https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=To_conclude_the_course_of_critical_approaches_to_international_relations&feed=atom&action=historyTo conclude the course of critical approaches to international relations - Historique des versions2024-03-28T19:30:29ZHistorique des versions pour cette page sur le wikiMediaWiki 1.38.2https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=To_conclude_the_course_of_critical_approaches_to_international_relations&diff=48824&oldid=prevArthur le 5 juillet 2020 à 10:122020-07-05T10:12:36Z<p></p>
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</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=To_conclude_the_course_of_critical_approaches_to_international_relations&diff=39325&oldid=prevArthur le 15 avril 2019 à 08:122019-04-15T08:12:41Z<p></p>
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</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=To_conclude_the_course_of_critical_approaches_to_international_relations&diff=39308&oldid=prevArthur le 15 avril 2019 à 08:052019-04-15T08:05:18Z<p></p>
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</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=To_conclude_the_course_of_critical_approaches_to_international_relations&diff=39237&oldid=prevArthur le 12 avril 2019 à 12:382019-04-12T12:38:45Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Fichier:</del>Ri2 communist party.png|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">400px</del>|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vignette</del>|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">droite</del>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Infobox Lecture</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Stephan Davidshofer]]<ref>[http://unige.academia.edu/StephanDavidshofer Page de Stephan Davidshofer sur Academia.edu]</ref><ref>[https://www.gcsp.ch/News-Knowledge/Experts/Guest-Experts/Davidshofer-Dr-Stephan-Davidshofer Page personnelle de Stephan Davidshofer sur le site du Geneva Centre for Security Policy]</ref><ref>[https://twitter.com/stedavids Compte Twitter de Stephan Davidshofer]</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Xavier Guillaume]]<ref>[http://edinburgh.academia.edu/XavierGuillaume Page de Xavier Guillaume sur Academia.edu]</ref><ref>[http://www.pol.ed.ac.uk/people/academic_staff/xavier_guillaume Page personnelle de Xavier Guillaume sur le site de l'Université de Édimbourg]</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencespo.fr/psia/users/xavierguillaume Page personnelle de Xavier Guillaume sur le site de Science Po Paris PSIA]</ref><ref>[http://edinburgh.academia.edu/XavierGuillaume Page de Xavier Guillaume sur Academia.edu]</ref><ref>[https://www.rug.nl/staff/x.guillaume/research Page personnelle de Xavier Guillaume sur le site de l'Université de Groningen]</ref> </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>| <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cours = [[Critical approaches to international relations]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[Introduction to critical approaches to international relations]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[Sociology of the discipline of international relations]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[Globalization: circulation between imperialism and cosmopolitan strategies]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[Otherness in international relations]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[The concept of domination in international relations]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[Humanitarian action: between action and intervention]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[The concept of development in international relations]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[Security and international relations]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[Surveillance and international relations]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[War and international relations]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[War, peace and politics in Africa since the end of the Cold War]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[Borders in international politics]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[The borders of Europe]] </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[Mobility and international relations]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[To conclude the course of critical approaches to international relations</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Why a course on critical approaches to international business? =</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Why a course on critical approaches to international business? =</div></td></tr>
</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=To_conclude_the_course_of_critical_approaches_to_international_relations&diff=38326&oldid=prevArthur : /* The danger of doxa */2019-01-06T11:37:40Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The danger of doxa</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Version du 6 janvier 2019 à 12:37</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= The danger of doxa =</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= The danger of doxa =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bourdieu parle des dangers de la doxa dans <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>Sur l’État<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </del>publié en 2012. Pour lui, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{citation|</del>Les profanes sont aussi en danger de faire confiance. Si mon entreprise est réussie, ils doivent trouver tout ça très naturel et, parfois, se demander pourquoi je pose de manière si pathétique des problèmes qu'ils trouvent très simples, une fois que je les ai formulés [...] Ce danger est un effet, paradoxalement, du cela-va-de-soi. Ayant dit: je vais dénoncer [le fait] que cela va de soi, je produis un autre effet de cela-va-de-soi, un effet de naturel qui peut être accueilli à son tour comme une sorte de doxa. [...] Ce sentiment de <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">déjà̀ </del>vu et de <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">déjà̀ </del>connu, que je ne stigmatise pas, mais que j'explicite, est une protection contre l'effort de pensée qu'il faut faire dans toutes les sciences, et spécialement en sociologie, pour être à la hauteur de ce qu'on a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">déjà̀ </del>pensé<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">}}</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bourdieu parle des dangers de la doxa dans Sur l’État publié en 2012. Pour lui, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">« </ins>Les profanes sont aussi en danger de faire confiance. Si mon entreprise est réussie, ils doivent trouver tout ça très naturel et, parfois, se demander pourquoi je pose de manière si pathétique des problèmes qu'ils trouvent très simples, une fois que je les ai formulés [...] Ce danger est un effet, paradoxalement, du cela-va-de-soi. Ayant dit: je vais dénoncer [le fait] que cela va de soi, je produis un autre effet de cela-va-de-soi, un effet de naturel qui peut être accueilli à son tour comme une sorte de doxa. [...] Ce sentiment de <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">déjà </ins>vu et de <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">déjà </ins>connu, que je ne stigmatise pas, mais que j'explicite, est une protection contre l'effort de pensée qu'il faut faire dans toutes les sciences, et spécialement en sociologie, pour être à la hauteur de ce qu'on a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">déjà </ins>pensé <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">»</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Faire des approches critiques est être dans un rapport de distanciation, de critique par rapport à soi et d’écoute par rapport à d’autres.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Faire des approches critiques est être dans un rapport de distanciation, de critique par rapport à soi et d’écoute par rapport à d’autres.</div></td></tr>
</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=To_conclude_the_course_of_critical_approaches_to_international_relations&diff=38325&oldid=prevArthur : /* The domination */2019-01-06T11:36:11Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The domination</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Version du 6 janvier 2019 à 12:36</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= The domination =</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= The domination =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lorsqu’on parle de </del>domination, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il y a deux éléments fondamentaux</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dans </del>''Sur l’État'' <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de </del>Pierre Bourdieu <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">publié en </del>2012 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">l’État {{citation|est l'instance légitimatrice par excellence, qui ratifie, solennise, enregistre les actes ou les personnes, en faisant apparaître comme allant de soi les divisions ou les classifications qu'il institue. [...] L'État n'est pas un simple instrument de coercition, mais un instrument de production et de reproduction du consensus, chargé de régulations morales [...] cet organe de la discipline morale [qu'est l'État] n'est pas au service de n'importe qui, mais sert plutôt les dominants}}. L’État est dans une grande mesure le reflet de ces rapports de domination. </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">When we talk about </ins>domination, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">there are two fundamental elements</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In </ins>''Sur l’État'' <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of </ins>Pierre Bourdieu <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">published in </ins>2012 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dans ''De la critique. Précis de sociologie de l'émancipation'' publié en 2009</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Boltanski parle de la domination qui {{citation|n'est pas directement observable et échappe en outre</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">le plus souvent</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">à la conscience des acteurs</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">La domination doit être dévoilée</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Elle ne parle pas d'elle-même et se dissimule dans des dispositifs dont les formes patentes de pouvoir ne constituent que la dimension la plus superficielle [</del>...] <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tout se passe donc comme si les acteurs subissaient la </del>domination <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui s'exercent sur eux non seulement à leur insu, mais parfois même en contribuant à son exercice}}</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the State" is the legitimizing body par excellence, which ratifies</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">solemnizes</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">registers acts or persons</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">making it obvious that the divisions or classifications it establishes are self-evident. .</ins>..<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">] The State is not merely an instrument of coercion, but an instrument of production and reproduction of consensus, charged with moral regulation</ins>... <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">this organ of moral discipline[which is the State</ins>] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is not at the service of anyone, but rather serves the dominant ones. The State is to a large extent a reflection of these relationships of </ins>domination.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Une vision naïve du post-colonialisme est de penser que c’est simplement l’imposition d’une vision à un autre</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Des études montrent comment le colonisé s’est accommodé d’une forme </del>de <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pouvoir et </del>de domination <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">parce que des élites locales se sont alliées au colonisateur pour gérer un territoire</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nous sommes tous des acteurs de la </del>domination. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In ''De la critique</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Précis </ins>de <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sociologie </ins>de <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">l'émancipation'' published in 2009, Boltanski talks about </ins>domination<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, which "is not directly observable and is also, in most cases, beyond the consciousness of the actors. The domination must be revealed. It does not speak for itself and hides itself in devices whose obvious forms of power constitute only the most superficial dimension [.</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">..] Everything therefore happens as if the actors were undergoing the </ins>domination <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that is exercised over them not only without their knowledge, but sometimes even by contributing to its exercise</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le </del>danger <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de la </del>doxa =</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A naïve vision of post-colonialism is to think that it is simply the imposition of one vision on another. Studies show how the colonized has accommodated a form of power and domination because local elites have allied themselves with the colonizer to manage a territory. We are all actors of domination.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </ins>danger <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of </ins>doxa =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bourdieu parle des dangers de la doxa dans ''Sur l’État'' publié en 2012. Pour lui, {{citation|Les profanes sont aussi en danger de faire confiance. Si mon entreprise est réussie, ils doivent trouver tout ça très naturel et, parfois, se demander pourquoi je pose de manière si pathétique des problèmes qu'ils trouvent très simples, une fois que je les ai formulés [...] Ce danger est un effet, paradoxalement, du cela-va-de-soi. Ayant dit: je vais dénoncer [le fait] que cela va de soi, je produis un autre effet de cela-va-de-soi, un effet de naturel qui peut être accueilli à son tour comme une sorte de doxa. [...] Ce sentiment de déjà̀ vu et de déjà̀ connu, que je ne stigmatise pas, mais que j'explicite, est une protection contre l'effort de pensée qu'il faut faire dans toutes les sciences, et spécialement en sociologie, pour être à la hauteur de ce qu'on a déjà̀ pensé}}. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bourdieu parle des dangers de la doxa dans ''Sur l’État'' publié en 2012. Pour lui, {{citation|Les profanes sont aussi en danger de faire confiance. Si mon entreprise est réussie, ils doivent trouver tout ça très naturel et, parfois, se demander pourquoi je pose de manière si pathétique des problèmes qu'ils trouvent très simples, une fois que je les ai formulés [...] Ce danger est un effet, paradoxalement, du cela-va-de-soi. Ayant dit: je vais dénoncer [le fait] que cela va de soi, je produis un autre effet de cela-va-de-soi, un effet de naturel qui peut être accueilli à son tour comme une sorte de doxa. [...] Ce sentiment de déjà̀ vu et de déjà̀ connu, que je ne stigmatise pas, mais que j'explicite, est une protection contre l'effort de pensée qu'il faut faire dans toutes les sciences, et spécialement en sociologie, pour être à la hauteur de ce qu'on a déjà̀ pensé}}. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=To_conclude_the_course_of_critical_approaches_to_international_relations&diff=38324&oldid=prevArthur : /* Contre l'apparence de la nécessité */2019-01-06T11:35:13Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Contre l'apparence de la nécessité</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Version du 6 janvier 2019 à 12:35</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Pour Cox dans ''Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory'' publié en 1981, {{citation|theory is always for someone and for some purpose}}. C’est-à-dire qu’il faut placer les concepts dans une sociologie de la connaissance. Cox différencie le « problem-solving » qui prend le monde tel qu’il semble être en fournissant des approches explicatives, d’avec les « critical theory ». Ainsi, il est important de distinguer les « discours que l’on porte sur » et les « processus » sociaux, politiques, économiques effectifs. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Pour Cox dans ''Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory'' publié en 1981, {{citation|theory is always for someone and for some purpose}}. C’est-à-dire qu’il faut placer les concepts dans une sociologie de la connaissance. Cox différencie le « problem-solving » qui prend le monde tel qu’il semble être en fournissant des approches explicatives, d’avec les « critical theory ». Ainsi, il est important de distinguer les « discours que l’on porte sur » et les « processus » sociaux, politiques, économiques effectifs. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L'oppression et la </del>domination =</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Oppression and </ins>domination =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L’oppression n’est pas la </del>domination. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Elle n’en est qu’une dimension </del>possible, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais pas nécessaire</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est empêcher les gens de d’exprimer</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dans </del>''Justice and the Politics of Difference'' <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">publié en 1990, Young met en exergue que l’oppression consiste en des actions et/ou des {{citation|processus institutionnels systématiques empêchant certaines personnes d'apprendre et d'employer des aptitudes [relationnelles, e.g. estime de soi/rapport aux autres ; trad. de 'satisfying and expansive skills'] dans des environnements socialement reconnus, ou des processus sociaux institutionnalisés entravant la capacité des personnes d’engager et communiquer avec les autres ou d'exprimer leurs sentiments et perspectives sur la vie sociale dans des contextes où d'autres peuvent entendre}}. Young décrit la domination comme consistant en des {{citation|conditions institutionnelles qui entravent ou préviennent les personnes de participer dans la détermination de leurs actions ou des conditions de leurs actions. Les personnes vivent dans des structures de domination si d'autres personnes ou groupes peuvent déterminer sans réciprocité les conditions de leurs actions, soit directement ou en vertu des conséquences structurelles de leurs actions. La démocratie sociale et politique pleine (thorough) est l'opposé de la domination}}. </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Oppression is not </ins>domination. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is only one </ins>possible, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but not necessary, dimension</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It's about keeping people from expressing themselves</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In </ins>''Justice and the Politics of Difference'' <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L’idée centrale de </del>domination <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">est qu’il n’y a pas de réciprocité</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on dit pour l’autre ce qu’il doit être, on structure l’autre dans ce qu’il doit penser et ce qu’il doit devenir</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ce n’est pas parce qu’une personne veut qu’elle peut changer les choses</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">published in 1990, Young highlights that oppression consists of systematic institutional actions and/or processes that prevent some people from learning and using skills[relational, e.g. self-esteem/relationship to others; satisfying and expansive skills] in socially recognized environments, or institutionalized social processes that hinder people's ability to engage and communicate with others or to express their feelings and perspectives about social life in contexts where others can hear. Young describes </ins>domination <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as "institutional conditions that impede or prevent people from participating in the determination of their actions or the conditions of their actions. People live in structures of domination if other people or groups can determine the conditions of their actions without reciprocity</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">either directly or by virtue of the structural consequences of their actions</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Full (thorough) social and political democracy is the opposite of domination</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">La </del>domination =</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The central idea of domination is that there is no reciprocity, we say for the other what he must be, we structure the other in what he must think and what he must become. Just because a person wants to make a difference doesn't mean they can.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </ins>domination =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lorsqu’on parle de domination, il y a deux éléments fondamentaux. Dans ''Sur l’État'' de Pierre Bourdieu publié en 2012 l’État {{citation|est l'instance légitimatrice par excellence, qui ratifie, solennise, enregistre les actes ou les personnes, en faisant apparaître comme allant de soi les divisions ou les classifications qu'il institue. [...] L'État n'est pas un simple instrument de coercition, mais un instrument de production et de reproduction du consensus, chargé de régulations morales [...] cet organe de la discipline morale [qu'est l'État] n'est pas au service de n'importe qui, mais sert plutôt les dominants}}. L’État est dans une grande mesure le reflet de ces rapports de domination. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lorsqu’on parle de domination, il y a deux éléments fondamentaux. Dans ''Sur l’État'' de Pierre Bourdieu publié en 2012 l’État {{citation|est l'instance légitimatrice par excellence, qui ratifie, solennise, enregistre les actes ou les personnes, en faisant apparaître comme allant de soi les divisions ou les classifications qu'il institue. [...] L'État n'est pas un simple instrument de coercition, mais un instrument de production et de reproduction du consensus, chargé de régulations morales [...] cet organe de la discipline morale [qu'est l'État] n'est pas au service de n'importe qui, mais sert plutôt les dominants}}. L’État est dans une grande mesure le reflet de ces rapports de domination. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=To_conclude_the_course_of_critical_approaches_to_international_relations&diff=38323&oldid=prevArthur : /* Contre la réification */2019-01-06T11:34:05Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Contre la réification</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Version du 6 janvier 2019 à 12:34</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For Calhoun in'' Critical Social Theory''<ref>Calhoun, Craig J. Critical Social Theory: Culture, History, and the Challenge of Difference. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1995.</ref> published in 1995, it is necessary to offer a"" reading of the historical and cultural conditions (both social and personal) on which the intellectual activity of a[researcher] depends". Security advisors in the United States were often academics. It is necessary to understand the production of the social world through actors who are professionals. There is also a need for "a continuous re-examination of the constituent categories and conceptual frameworks by which a[researcher] understands, including a historical construction of these frameworks". A critical approach seeks to understand the tools to make sense and see their contingencies in order to place them back in their origin and constructions. Concepts are also tools of power to influence others. It is also about making "a'confrontation' with the hidden and unsupported theoretical assumptions that determine how the world is understood". There is a world view that is not said, but is at the heart of certain practices and discourses.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For Calhoun in'' Critical Social Theory''<ref>Calhoun, Craig J. Critical Social Theory: Culture, History, and the Challenge of Difference. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1995.</ref> published in 1995, it is necessary to offer a"" reading of the historical and cultural conditions (both social and personal) on which the intellectual activity of a[researcher] depends". Security advisors in the United States were often academics. It is necessary to understand the production of the social world through actors who are professionals. There is also a need for "a continuous re-examination of the constituent categories and conceptual frameworks by which a[researcher] understands, including a historical construction of these frameworks". A critical approach seeks to understand the tools to make sense and see their contingencies in order to place them back in their origin and constructions. Concepts are also tools of power to influence others. It is also about making "a'confrontation' with the hidden and unsupported theoretical assumptions that determine how the world is understood". There is a world view that is not said, but is at the heart of certain practices and discourses.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Contre la réification </del>=</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Against reification </ins>=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">La réification est l’idée de rendre une chose une chose</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dans ''La réification. Petit traité de théorie critique'' publié en </del>2007, Honneth <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rapporte les propos de </del>Lukács <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pour qui la réification est transformer {{citation|une relation entre personnes prend le caractère d'une chose}}</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Reification is the idea of making one thing one thing one thing</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In Reification: A Recognition-Theoretical View published in </ins>2007, Honneth <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">reports the words of </ins>Lukács <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for whom reification is to transform "a relationship between people takes the character of a thing"</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Du point de vue marxiste</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">le fétichisme est le fait d’entrer dans une relation sociale avec toutes les personnes qui ont contribué à la création</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">la </del>production <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et la vente de l’objet</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est l’idée d’entrer dans une relation sociale et d’y participer</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais aussi d’accepter un mode de fonctionnement</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Acheter quelque chose n’est pas </del>innocent. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dans ''</del>Le Capital<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </del>de Karl Marx <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">publié en </del>1867, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pour les producteurs</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il apparaît que {{citation|les rapports de leurs travaux privés apparaissent ce qu'ils sont</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">c'est- à-dire non des rapports sociaux immédiats de personnes dans leurs travaux même</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais bien plutôt des rapports sociaux entre les choses}}</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From a Marxist perspective</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fetishism is the act of entering into a social relationship with all those who have contributed to the creation</ins>, production <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and sale of the object</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is the idea of entering and participating in a social relationship</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but also of accepting a way of functioning</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Buying something is not </ins>innocent. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In </ins>Le Capital de Karl Marx <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">published in </ins>1867, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for producers, it appears that "the relationships of their private works appear as they are</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that is</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">not as immediate social relationships of people in their own work</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but rather as social relationships between things"</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Un rapport critique est quelqu’un qui se rend compte de ce qu’il fait</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Échanger est peut être acheter différent réfléchissant en termes de « ce que ceci représente »</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Produire participe de la personne en tant que producteur</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il faut s’interroger sur la manière dont ont réifier l’objet</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A critical report is someone who realizes what they are doing</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Exchanging may be buying different reflecting in terms of "what this represents"</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Producing involves the person as a producer</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">We must ask ourselves how to reify the object</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pour </del>Robert Elias <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dans </del>''What is Sociology?'' <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">publié en </del>1978, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{citation|beaucoup de noms utilisés en </del>sciences <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sociales — et dans notre langage quotidien — sont formés et employés comme si ils faisaient référence à des choses matérielles</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">des objets visibles et tangibles dans le temps et l'espace</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">existant indépendamment des gens}}</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Un État est une </del>construction <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sociale</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">un imaginaire une </del>multitude <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">d’organisme</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">d’organisation et de personnes qui le représentent</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le </del>danger <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">est de penser des </del>concepts <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et de leur donner une vie qui efface la multiplicité des rapports sociaux</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">For </ins>Robert Elias <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </ins>''What is Sociology?'' <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">published in </ins>1978, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"many names used in the social </ins>sciences <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">- and in our everyday language - are formed and used as if they refer to material things</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">objects visible and tangible in time and space</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">existing independently of people"</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A state is a social </ins>construction, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an imaginary a </ins>multitude <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of bodies</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">organizations and individuals that represent it</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </ins>danger <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is to think of </ins>concepts <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and give them a life that erases the multiplicity of social relationships</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Contre l'apparence de la nécessité = </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Contre l'apparence de la nécessité = </div></td></tr>
</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=To_conclude_the_course_of_critical_approaches_to_international_relations&diff=38322&oldid=prevArthur : /* The critique */2019-01-06T11:26:20Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The critique</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">◂ Version précédente</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Version du 6 janvier 2019 à 12:26</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= The critique =</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= The critique =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il y a différents </del>types <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de possibles</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il faut comprendre les phénomènes comme étant une résultante spécifique et de comprendre pourquoi est-on arrivé à cette résultante et comment on peut arriver à d’autres résultantes</del>. Calhoun <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">montre que la critique est reconnaître que l'état du monde actuel n'épuise pas tous les possibles en vue d'une </del>action <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sociale</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">There are different </ins>types <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of possibilities</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is necessary to understand the phenomena as a specific resultant and to understand why this resultant was achieved and how other results can be achieved</ins>. Calhoun <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">shows that criticism is a recognition that the current state of the world does not exhaust all possibilities for social </ins>action.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pour </del>Calhoun <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dans</del>'' Critical Social Theory''<ref>Calhoun, Craig J. Critical Social Theory: Culture, History, and the Challenge of Difference. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1995.</ref> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">publié en </del>1995, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il faut offrir une «{{citation|lecture des </del>conditions <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">historiques et culturelles </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tant sociales que personnelles</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dont dépend l'activité intellectuelle d'un </del>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">chercheur</del>]<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">}}</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Les conseillers en sécurité aux États-Unis furent souvent des universitaires</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il faut comprendre la </del>production <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">du monde </del>social <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">à travers des acteurs qui sont des professionnels</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il faut aussi procéder à {{citation|un ré</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">examen continu des catégories constitutives et des cadres conceptuels par lesquels un </del>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">chercheur</del>] <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">comprend</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">en incluant une </del>construction <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">historique de ces cadres}}</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Une approche critique cherche à comprendre les outils pour faire du sens et de voir leurs contingences afin de les replacer dans leur origine et dans leurs </del>constructions. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Les concepts sont aussi des outils de pouvoir permettant d’agir sur les autres</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il s’agit aussi de faire {{citation|une ‘confrontation’ avec les présuppositions théoriques cachées et non- soutenues déterminant la façon de comprendre le monde}}</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il y </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">une conception du monde qui ne se dit pas</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais qui est au centre de certaines pratiques et de certains discours</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">For </ins>Calhoun <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in</ins>'' Critical Social Theory''<ref>Calhoun, Craig J. Critical Social Theory: Culture, History, and the Challenge of Difference. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1995.</ref> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">published in </ins>1995, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it is necessary to offer a"" reading of the historical and cultural </ins>conditions (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">both social and personal</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on which the intellectual activity of a</ins>[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">researcher</ins>] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">depends"</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Security advisors in the United States were often academics</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is necessary to understand the </ins>production <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of the </ins>social <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">world through actors who are professionals</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">There is also a need for "a continuous re</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">examination of the constituent categories and conceptual frameworks by which a</ins>[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">researcher</ins>] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">understands</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">including a historical </ins>construction <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of these frameworks"</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A critical approach seeks to understand the tools to make sense and see their contingencies in order to place them back in their origin and </ins>constructions. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Concepts are also tools of power to influence others</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is also about making "a'confrontation' with the hidden and unsupported theoretical assumptions that determine how the world is understood"</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">There is </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">world view that is not said</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but is at the heart of certain practices and discourses</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Contre la réification =</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Contre la réification =</div></td></tr>
</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=To_conclude_the_course_of_critical_approaches_to_international_relations&diff=38321&oldid=prevArthur le 6 janvier 2019 à 11:252019-01-06T11:25:41Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Fichier:Ri2 communist party.png|400px|vignette|droite]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Fichier:Ri2 communist party.png|400px|vignette|droite]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pourquoi un cours sur les approches critiques de l'international </del>? =</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Why a course on critical approaches to international business</ins>? =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Fichier:La tentation de saint antoine.png|200px|vignette|droite]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Fichier:La tentation de saint antoine.png|200px|vignette|droite]]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">International relations" is not an obvious, indisputable or even obvious object of study. This is one approach among others, the international world is so complex that it is only one type of problem. The question of any researcher and what problem is being asked. Often, the question is more important than the answer. It is important to ask the right questions. To be able to question the world is a much more important act to some extent, but that does not mean that there is no weight. Forgetting to ask questions is perhaps the worst thing that can happen. A doctrinal discourse is a positive response. To some extent, the answer may be a denial of questioning. Meyer shows that in positive social sciences, the danger is to adopt answers that erase the social world. A response that to plausibilities may tend to erase other questions about the war or about the response itself.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Les « relations internationales » ne sont pas un objet d'étude manifeste</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">indiscutable voir évident</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est une approche parmi d’autres</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">le monde international est d’une telle complexité qu’il ne s’agit que d’un type de problème</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">La question de n’importe quel chercheur et de savoir quel problème est posé. Souvent</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">la question est plus importante que la réponse</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il est important de se poser les bonnes questions</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Arriver à questionner le monde est un acte beaucoup plus important dans une certaine mesure</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais cela n’empêche pas qu’il y a un poids</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Oublier de se poser des </del>questions <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">est peut-être la pire chose qu’il peut arriver</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Un discours doctrinal est une réponse positive. Dans une certaine mesure</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">la réponse peut-être un déni de questionnement. Meyer montre que dans les sciences sociales positives</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">le danger est d’adopter des réponses qui effacent le monde social. Une réponse qui à des plausibilités peut avoir tendre à effacer d’autres questionnements sur la guerre ou sur la réponse elle-même</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The thing to understand is that the question is not to choose an approach</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but to question things and problematize them</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Critical approaches do not mean that there are critics and others</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but this must make it possible to infuse any kind of approach, it is a form of intellectual humility</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As Chris Brown says in ''Understanding International Relations''<ref>Brown, Chris</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and Kirsten Ainley</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Understanding International Relations</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Houndmills, Basingstoke</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ref> published in 2005, these different </ins>questions <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are part of a "constant interplay between the'real world' and the world of knowledge"</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In international relations</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the dominant vision of this game is naturalizing essentializing insofar as we will be ahistorical and asociological in relation to the units</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but also in relation to the processes that we will try to explain</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">La chose à comprendre que la question n’est pas de choisir une approche, mais il faut questionner les choses et les problématiser. Les approches critiques ne veulent pas dire qu’il y a les critiques et les autres, mais cela doit permettre d’insuffler n’importe quel type d’approche, c’est une forme d’humilité intellectuelle. Comme le dit Chris Brown dans ''Understanding International Relations''<ref>Brown, Chris, and Kirsten Ainley. Understanding International Relations. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. </ref> publié en 2005, ces différentes questions participent donc d'un « jeu constant entre le 'monde réel' et le monde du savoir ». En relations internationales, la vision dominante de ce jeu est naturalisante essentialisante dans la mesure où l’on va être ahistorique et asociologique par rapport aux unités, mais aussi par rapport aux processus que l’on va tenter d’expliquer.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </ins>critique =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">La </del>critique =</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Il y a différents types de possibles. Il faut comprendre les phénomènes comme étant une résultante spécifique et de comprendre pourquoi est-on arrivé à cette résultante et comment on peut arriver à d’autres résultantes. Calhoun montre que la critique est reconnaître que l'état du monde actuel n'épuise pas tous les possibles en vue d'une action sociale.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Il y a différents types de possibles. Il faut comprendre les phénomènes comme étant une résultante spécifique et de comprendre pourquoi est-on arrivé à cette résultante et comment on peut arriver à d’autres résultantes. Calhoun montre que la critique est reconnaître que l'état du monde actuel n'épuise pas tous les possibles en vue d'une action sociale.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Arthur