和联邦院。法案和联邦委员会的致辞将刊登在瑞士政府的官方报纸《联邦公报》上。这份文件对于向议员和公众介绍法案内容和政府提出法案的理由至关重要。在议会中,法案首先分配给一个议院,由该议院首先负责审议。法案先提交给哪个议院取决于多种因素,包括法案的主题和议会惯例。然后,议会委员会负责对法案进行详细审查。该委员会对法案进行研究,举行听证会,并为议院编写报告。优先议院在审议法案时,就是否对法案进行全面辩论进行表决。如果表决结果为赞成,议院将对法案逐条进行讨论和辩论,必要时做出修正。如果表决结果为反对,则将法案提交另一议院审议。第二议院遵循类似程序,审议法案并发布报告。如果该议院接受该法案,它也将参与此事。但是,如果第二议院也否决该法案,则该法案将被撤回并视为被否决。这一议会程序体现了瑞士立法制度如何确保民选代表对拟议的法律进行仔细审议、辩论并在必要时进行修改,从而确保通过的法律反映整个瑞士社会的集体意愿和利益。
瑞士立法程序的下一阶段涉及议会两院,即国民院和联邦院之间的 "穿梭游戏",以解决对法案的分歧。这一阶段对于就立法文本达成共识至关重要。当参众两院对法案的某些方面有不同意见时,法案文本就会在参众两院之间反复传送,以协调双方的立场。参众两院分别审查对方提出的修改意见,要么接受,要么提出其他修改意见。这一穿梭过程一直持续到就法案的所有部分达成一致为止。这种穿梭过程可确保法案的最终文本是充分审议的产物,是两院均可接受的折衷方案。在分歧持续存在、似乎无法达成一致的情况下,可以召开调解会议。该会议是一个由参众两院议员组成的委员会,旨在找到一个折中的解决方案。在参众两院中,如果其中一院希望对法案进行全面审议,而另一院则不希望,调解会议就显得尤为重要。调解会议发挥调解作用,提出克服分歧的解决方案,使议案得以推进。如果调解会议成功达成妥协,则提交参众两院批准。如果参众两院都接受调解会议的建议,法案就可以向前推进。但是,如果即使经过调解也未能达成一致意见,则一般认为该法案被否决。这种穿梭制度和调解会议是瑞士立法程序如何促进政府各部门之间达成共识与合作的范例。它们反映了瑞士对民主、包容和代表性立法程序的承诺。
瑞士立法程序的下一阶段涉及起草委员会,该委员会在编制法律最终文本方面发挥着至关重要的作用。一旦议会两院(国民院和联邦院)就法案内容达成一致,法案就会被送交起草委员会。起草委员会的主要职责是确保法律文本清晰、连贯且符合法律规定。起草委员会对文本进行审查,以纠正任何错误、澄清措辞并确保文件的整体一致性。在瑞士,这一过程的一个独特而重要的方面是用瑞士的三种官方语言起草文本: 德语、法语和意大利语。由于瑞士是一个多语言国家,因此,所有公民,无论其母语是什么,都必须能够使用和理解法律。因此,起草委员会确保将法律文本正确翻译成每种语言,同时在所有语言版本中保持相同的含义和内容。这种多语言起草阶段对于保证瑞士立法程序的可及性和公平性至关重要。它体现了瑞士对语言和文化多样性的尊重,以及对包容性和代议制政府的承诺。在这一起草和翻译阶段之后,法律的最终文本就可以颁布和实施了。
经过起草委员会的起草和翻译阶段后,瑞士的法案进入了一个关键阶段:议会两院的最终表决。这一阶段在立法过程中具有决定性意义,因为它标志着是否通过法案的最终决定。为反映瑞士的语言多样性,法案的最终文本以德语、法语和意大利语起草,并分别提交给国民院(下院)和联邦院(上院)。两院分别对法案进行最终表决。表决是整个立法过程的高潮,包括法律的启动、讨论和修正、协商和调解阶段以及最终起草。法案必须获得参众两院各过半数的同意才能通过。如果其中一个议院否决了该法案,该法案即被视为被否决,除非分歧点可以通过其他方式解决,如再次召开调解会议。如果参众两院都通过了法案,则进入颁布阶段,由参众两院议长和联邦总统签署,然后在《联邦立法官方汇编》上公布。参众两院的最终表决是一个关键时刻,它确保瑞士通过的所有法律都经过了彻底的民主程序,反映了人民选出的代表之间达成的广泛共识。至此,以严谨、透明、尊重多样性和民主为特点的瑞士立法程序结束。
瑞士立法程序的下一阶段是在《联邦公报》上公布法律,这就进入了选择性全民公决的关键时期。在议会两院最终批准法案后,法律正式在《联邦公报》上公布。这标志着为期 100 天的全民公投期的开始,在此期间,该法律将接受选择性全民公投程序。这种直接民主机制是瑞士政治体制的一大特色,允许公民在立法中发挥积极作用。在这100天内,至少5万名有投票权的公民或8个州可以要求进行全民公决。这一规定确保只有引起民众或各州重大关切或兴趣的法律才会付诸全民公决。触发全民公决所需的门槛反映了瑞士对公民参与的承诺,同时也确保了这一进程不会被用于无关紧要的问题或没有真正支持基础的问题。如果在规定期限内举行了全民公决,那么只有在全国投票中获得瑞士人民的批准,法律才能生效。这就意味着,即使经过了立法程序的所有阶段,一项法律仍有可能受到人民直接投票的质疑。瑞士制度的这一特点体现了公民在立法决策中被赋予的权力,加强了国家治理制度的民主性。如果在 100 天内没有公民投票的要求,法律就会自动颁布,并按照法律文本中规定的条款生效。这一公布和全民公决期的最后程序确保瑞士的法律不仅是代议制民主进程的结果,而且在必要时还需得到人民的直接批准。
如果法律在提交选择性全民公决后得到瑞士人民的认可,那么它就通过了全面生效前的最后阶段。在这种情况下,法律将在两份重要文件中正式公布:《联邦立法官方汇编》和《联邦法律系统汇编》。联邦立法官方简编》是记录所有新法律和立法修正案的官方出版物。该出版物对于向公众和机构介绍瑞士现行法律和官方法律的变化至关重要。在《官方汇编》上公布是确认法律已经生效并必须遵守的最后一步。同时,该法律也在《联邦法律系统汇编》中公布,该汇编是瑞士所有联邦法律的系统汇编。该汇编的结构系统化,便于查阅和理解瑞士现行法律。该汇编的出版有助于保持瑞士立法的清晰和易读性,使公民、法律专业人士和其他有关各方能够轻松找到相关的法律信息。由人民批准并随后在这些官方汇编中公布的法律强调了直接民主在瑞士立法体系中的重要性。它们确保所通过的法律不仅反映民选代表的意愿,还直接得到瑞士公民的认可。这一最后阶段还确保了法律信息的透明度和可获得性,而这正是民主制度的关键要素,在民主制度中,获得法律信息对于行使公民权利和责任至关重要。
一旦瑞士立法程序的所有前几个阶段都顺利完成,包括议会两院批准、在《联邦公报》上公布、可能的全民公决程序,以及最后在《联邦立法官方汇编》和《联邦法律系统汇编》(如适用)上公布,法律即正式通过并生效。在瑞士,法律的最终通过代表着严格的参与式民主进程达到了顶峰。在这一阶段,法律不仅获得了议会民选代表的支持,而且在要求并组织全民公决的情况下,也通过了瑞士人民的认可。法律生效意味着它成为一项具有法律约束力的规则,所有公民和机构都必须遵守。法律可以立即生效,也可以在法律文本规定的日期生效。法律一旦通过,就会对社会产生直接影响,影响行为、规范活动、保护权利和自由,并确立责任和义务。瑞士法律的通过遵循了这一有条不紊和包容各方的程序,表明该国致力于建立一个透明、民主和尊重法治原则的立法体系。这确保法律有充分的依据、合法并反映瑞士社会的价值观和需求。
在瑞士,法律的颁布是一个复杂而有序的民主过程的顶点,标志着立法的正式化和生效。法律的颁布程序因法律是否经过全民公决而有所不同。如果一项法律是全民公决的主题,并且瑞士人民在全民公决中批准了该法律,联邦委员会就会正式确认全民公决的结果,从而发挥关键作用。这一正式步骤意义重大,因为它承认了人民做出的民主选择。例如,在有关医疗改革或环境法修改等问题的民众投票中,联邦委员会在民众投出赞成票后对投票结果进行确认,就是对法律已获通过的正式确认。如果法律没有提交全民公决,在 100 天的全民公决期结束后,只要没有提出全民公决的要求,法律就会自动颁布。在这种情况下,联邦总理府负责记录全民公决期限的届满。这一程序确保了只有在没有足以支持全民公决的强烈反对意见时,法律才会被颁布。许多争议较小或技术性较强的法律都是这种情况,在这些法律中,全民公决的最后期限已过,没有出现明显的反对意见,从而使法律得以顺利颁布。因此,颁布是一个关键步骤,它确认了法律已经通过了瑞士立法程序的所有必要阶段,从法律提案到议会审议,再到公众咨询,必要时通过全民公决批准。它象征着瑞士对代议制和直接民主的尊重,确保通过的每项法律都是透明、包容和合法程序的结果。
在瑞士,法律的公布是立法程序的最后阶段之一,在这一阶段,法律正式引起公众的注意。公布至关重要,因为这标志着法律被视为正式生效和适用。该法在《联邦法规官方汇编》中公布,该汇编是向公众传播法律文本的主要工具。该出版物的重要性不仅在于其透明度和民主治理,还在于它能让公民、企业、机构和法律界人士了解新生效的法律法规。让公民了解法律是至关重要的,因为这可以使法律得到有效实施和遵守。在《官方汇编》上公布法律也是一项基本原则,即法律公开原则。该原则规定,法律必须公开才能执行。在瑞士,这意味着法律不仅由议会通过,由联邦委员会颁布,而且所有公民都可以查阅。公布法律的做法确保瑞士社会的所有参与者都能了解法律的变化,并据此调整自己的行为。这确保了法律的统一实施,公民可以在充分了解现行规则的情况下行使自己的权利和履行自己的义务。
法律在瑞士的生效是立法过程的最后阶段,在这一阶段,法律具有约束力和可执行性。这一阶段发生在法律公布之后,这是让公众了解新法律的关键因素。一旦法律获得议会通过、联邦委员会颁布并在《联邦法规官方汇编》上公布,它就获得了具有法律约束力的规则的地位。该法可以立即生效,即在公布后立即生效,也可以在法律文本规定的稍后日期生效。这一规定允许一定程度的灵活性,以便公民和机构能够适应新的法律要求。生效日期至关重要,因为它标志着法律条款开始生效。从这一天起,公民和机构在法律上有义务遵守新法律。这意味着行为、行动和交易必须与法律规定保持一致。法律生效的重要性在于它能确保法律不仅仅是建议或指导方针,而是具有约束力的行为规则。这可以确保法律得到遵守和统一适用,从而保证社会的法律秩序和稳定。简而言之,在瑞士,法律的生效是一个民主和透明过程的顶点,标志着从立法建议到有效法律规则的转变,它决定着瑞士社会的结构和运作。
在瑞士,紧急条款是一项特殊规定,允许法律在特殊情况下立即生效。当一项法律被视为紧急法律时,议会一通过该法律,它就可以立即生效,而无需等待通常的颁布和公布程序。宣布一项法律为紧急法律需要获得瑞士议会各委员会--国民院和联邦院--成员的法定多数票。这一多数票要求确保了宣布一项法律为紧急法律的决定不会轻易做出,而是在必须迅速采取行动应对危急情况或紧急需求的情况下做出的。有理由采取此类措施的情况可能包括国家危机、公共卫生紧急状况、自然灾害或其他特殊情况,在这些情况下,延迟适用法律可能会造成严重后果。例如,在流行病等健康危机期间,可能需要紧急立法,以便迅速有效地做出反应,保护公众健康。瑞士议会通过带有紧急条款的法律,确保政府拥有必要的工具来迅速采取行动,应对不可预见的紧急状况。然而,这一程序受到控制,以防止滥用,确保紧急条款得到负责任的使用,并且只在合理的情况下使用。
瑞士联邦宪法》第 165 条在国家立法框架中发挥着至关重要的作用,允许在紧急情况下迅速通过法律,同时与民主原则保持平衡。这一宪法条款使议会能够在需要快速干预的特殊情况下(如国家危机或紧急情况)立即做出有效反应。紧急立法的通过需要议会两院多数议员的批准。这些法律的特点是临时性,旨在满足即时和具体的需求。一个相关的历史案例可能是应对卫生危机的立法,在这种情况下需要迅速采取行动保护公众健康。尽管具有紧迫性,但此类法律也不能免于民主审查。如果要求对紧急法律进行全民公决,如果人民不接受,该法律将在通过一年后失效。这确保了即使在紧急情况下,法律仍需得到人民的批准。例如,为应对经济危机而通过的紧急法律可以付诸全民公决,让瑞士人民有机会对以他们的名义采取的措施进行投票。此外,如果紧急法律没有宪法依据,则必须在通过后一年内得到人民和各州的批准。这一规定确保了在没有直接宪法依据的特殊情况下通过的法律得到特别关注和民主批准。第 165 条还规定,在投票中未获得批准的紧急状态法不得延期,从而强调了此类措施的临时性和特殊性。这一机制确保紧急状态法不会被长期或不适当地使用。第 165 条反映了瑞士在紧急情况下平衡政府快速行动的需要与尊重民主程序和瑞士人民参与立法决策的能力。它说明了一个国家如何在维护法律秩序和稳定的同时,即使在非常情况下也能保持民主基础。
瑞士的全民公决机制,尤其是针对根据紧急状态条款制定的法律的全民公决机制,是立法过程中民主监督的重要组成部分。即使一项法律根据紧急条款迅速通过并立即生效,仍有可能进行全民公决。如果一项符合宪法的紧急法律生效后又要求进行全民公决,那么该法律将面临一个民主确认的关键时期。根据《瑞士宪法》第165条,如果该紧急法律在联邦议会通过一年后仍未得到瑞士人民的批准,则该法律将停止生效。这一机制确保,尽管在紧急情况下需要迅速采取行动,但民主同意仍然是立法程序的基本支柱。全民公决程序允许瑞士公民直接控制法律,即使是在特殊情况下通过的法律。例如,如果瑞士政府为应对环境或经济危机而通过一项紧急法律,公民有权要求对该法律进行全民公决。如果公民投票被要求举行,而该法律在通过后一年内未获得民众投票通过,则该法律将停止生效。这一机制说明了瑞士的政治体制是如何在政府的效率和反应能力与民主参与和控制之间取得平衡的。它确保了即使是在紧急情况下采取的立法措施也不会偏离直接民主的原则,而这正是瑞士政治制度的核心。
当瑞士通过的紧急状态法被认为与宪法相悖时,全民公决程序需要更高层次的确认:双重多数。这意味着,该法律要继续有效,不仅要获得大多数瑞士人的批准,还必须获得大多数州的批准。这种双重多数程序是瑞士民主的一个显著特点,尤其是在紧急状态法涉及宪法问题时。要求同时获得人民和各州的批准,确保了法律的修改,即使是在紧急情况下,也能在全国范围内获得广泛和有代表性的支持。这加强了对瑞士联邦结构的尊重,并确保所有地区的利益和意见都得到考虑。如果要求对影响宪法的紧急状态法进行全民公决,而该法在通过后一年内未获得双重多数(人民和各州)的必要支持,则该法不再有效。这一控制机制确保了对宪法--国家的根本大法--有直接影响的法律在没有明确和广泛的民主支持的情况下无法得到维持。这一程序强调了瑞士对保护宪法原则和民主参与的重视,即使在紧急情况下也是如此。它确保紧急状态法,特别是那些可能违背宪法原则的法律,都要经过严格审查和民主批准,这反映了瑞士对其民主和联邦基础的深刻尊重。
瑞士联邦宪法》第163条为联邦议会颁布的立法确立了一个正式框架,确保各类立法与其目的和重要性相称。联邦法律和法令是联邦议会制定法律规则的主要立法工具。联邦法律作为正式的立法法案,一般涉及重大问题,需要认真审议和民主讨论。例如,标志着瑞士医疗政策转折点的《联邦医疗保险法》就是以联邦法形式通过的重大立法的一个例子。另一方面,法令适用于技术性更强或更具体的问题,使联邦法律得以详细实施。这些法令对于环境标准或金融法规等需要特殊专业知识的复杂领域的管理至关重要。
除联邦法律和法令外,第 163 条还引入了联邦法令类别。这些法令可以进行全民公决,如果不进行全民公决,则被归类为简单法令。须经全民公决的联邦法令用于重大决策,从而使瑞士人民能够直接参与民主。而简单的联邦法令则用于不那么重要的行政或组织决策。这种结构化和多样化的立法框架使联邦议会能够有效应对瑞士不同的立法需求。它反映了瑞士对民主、透明和组织良好的立法程序的承诺,确保法律法规适合所处理问题的性质和重要性,同时通过全民公决让瑞士人民参与重大决策。
根据《瑞士联邦宪法》第163条,联邦法令有别于联邦法律和法令。联邦法令虽然由议会通过,但并不总是包含实质意义上的法律规则。这意味着,联邦法令不一定像法律或法令那样,规定一般的、抽象的行为准则或确立权利和义务。相反,联邦法令可能涉及具体的决定、行政措施或指令,其范围或普遍性与法律不同。不过,即使联邦法令不包含实质意义上的法律规则,但由于它们是由联邦议会颁布的,因此在形式上也被视为法律。它们的通过遵循正式的立法程序,因此具有法律权威,必须得到遵守,尽管它们并不产生传统意义上的法律规范。实质意义上的法律规则与形式意义上的立法行为之间的这种区别,对于理解瑞士法律体系中如何使用不同类别的立法行为非常重要。它反映了瑞士立法体系的复杂性和先进性,在这一体系中,不同类型的法令适用于不同的需求和情况,同时又保持了连贯的功能结构。
这些法令虽然由联邦议会颁布,但与联邦法律和法令不同的是,它们并不包含实质意义上的法律规则。它们更多的是决策性的,用于特定的、往往是有针对性的情况。联邦法令可用于需要国家具体干预的各种决定。这些决定可能会影响到一个或多个具体的人,也可能涉及到不需要制定新的一般法律规则的具体情况。例如,联邦法令可用于为某一具体项目分配资金、应对特殊紧急情况或批准某项具体的国际协定。联邦法令的决策性质说明了瑞士立法体系的灵活性和适应性。联邦法律和法令规定了适用于所有人的一般性抽象标准,而联邦政令则使议会能够有针对性地采取具体行动。这种方法确保联邦议会能够有效应对不需要制定或修改一般法律规则的需求或情况,同时保持治理的连贯性和有效性。
决定是指主管当局根据现行法律采取的个别具体措施。这些决定适用于具体案例,因其针对性强、直接适用于特定情况或个人而有别于法律和法令。这些个别措施是在具体案件的背景下采取的,这意味着它们是专门为处理特殊情况或问题而设计的。这些措施不是为了制定适用于所有人的一般标准,而是为了应对出现的具体需求或情况。例如,一项决定可能是对公司开展特定活动的授权或许可,可能是关于个人法律地位的决定,也可能是根据现行法律对特定案件的解决。这类决策对于确保法律系统能够灵活、适当地应对出现的各种情况,在尊重既定法律框架的前提下提供量身定制的法律解决方案至关重要。这种方法还能使司法和政策的执行具有灵活性,确保作出的决定对适用的具体案件具有相关性和有效性。
在瑞士的法律框架中,当局做出的决定具有针对性和个性化的特点。这些决定有别于法律和法令,因为它们直接适用于特定案件,反映了一种有针对性的、精确的立法和行政方法。这些决定的具体性质体现在它们面向真实和直接的情况。与制定一般标准的法律不同,这些决定是根据具体情况制定的。例如,在 COVID-19 危机的背景下,瑞士联邦委员会就遏制和经济支持措施做出了具体决定,每项决定都是针对大流行病带来的具体需求和挑战而制定的。另一方面,这些决定的个别性体现在它们针对特定的个人或实体。这些决定的影响仅限于所涉各方。例如,一项决定可能涉及特定建筑项目的规划许可,或法院对某一争端的裁决。这些决定适用或解释现有规则,同时考虑到每个案件的独特细节。这种决策模式确保瑞士当局在尊重既定法律框架的同时,能够有效应对个别情况。它兼顾了法律的普遍性和根据具体情况对症下药的必要性。这种方法体现了瑞士精确和深思熟虑的治理传统,确保所做决定既公正又适合相关案件。
在瑞士的法律体系中,某些联邦法令被认为非常重要,可以根据联邦宪法或法律的规定提交全民公决。这种全民公决的可能性反映了瑞士对直接民主的承诺,允许公民对政府的重要决策发表意见。需要进行全民公决的联邦法令通常是那些对社会有重大影响或具有争议性的法令。全民公决为瑞士公民提供了对这些决策发表意见的直接机会,确保重要政策反映人民的意愿。这一程序保证了公民积极参与决策过程,并加强了政策和法律的民主合法性。例如,卫生政策的重大变化、税收立法的变化或有关国家安全的决定等问题都可以提交全民公决,使公民有机会在这些重要决定中发挥直接作用。这种将联邦法令提交全民公决的能力说明了行政权力与公民积极参与国家治理的权利之间的平衡。这是瑞士政治制度的根本,反映了直接民主和公民参与的传统,是瑞士决策的核心。
在瑞士,联邦政令是一种立法工具,可以通过主要属于国家行政和具体决定的行为。这包括不需要制定新的一般意义上的法律规则,但对有效管理和规范某些活动或情况至关重要的决定。使用联邦法令的一个具体例子是核电厂特许权的授予。在这种情况下,联邦法令将被用于授权和确定具体条件,在这些条件下,一个实体可以建造和运营核电站。这些条件将包括安全标准、环境保护措施和监测义务等方面。通过联邦法令做出此类决定,可以根据具体情况进行详细评估和监管。在这种情况下,联邦法令是瑞士政府的一个重要工具,因为它在确保遵守一般政策和法律的同时,还提供了管理具体案件的灵活性。这一机制使瑞士当局能够有针对性地做出行政和监管决定,确保有效、适当地处理具体的、通常是技术性的问题。这种方法代表了瑞士的法律和行政制度,其重点是精确、具体和高效,同时保持法律框架的连贯性,并遵守立法和治理的一般原则。
瑞士联邦联邦宪法》第53条在维护各州的完整性和自治权方面发挥着根本性作用,而各州是瑞士联邦结构的基石。这一宪法条款为各州的存在、地位和领土提供了严格保护,强调了瑞士对均衡联邦制的承诺。通过保障各州及其领土的存在和地位,瑞士联邦保持了瑞士联邦制度的稳定性和对地区多样性的尊重。在一个地方传统和地区特点根深蒂固的国家,这种保障对于维护各州的自治至关重要。
关于各州数量或地位的可能变化,《宪法》要求获得双重批准:相关各州选民的批准以及全国人民和各州的批准。这一要求反映了民主原则,即此类变更不仅必须获得直接受影响人口的批准,还必须获得整个国家的批准。这一程序的一个历史范例是 1979 年汝拉州的成立,该州是在经过地区投票和国家批准等民主程序后从伯尔尼州分离出来的。州领土的变更也要经过严格的民主程序。在获得相关州选民的批准后,联邦议会通过联邦法令进行干预,使变更正式生效。这些规定确保了任何领土变更在尊重当地居民意愿的同时,也符合国家利益。对于州与州之间微小的边界调整,则简化了程序,允许各州就边界调整签订相互协议。这一机制为因地理发展或其他实际考虑而可能需要的调整提供了灵活性。第53条体现了瑞士在尊重各州自治权的同时维护国家统一的方式。它确保以民主和透明的方式进行影响各州的变革,体现了瑞士对其联邦和民主原则的尊重。
瑞士的民主决策方式,尤其是在核电厂特许权的授予或军事装备的购买等国家重大问题上的民主决策方式,表明了其让人民参与关键政府程序的承诺。这种决策方法符合瑞士的直接民主传统,即公民在重要的国家事务中发挥积极作用。例如,核电站特许权的授予是一个对环境、经济和安全有重大影响的问题。在瑞士,此类决定并非仅由政府当局作出,还可能提交人民批准,特别是在引起公众重大关切或辩论的情况下。这确保了对社会有重大影响的决策是在人民的同意和参与下做出的。同样,涉及重大公共开支和战略考虑的军事装备采购也可提交人民批准。这种做法确保国防开支和政策反映瑞士人民的意愿和偏好。这些涉及全民公决或民众投票的决策程序对于维护政府的信心和合法性至关重要。它们反映了一种信念,即公民应当在对国家有重大影响的决策中拥有发言权。通过让人民直接参与这些重要决策,瑞士加强了其民主制度,并确保所采取的政策符合公民的利益和价值观。
瑞士民主的特点是在伯尔尼中央集权与人民和各州积极参与联邦事务之间保持独特的平衡。这种模式体现了代议制民主和直接民主的结合,确保联邦层面的决策既反映人民的意愿,又尊重地区自治。一方面,人民和各州将部分权力下放给伯尔尼的联邦议会和联邦委员会,由民选代表和公务员就国家事务做出决定。这种授权是代议制民主的精髓所在,选民将立法和管理的责任委托给他们的代表。另一方面,瑞士以独特的方式高度重视人民直接参与联邦事务。这种参与采取全民公决和民众倡议的形式,公民有权对议会通过的法律提出质疑或提出新的立法建议。这种形式的直接民主是瑞士治理的核心内容,使公民能够对政府决策进行直接和定期的控制。瑞士的民主制度也承认州自治的重要性,各州在教育、治安、卫生和其他地方事务方面保留着重要的权力。各州不是简单的行政实体,而是重要的政治参与者,拥有自己的政府和议会,反映了瑞士文化、语言和地区的多样性。这种民主结构将伯尔尼的权力下放与人民和各州的积极参与结合在一起,形成了一个强大而灵活的体系,能够满足瑞士社会各阶层的需求和关切。它确保立法和政策不仅得到民选代表的考虑,而且还受到公民的监督和直接批准。
简单联邦法令是瑞士法律体系中立法行为的一个特殊类别。与需要全民公决的联邦法令不同,简单联邦法令不需要全民公决的批准。它们通常用于政府或行政决策,这些决策虽然重要,但不需要直接征求人民的意见。
简单联邦法令的一个显著例子就是对州宪法的保障。当瑞士各州修改其宪法时,新宪法必须得到联邦的保障。不过,这种由联邦议会提供的保障并不需要在全国范围内进行全民公决。其目的是确保各州宪法符合联邦宪法,同时尊重各州的自治权。
使用简单联邦法令的另一个例子是通过联邦预算。每年,联邦议会都会对国家预算进行表决,详细说明计划支出和收入。虽然预算是一份反映政治和经济优先事项的重要文件,但它是以简单联邦法令的形式批准的,无需经过全民公决。
这些法令在瑞士的治理中发挥着至关重要的作用,使议会能够有效地做出重要的行政和财政决定。同时,瑞士的制度在这些决策形式与直接民主参与影响深远或有争议的事务之间保持平衡。简单的联邦法令与需要全民公决的法令之间的区别说明了瑞士是如何根据不同政府决策的性质和重要性调整其立法程序的。
在瑞士的法律体系中,法令作为适用或执行联邦法律的规则发挥着重要作用。这些法令作为法律规则,旨在明确、细化或补充联邦法律中的规定,从而使立法得到切实有效的执行。
法令一般由瑞士政府的执行机构--联邦委员会颁布,但有些法令也可能由行政部门或其他联邦机构颁布。法令具有法律效力和约束力,这意味着法令必须与法律一样得到遵守。法令的主要作用是提供适用法律所需的技术细节和实际指导。例如,联邦法律可能会制定环境保护的总体框架,而相关法令则会规定具体的污染标准、监测程序和违规处罚。
法律和法令之间的这种等级关系确保了立法框架的灵活性和适当性。法律提供一般性原则和指导方针,而条例则涉及更具体和技术性的方面,便于根据实际情况和具体需求进行实施。法令是瑞士法律体系中重要的立法工具,为联邦法律的细化和实施提供了有效的方法。它们不仅确保法律获得通过,而且确保法律得到有效和适当的实施,从而促进瑞士法治的有序运作和尊重。
法令作为《瑞士联邦宪法》第163条规定的一种立法行为,在瑞士的法律体系中具有特别重要的地位。根据该条款,作为瑞士最高立法机构的联邦议会不仅有权以联邦法律的形式制定法律规则,还有权以法令的形式制定法律规则。在这种情况下,法令对于联邦法律的实际执行至关重要。它们使联邦法律中规定的原则和一般准则转化为具体、详细和可操作的指示。这一职能对于确保法律不仅在理论上站得住脚,而且在日常现实中有效适用至关重要。例如,联邦法律可能会制定金融服务监管的总体框架,而相应的法令则会详细规定银行执照、财务报告标准和合规标准的具体要求。通过这种方式,法令提供了法律的具体和详细应用,解决了法律实施所需的技术和实际问题。
联邦法律和法令之间的区别反映了瑞士立法体系的方法和等级结构。联邦法律规定了立法基础和广泛的政策方针,而法令则侧重于实施的细节和方法,提供了使立法适应具体情况和需求所需的灵活性。这种方法确保了瑞士的立法框架既稳健又具有适应性,能够应对复杂多变的社会和经济需求,同时确保精确有效的管理。作为联邦法律的补充,法令在确保瑞士立法不仅全面,而且具有相关性和实际适用性方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
根据瑞士联邦法律,颁布法令的权力由多个国家机构分担,每个机构在实施和执行法律方面都有特定的职责。这种权力划分显示了瑞士法律和行政体系的复杂性和效率。联邦议会作为瑞士的最高立法机构,有权制定实质性和形式性的规则。这意味着联邦议会不仅可以制定适用于整个社会的一般标准,还可以根据正式认可的立法程序制定法律和法令。例如,联邦议会通过了《健康保险法》等重要法律,并辅之以详细说明其执行情况的法令。联邦委员会作为政府的行政机构,在颁布法令方面也发挥着至关重要的作用,尤其是在实际执行法律方面。联邦委员会的法令为从经济监管到环境保护等各个领域的法律实施提供了精确的指导方针。例如,在环境监管方面,联邦委员会颁布法令,明确规定污染标准和企业报告要求。至于联邦最高法院,虽然其主要职责是解释法律,但也有权发布有关司法程序和行政方面的命令。这些命令对于确保瑞士司法系统的顺利运行至关重要,可以明确程序,保证司法行政的效率。在这一制度中,各国家机构有权颁布法令,确保联邦法律以全面和适当的方式得到执行。它提供了满足特定需求和应对复杂治理挑战所需的灵活性,同时保持了瑞士法律适用的秩序和一致性。
法令在瑞士法律体系中的使用与法律的非穷尽性以及使立法适应实际情况的需要密切相关。事实上,法令在填补空白和明确细节方面发挥着至关重要的作用,而法律往往是以宽泛的原则制定的,无法详尽无遗地涵盖这些细节。联邦委员会作为瑞士政府的执行机构,在这一调整过程中发挥着核心作用。联邦议会作为立法机构,通过立法确定大纲和基本原则,而联邦委员会则负责制定法令,以确保这些法律依法得到有效实施。通过这种方式,法令可以对法律进行必要的澄清,并根据具体情况和需要对法律进行调整。例如,在公共卫生领域,联邦议会可以通过一项法律,确定医疗保险的总体框架。然后,联邦委员会颁布法令,详细说明如何执行该法律,如报销程序、医疗服务质量标准和资格标准。立法机构和行政机构之间的这种任务分工使管理方式更加灵活,反应更加迅速。立法机构制定总体方针和目标,行政机构则通过法令确保这些目标可以实现,并适应实际情况和挑战。立法机构和行政机构之间的这种互补性对于建立一个高效、反应迅速、能够应对不断变化的社会需求的法律和行政体系至关重要。
在瑞士的法律体系中,法令分为两大类,各自发挥着不同的基本功能。一方面,立法条例是对议会通过的正式法律的延伸或澄清。尽管在级别上低于这些正式法律,但它们具有重要的法律效力,对公民具有约束力。它们由行政、立法或司法机构按照特定程序制定。一个历史性的例子是有关银行监管的法令,联邦委员会根据联邦立法确定的原则,详细规定了金融机构的运营和合规标准。这些立法条例在《联邦立法官方汇编》和《联邦法律系统汇编》中公布,从而保证了其可获取性和透明度。另一方面,行政法令主要侧重于公共行政的内部组织和程序。它们为公务员和行政机构如何履行职责提供指导。与立法令不同的是,它们不正式公布,而是在内部传递。例如,行政命令可能会详细说明处理许可申请的内部程序,或规定评估庇护申请的指导方针。这些文件在瑞士行政机构的日常运作中发挥着至关重要的作用,确保行政机构的管理与现行政策和法律保持一致。这两类法令在瑞士法律体系中的存在说明了瑞士治理的复杂性和先进性。立法条例为公众扩展和澄清了法律的范围,而行政条例则促进了高效有序的行政管理。它们共同确保了法律的详细和适当实施,同时确保了公共行政的结构性和功能性。
瑞士的立法,包括法令,严格遵守《联邦宪法》规定的对基本权利的尊重。这意味着,法令虽然是实施法律的重要工具,但在任何情况下都不得妨碍或侵犯宪法所保障的基本权利。瑞士《宪法》确立了保护公民的权利和自由框架,如言论自由、隐私权和法律面前人人平等。所有立法,包括联邦委员会或其他当局颁布的法令,都必须符合这些权利。如果某项法令与基本权利相冲突,则会被视为违宪,因而无效。此外,《宪法》还对法令可以规范的内容规定了一定的限制。这确保了政策或法律的重大变化,特别是那些可能影响基本权利或公共生活其他重要方面的变化,都要通过适当的立法程序,包括在适当情况下通过议会批准和全民公决。这种做法体现了瑞士对法治和尊重个人权利的承诺。它确保即使在有效实施和执行法律的过程中,保护基本权利仍然是绝对的优先事项。因此,尽管法令对于法律的日常管理和实施至关重要,但它们必须始终与对宪法基本原则的尊重保持平衡。
瑞士联邦宪法》第 36 条在保持个人基本权利与公共秩序和普遍福利要求之间的平 衡方面发挥着至关重要的作用。这一宪法条款强调,对基本权利的任何限制都必须经过认真论证,具有法律依据,并与之相称。限制基本权利的法律依据是瑞士法治的一项基本原则。这意味着对这些权利的任何限制都必须由法律明确规定。历史上的一个例子可能是国家安全法,该法出于公共安全的原因限制某些权利,但必须有明确的法律依据才能有效。以公共利益或保护他人权利为由限制基本权利也必须有正当理由。这一规定确保了限制不是为了特定利益,而是为了满足合法的社会需求。例如,在 COVID-19 大流行的背景下实施的限制,如禁闭或遮蔽要求,就是以保护公众健康为理由的。
相称性规则是该条款的另一个支柱。它确保限制措施不会超出所追求的目标。在瑞士的法律框架中,这意味着限制性措施必须是平衡的,不得超出实现其目标所必需的范围。例如,对媒体的审查将被视为对表达自由的过度限制,除非在非常具体和合理的情况下。最后,基本权利的本质不可侵犯是一项重要原则。这意味着个人权利的某些基本特征,如生命权或思想自由,是绝对的,不能以任何借口加以限制。这些原则反映了瑞士平衡保护个人自由与社会和政府责任的方式,确保对基本权利的限制是合法、必要和公平的。这些原则表明了瑞士尊重个人权利的承诺,同时也承认为了共同利益,有时不可避免地需要做出某些限制。
瑞士的法令颁布权在尊重宪法的同时,也为法律的实施和执行提供了一定程度的灵活性。这种颁布法令的能力对政府的有效性至关重要,但必须在国家最高法律框架规定的范围内行使。瑞士宪法作为基本法,确定了政府权力的一般原则和限制,包括颁布法令的能力。这项权力不受宪法限制,但必须按照宪法规定行使。换言之,法令不得与《宪法》规定的原则或权利相抵触。此外,《宪法》或联邦立法可明确授权联邦委员会在特定领域颁布法令。这种授权通常用于使联邦委员会能够明确技术细节或适当适用法律。例如,一项联邦法律可能会建立一个环境保护监管框架,然后《宪法》或法律可能会授权联邦委员会制定法令,详细规定具体标准、遵守程序和对违规行为的处罚。这种制度确保了法令的发布,虽然法令对于灵活和反应迅速的治理至关重要,但它是在明确界定的法律框架内发布的,既尊重法律主权,也尊重宪法原则。它还确保立法过程保持透明,并对瑞士人民负责,符合作为瑞士政治制度核心的民主和法治原则。
在瑞士法律体系中,法令的特点是无需全民公决。这一点使法令有别于联邦法律,后者可以提出异议并付诸全民投票。这种区别的根本原因在于,法令本身并不制定新的法律,而是为了实施、澄清或补充联邦法律已经制定的规定。法令一般由联邦委员会或其他行政当局制定,旨在为法律的实际应用提供详细的指导。例如,如果通过了一项联邦法律来规范某个行业,那么相应的法令就可以规定企业必须遵守的技术标准、合规程序或安全标准。通过不对法令进行全民公决,瑞士的制度在行政效率和民主参与之间取得了平衡。虽然基本和重要的法律需要经过全民协商,但在实施过程中,技术性和行政性较强的问题可以更直接、更迅速地得到处理。这种做法确保了在尊重重大问题直接民主原则的同时,行政部门也能高效运作,根据不断变化的需求和情况调整和适用法律。
在瑞士,起草法令授权法需要微妙的平衡,以确保法律的明确性和对民主原则的尊重。精心起草的授权法案必须足够清晰,让公民了解所赋予权力的范围和限制,同时又足够详细,以避免含糊不清。瑞士有关电信监管的法律就是这种做法的一个历史范例。当瑞士议会通过有关该行业的法律时,它确定了政策和目标的大体轮廓,而将技术方面的细节通过法令留给联邦委员会。在这种情况下,立法足够清晰,公民能够理解指导原则,随后的法令也与这些原则保持一致,同时提供了适应快速技术变革所需的灵活性。
在遵守各层次法律方面,法令必须尊重规范等级,不仅要遵守联邦法律,还要遵守各州宪法。这对于保持立法的一致性和尊重瑞士的联邦结构至关重要。例如,在执行环境政策时,法令不仅要遵守联邦指令,还要考虑到各州的具体特点,从而确保这些指令得到有效执行,并尊重各地区的特殊性。在这一过程中,透明度和信息也起着至关重要的作用。瑞士政府努力就其制定的授权立法和法令进行公开交流,确保公民充分了解并能够理解这些立法文本的含义。议会辩论、官方出版物和媒体在这一沟通过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。最后,修订和控制的可能性是瑞士治理的一项重要原则。瑞士的法律制度允许对法令进行定期审查,从而确保这些文本始终具有相关性,符合立法目标,并接受公众的监督和批评。这种做法体现了瑞士对立法程序民主、透明和响应公民需求和关切的坚定承诺。
瑞士法律中的法令在立法层次中占有独特的地位。它被视为实质意义上的法律规则,但不是形式意义上的法律,这使其有别于联邦议会通过的传统法律。这种区别基于其通过的性质和程序,也基于其无需全民公决这一事实。作为实体法的一项规则,法令规定了执行法律的具体标准和指令。它们在提供实际应用联邦法律规定的原则所需的细节和精确度方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而,与正式意义上的法律不同,法令通常由联邦委员会或其他行政当局发布,而不是由议会发布。这种起草方法意味着法令不像正式法律那样经过完整的立法程序,特别是在议会辩论和批准方面。法令的一个重要方面是它们无须经过全民公决。这意味着,尽管法令具有法律效力,但瑞士公民没有机会通过全民投票直接对其提出质疑。这一特点的理由是,法令的主要作用是澄清和适用已经通过的法律,而不是建立新的、独立的法律原则。因此,法令被视为现行法律的延伸或应用,而不是独立的立法创新。在瑞士,法令是法律体系的重要组成部分,在尊重瑞士立法的整体结构和原则的前提下,可以根据具体情况灵活调整和适用联邦法律。