« The borders of Europe » : différence entre les versions

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The discriminatory problem highlights a hierarchy of countries. As there is a gradation between different people on the degree of legality in order to be able to enter the European Union, the border may be located in different places. There is an outsourcing of skills. For someone who needs a visa, Europe's first border is a consulate or embassy issuing a Schengen visa. The border is no longer necessarily a distinction between inside and outside. Borders are no longer just lines, but can also be points. In fact, the logic of points and lines cohabit between them.
The discriminatory problem highlights a hierarchy of countries. As there is a gradation between different people on the degree of legality in order to be able to enter the European Union, the border may be located in different places. There is an outsourcing of skills. For someone who needs a visa, Europe's first border is a consulate or embassy issuing a Schengen visa. The border is no longer necessarily a distinction between inside and outside. Borders are no longer just lines, but can also be points. In fact, the logic of points and lines cohabit between them.


= La stratégie suisse de gestion intégrée des frontières [IBM] : le modèle des quatre filtres =
= The Swiss integrated border management strategy [IBM]: the model of the four filters =
La Suisse n’est pas membre de l’Union européenne, mais membre de l’accord de Schengen faisant partie de la zone de libre circulation des personnes. Se pose la question d’où sont les frontières de la Suisse ? La Suisse est un projet qui s’intègre dans le projet de constitution d’un espace de sécurité intérieur européen lancé en 1999 2000 menant à la constitution d’un espace de justice, liberté et sécurité.  
Switzerland is not a member of the European Union, but a member of the Schengen Agreement, which is part of the area of free movement of persons. The question arises as to where Switzerland's borders lie. Switzerland is a project that is part of the project to create a European internal security area launched in 1999-2000 leading to the creation of an area of justice, freedom and security.  


[[Fichier:Integrated management of external borders.jpeg|400px|vignette|centré]]
[[Fichier:Integrated management of external borders.jpeg|400px|vignette|centré]]

Version du 25 décembre 2018 à 14:39

From now on, borders are more articulated around police logics that are carried out at a distance based on security and surveillance systems. There is a transformation of border management policies around this modality.

Where are the borders of the European Union?

A European Union research group called "Challenge" deals with the transformations and challenges of the border. Today, in Europe, we are no longer in a linear border. The image of Fortress Europe is not fair. If there is an ethical problem with border practices, there are certain arbitrary and exceptional places that are problematic. As long as "borderization" practices are deployed, they have effects and in particular the de facto abolition between an "asylum seeker" and an "illegal immigrant". The country in which the asylum application is made is not required to be accepted, but there is the right to make an asylum application. In an attempt to reduce the distances between the Schengen area and its borders, the logic is fading. If the material possibility of making an asylum application is not possible, the categories are mixed between "asylum seeker" and "illegal immigrant".

Profiling logic based on visa policies is not a problem as such since 90% of people who apply for a Schengen visa obtain it. However, in the refusal rate, we realize that certain categories of population are emerging about refusal. This is linked to representations that are linked to individual and statistical logics. An individual logic is pastoral where it is up to the person to demonstrate that he or she has nothing to blame himself or herself for in order to have the right to move freely. However, it is not easy to escape a statistical category. This refers to the debate between freedom and security.

The European Union is reorganising its borders by making a distinction between those who can and those who cannot move. Within the European Union, within the framework of the Schengen area, borders have become invisible, while foreigners, i. e. persons outside the Schengen area who are non-EU citizens. The borders have not disappeared. One of the problems with freedom of movement, as long as some people are excluded, is a barrier to freedom of movement. There is a real inequality between the people who will enter the European Union.

The Schengen agreements were negotiated outside the European Union, but it was only after the Treaty of Amsterdam that Schengen was added to the acquis communautaire. Schengen, at the base, was set up as a compensatory measure to counter the problem that could arise from the movement of people. Schengen is a security measure, but it is a compensation measure. Schengen was first and foremost thought about illegal immigration. The way things have been set up highlights the fact that there has been a shift between the category of "illegal migrants" and cross-border crime.

Ri2 map visa needed.png

This map highlights the logic of borders with the creation of a hierarchy between countries according to the potential risk represented by people coming from these countries within the Schengen area. The initial idea is generous with free movement. The European Union as a political project had the aim of bringing people together. The emergence of compensatory logic calls into question the initial project. By creating this area of free movement, exclusion has been generated. It is not a normative representation, but a descriptive representation based on compensatory measures.

Ri2 map border ue fortress.png

The discriminatory problem highlights a hierarchy of countries. As there is a gradation between different people on the degree of legality in order to be able to enter the European Union, the border may be located in different places. There is an outsourcing of skills. For someone who needs a visa, Europe's first border is a consulate or embassy issuing a Schengen visa. The border is no longer necessarily a distinction between inside and outside. Borders are no longer just lines, but can also be points. In fact, the logic of points and lines cohabit between them.

The Swiss integrated border management strategy [IBM]: the model of the four filters

Switzerland is not a member of the European Union, but a member of the Schengen Agreement, which is part of the area of free movement of persons. The question arises as to where Switzerland's borders lie. Switzerland is a project that is part of the project to create a European internal security area launched in 1999-2000 leading to the creation of an area of justice, freedom and security.

Integrated management of external borders.jpeg

Le modèle IBM Integrated management of external borders est la stratégie Suisse de gestion des frontières. Ce modèle est l’application à la Suisse de façon extrêmement fidèle du programme de Stockholm ayant mené au niveau de l’Union européenne à la stratégie de IBM. Les frontières suisses sont un modèle en filtre qui se divise entre quatre filtres :

  1. Dispositifs dans les États tiers : c’est le personnel des ambassades suisses. La frontière suisse commence à l’ambassade. Cela peut être aussi avec des agents de liaison des douanes qui sont des conseillers en document qui intègrent la frontière suisse dans le pays d’origine. Ce sont des attachés migratoires comme, par exemple, les compagnies aériennes suisses qui est un acteur de la gestion des frontières.
  2. Frontières extérieurs de l’espace Schengen : ce sont tous les États Schengen qui ont une frontière extérieure. L’agence européenne en charge est l’agence FRONTEX qui regroupe des budgets afin de monter des opérations que cela soit avec des moyens militaires, policiers ou encore douaniers. La Suisse est intégrée dans FRONTEX envoyant des douaniers et des policiers s’occuper de la surveillance extérieure des pays de l’Union européenne. La Suisse coopère aussi avec les agences compétentes à Bruxelles afin de s’occuper et contribuer à la gestion des frontières extérieures de Schengen.
  3. Frontière suisse traditionnelles : c’est l’ancienne frontière, mais aussi les aéroports. Des systèmes d’informations sont mis en place dans une logique où ces ceux qui entrent qui doivent montrer qu’ils sont légitimes à entrer. Cela renvoie à l’accord PMR qui est un échange automatique d’informations entre toues les personnes qui voyagent entre l’Union européenne et les États-Unis.
  4. Dispositif dans l’espace intérieur : cela est au sein du territoire dans des lieux ciblés comme une gare.

Dans la logique de filtre, on voit que le monde entier est quasiment ouvert. Est mise en place l’idée de globalisation de la sécurité où l’enjeu de la sécurité est de pouvoir déterminer de manière efficace ceux qui ont le droit de circuler et ceux qui n’ont pas le droit de circuler afin de gérer ces flux de manière efficace. Désormais, les frontières suisses sont un peu partout et plus où on les attendait.

La Suisse est intégrée dans la conception de la sécurité intérieure européenne. La distinction entre sécurité intérieure et extérieure a explosé. En Suisse, la question de la sécurité a fusionné entre sécurité intérieure et extérieure au profit de ceux qui font la sécurité intérieure. Maintenant, il y a une dimension extérieure de la sécurité intérieure qui renvoie à la logique de « homeland security ». L’Europe est la Suisse s’inscrivent dans cette fusion entre l’interne et l’externe.

Le rapport à l’étranger peut être double. Même si l’Europe n’est pas une forteresse, on est avant tout en train de générer des logiques d’exclusion. Une machine intégrative et inclusive génère surtout de l’exclusion.

Annexes

Bibliography

References