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  | assistants =   
  | assistants =   
  | enregistrement =  
  | enregistrement =  
  | cours = [[Introduction au droit]]
  | cours = [[Introduction to law]]
  | lectures =
  | lectures =
*[[Définition du droit]]
*[[The definition of law]]
*[[L’État]]
*[[The State]]
*[[Les différentes branches du droit]]
*[[The different branches of law]]
*[[Les sources du droit]]
*[[The sources of law]]
*[[Les grandes traditions formatrices du droit]]
*[[The great formative traditions of law]]
*[[Les éléments de la relation juridique]]
*[[The elements of the legal relationship]]
*[[L’application du droit]]
*[[The application of law]]
*[[La mise en œuvre d’une loi]]
*[[The implementation of a law]]
*[[L’évolution de la Suisse des origines au XXème siècle]]
*[[The evolution of Switzerland from its origins to the 20th century]]
*[[Le cadre juridique interne de la Suisse]]
*[[Switzerland's domestic legal framework]]
*[[La structure d’État, le régime politique et la neutralité  de la Suisse]]
*[[Switzerland's state structure, political system and neutrality]]
*[[L’évolution des relations internationales de la fin du XIXe au milieu du XXe siècle]]
*[[The evolution of international relations from the end of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century]]
*[[Les organisations universelles]]
*[[The universal organizations]]
*[[Les organisations européennes et leurs relations avec la Suisse]]
*[[European organisations and their relations with Switzerland]]
*[[Les catégories et les générations de droits fondamentaux]]
*[[Categories and generations of fundamental rights]]
*[[Les origines des droits fondamentaux]]
*[[The origins of fundamental rights]]
*[[Les déclarations des droits de la fin du XVIIIe siècle]]
*[[Declarations of rights at the end of the 18th century]]
*[[Vers l’édification d’une conception universelle des droits fondamentaux au XXe siècle]]
*[[Towards the construction of a universal conception of fundamental rights in the 20th century]]
}}
}}


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= What is the State? =
= What is the State? =


Les éléments constitutifs sont au nombre de trois :
There are three components:
* '''Population''' : c’est l’élément humain de l’État. Ensemble illimité d’hommes qui est soumis à un même pouvoir, à des mêmes lois, à un même État ;
*'''Population''': it is the human element of the state. An unlimited set of men who are subject to the same power, the same laws, the same state;
* '''Territoire''' : territoire avec autorité ;
*'''Territory''': territory with authority;
* '''Souveraineté''' qui désigne le caractère suprême du pouvoir incarné par l'État : une autorité politique exclusive.
*'''Sovereignty''', which refers to the supreme character of power embodied by the State: an exclusive political authority.


= Les fonctions de l'État =
= The functions of the State =


*'''La fonction législative''' : créer des règles et adopter des lois ;
*The '''legislative function''': creating rules and adopting laws;
*The '''executive function''': it is responsible for managing the current policy of the State and enforcing/executing the law drawn up by the legislative power and the court decisions rendered by the judiciary;
*The '''judicial function''': to render justice and pronounce the applicable law in a conflict and to judge the case.


*'''La fonction exécutive''' : il est chargé de gérer la politique courante de l'État et d'appliquer/exécuter la loi élaborée par le pouvoir législatif et les décisions de justice rendue par le pouvoir judiciaire;
= State structures =


*'''La fonction juridictionnelle''' : rendre la justice et prononcer le droit applicable dans un conflit et de juger la cause.
== The unitary state ==
 
= Les structures d'États =
 
== L'État unitaire ==


[[Image:Map of unitary states.png|thumb|right|200px|Carte des États unitaires.]]
[[Image:Map of unitary states.png|thumb|right|200px|Carte des États unitaires.]]


Entre citoyen et État, il n'existe pas de pouvoir politique intermédiaire. Les départements et communes sont là juste pour des raisons administratives, mais sont soumis à l'État central. Il n'y a donc qu'UN centre d'impulsion politique. C'est la même autorité nationale qui crée les règles de droit. Il n'y a qu'une seule Constitution.
Between citizen and State, there is no intermediate political power. The departments and municipalities are there just for administrative reasons, but are subject to the central state. So there is only ONE centre of political momentum. It is the same national authority that creates the rules of law. There is only one Constitution.


== La confédération d'États ==
== The Confederation of States ==
A confederation of states is a grouping of sovereign states that have come together to achieve certain very limited goals. There is a common interest in coming together. In this structure of States is grouped by an international treaty, an agreement between several States. This agreement may establish a joint body to perform a number of functions that reflect the points that prompted these States to come together.


Une confédération d'États est un groupement d'États souverains qui se sont mis ensemble pour réaliser certains buts bien limités. Il y a un intérêt commun de se mettre ensemble. Dans cette structure d'États se regroupe par un traité de type international, un accord entre plusieurs États. Cet accord peut instituer un organe commun pour exercer un certain nombre de fonctions qui reprennent les points qui ont incité ces États à se mettre ensemble.  
There are different reasons why these states come together, such as to ensure peace within the alliance or to protect themselves from strangers. A conference brings together representatives of the different countries.  


Il existe différentes raisons pour lesquelles ces États se mettent ensemble comme pour assurer la paix à l'intérieur de l'alliance ou bien se protéger des étrangers. Une conférence réunit les représentants des différents pays.
== The Federal State ==


== L'État fédéral ==
[[Image:Map of federal states.png|thumb|right|200px|Federal States in the world.]]
[[Image:Map of federal states.png|thumb|right|200px|Les États fédéraux dans le monde.]]


Un État fédéral est un État composé de plusieurs collectivités politiques auxquelles il se superpose. Seul l'État fédéral existe en tant qu'État, il est celui qui entretient des relations avec l'étranger.  
A federal state is a state composed of several political communities on which it is superposed. Only the federal state exists as a state, it is the one that maintains relations with foreign countries.


Normalement, l'État fédéral naît de la Confédération d'États. Le passage se fait parce qu'on se rend compte qu'on est bien plus fort sous la structure d'État fédéral parce que les États ont un gouvernement, un pouvoir législatif et judiciaire. Mais aussi, cela renforce la cohésion de ces États.  
Normally, the federal state is born out of the Confederation of States. The transition is made because we realize that we are much stronger under the federal state structure because the states have a government, a legislative and judicial power. But it also strengthens the cohesion of these States.


Deux États : cantonal et fédéral.
Two states: cantonal and federal.


L'État fédéral exerce les trois fonctions reconnues à l'État. Il y a deux centres d'impulsion de droit à savoir le droit fédéral et le droit cantonal. Les entités inférieures ont quand même la possibilité d'édicter du droit.'
The federal state performs the three functions recognized to the state. There are two centres of legal impetus, namely federal law and cantonal law. "Lower entities still have the ability to enact law.  


{| cellspacing="0" border="1" align="center"
{| cellspacing="0" border="1" align="center"
|+ Différences entre confédération et Union européenne.
|+ Differences between the confederation and the European Union.
! Confédération !! Union européenne
! Confederation !! European Union
|-
|-
| L'organe est assuré par les représentants des États souverains. || Représente le peuple européen à travers son parlement.
| The body is headed by representatives of sovereign states. || Represents the European people through its parliament.
|}
|}


À noter que l'''<nowiki/>'Union européenne''' est, par certains aspects, une confédération et, sur d'autres aspects, a des caractéristiques d'État fédéral, au point qu'on préfère souvent y voir une entité <span lang="la">''[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis sui generis]''</span>, formant une catégorie à elle seule et ne rentrant dans aucune autre.
It should be noted that the European Union is, in some respects, a confederation and, in other respects, has characteristics of a federal state, to such an extent that it is often preferred to be seen as a ''sui generis'' entity, forming a category in itself and not part of any other.
 
'''<nowiki/>'''


= Les régimes politiques =
= Political regimes =


La forme du gouvernement de l'État s'exerce par les organes de l'État, soit les pouvoirs publics.  
The form of state government is exercised by the organs of the state, i.e. the public authorities.  


== La monarchie ==
== The monarchy ==
La monarchie est le régime politique dans lequel le chef de l’État est un monarque, et la monarchie absolue est celui dans lequel le pouvoir du monarque est complet, exclusif et illimité.  
The monarchy is the political regime in which the head of state is a monarch, and the absolute monarchy is the one in which the power of the monarch is complete, exclusive and unlimited.


Il est exprimé par un adage d’un juriste français du XVIème siècle et XVIIème siècle qui s’appelle Loisel (1536 1617). Il prône un pouvoir entier et sans partage, son adage est {{citation|Si veut la Roy, si veut la loi}} : ce que veut le roi à force de droit sous forme générale et abstraite fixant les règles de droit. La loi est le produit du roi. (Neuchâtel est une monarchie, monarchie ecclésiastique prince évêque de Bâle).
It is expressed by an adage of a French lawyer of the 16th and 17th centuries called Loisel (1536 - 1617). He advocates full and undivided power, his adage is "If the King wills, if the law wills": what the King wills by law in general and abstract form setting the rules of law. The law is the king's product. (Neuchâtel is a monarchy, ecclesiastical monarchy prince bishop of Basel).  


== L'oligarchie ==
== The oligarchy ==
L’oligarchie désigne le gouvernement exercé par un petit nombre d’hommes par opposition à la monarchie. Il suppose une participation un peu plus large à l’autorité souveraine et au pouvoir.
Oligarchy refers to the government exercised by a small number of men as opposed to the monarchy. It implies a slightly broader participation in sovereign authority and power.


== La démocratie ==  
== The democracy ==  
La démocratie est le régime politique dans lequel le pouvoir est attribué au peuple qui l'exerce lui-même ou par intermédiaire des représentants qu'il élit.  
Democracy is the political system in which power is attributed to the people who exercise it themselves or through the representatives they elect.  
*pour Heinrich Rudolf Schinz<ref>Ziswiler, Vincent. "Schinz, Heinrich Rudolf." Schinz, Heinrich Rudolf. Dictionnaire Historique De La Suisse, 11 Aug. 2011. Web. 01 Oct. 2014. <http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F14626.php>.</ref> (1777 – 1861) qui fut juriste zurichois, {{citation|tous les gouvernements de la Suisse doivent le reconnaître, il n’existe que pour autant qu’ils sont du peuple et qu’ils agissent par le peuple et pour le peuple}}. (1830)
*for Heinrich Rudolf Schinz<ref>Ziswiler, Vincent. "Schinz, Heinrich Rudolf." Schinz, Heinrich Rudolf. Dictionnaire Historique De La Suisse, 11 Aug. 2011. Web. 01 Oct. 2014. <http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F14626.php>.</ref> (1777 – 1861) who was a jurist from Zurich, "all the governments of Switzerland must recognise that there is only one way: if they are people and act by the people and for the people". (1830)
*en 1863, lors de l’inauguration du cimetière de la bataille de Gettysburg, Lincoln (1809 1865) alors président des États-Unis d’Amérique eut les mots suivant : {{citation|Puissions-nous, par notre détermination, faire en sorte que ces morts ne soient pas morts en vain, que cette nation, à l'ombre de Dieu, puisse renaître dans la liberté... et que le gouvernement du peuple, par le peuple et pour le peuple ne disparaisse pas de la surface de la terre}}.
*In 1863, at the inauguration of the cemetery at the Battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln (1809 - 1865), then President of the United States of America, had the following words: "May we, by our determination, ensure that these dead did not die in vain, that this nation, in the shadow of God, may be reborn in freedom... and that the government of the people, by the people and for the people, does not disappear from the face of the earth".


= Annexes =
= Annexes =

Version du 25 juin 2019 à 09:28


Languages

What is the State?

There are three components:

  • Population: it is the human element of the state. An unlimited set of men who are subject to the same power, the same laws, the same state;
  • Territory: territory with authority;
  • Sovereignty, which refers to the supreme character of power embodied by the State: an exclusive political authority.

The functions of the State

  • The legislative function: creating rules and adopting laws;
  • The executive function: it is responsible for managing the current policy of the State and enforcing/executing the law drawn up by the legislative power and the court decisions rendered by the judiciary;
  • The judicial function: to render justice and pronounce the applicable law in a conflict and to judge the case.

State structures

The unitary state

Carte des États unitaires.

Between citizen and State, there is no intermediate political power. The departments and municipalities are there just for administrative reasons, but are subject to the central state. So there is only ONE centre of political momentum. It is the same national authority that creates the rules of law. There is only one Constitution.

The Confederation of States

A confederation of states is a grouping of sovereign states that have come together to achieve certain very limited goals. There is a common interest in coming together. In this structure of States is grouped by an international treaty, an agreement between several States. This agreement may establish a joint body to perform a number of functions that reflect the points that prompted these States to come together.

There are different reasons why these states come together, such as to ensure peace within the alliance or to protect themselves from strangers. A conference brings together representatives of the different countries.

The Federal State

Federal States in the world.

A federal state is a state composed of several political communities on which it is superposed. Only the federal state exists as a state, it is the one that maintains relations with foreign countries.

Normally, the federal state is born out of the Confederation of States. The transition is made because we realize that we are much stronger under the federal state structure because the states have a government, a legislative and judicial power. But it also strengthens the cohesion of these States.

Two states: cantonal and federal.

The federal state performs the three functions recognized to the state. There are two centres of legal impetus, namely federal law and cantonal law. "Lower entities still have the ability to enact law.

Differences between the confederation and the European Union.
Confederation European Union
The body is headed by representatives of sovereign states. Represents the European people through its parliament.

It should be noted that the European Union is, in some respects, a confederation and, in other respects, has characteristics of a federal state, to such an extent that it is often preferred to be seen as a sui generis entity, forming a category in itself and not part of any other.

Political regimes

The form of state government is exercised by the organs of the state, i.e. the public authorities.

The monarchy

The monarchy is the political regime in which the head of state is a monarch, and the absolute monarchy is the one in which the power of the monarch is complete, exclusive and unlimited.

It is expressed by an adage of a French lawyer of the 16th and 17th centuries called Loisel (1536 - 1617). He advocates full and undivided power, his adage is "If the King wills, if the law wills": what the King wills by law in general and abstract form setting the rules of law. The law is the king's product. (Neuchâtel is a monarchy, ecclesiastical monarchy prince bishop of Basel).

The oligarchy

Oligarchy refers to the government exercised by a small number of men as opposed to the monarchy. It implies a slightly broader participation in sovereign authority and power.

The democracy

Democracy is the political system in which power is attributed to the people who exercise it themselves or through the representatives they elect.

  • for Heinrich Rudolf Schinz[7] (1777 – 1861) who was a jurist from Zurich, "all the governments of Switzerland must recognise that there is only one way: if they are people and act by the people and for the people". (1830)
  • In 1863, at the inauguration of the cemetery at the Battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln (1809 - 1865), then President of the United States of America, had the following words: "May we, by our determination, ensure that these dead did not die in vain, that this nation, in the shadow of God, may be reborn in freedom... and that the government of the people, by the people and for the people, does not disappear from the face of the earth".

Annexes

References

  1. Publication de Victor Monnier repertoriées sur le site de l'Université de Genève
  2. Hommage à Victor Monnier sur le site de l'Université de Genève
  3. Publications de Victor Monnier sur Cairn.info
  4. Publications de Victor Monnier sur Openedition.org
  5. Page personnelle de Victor Monnier sur le site de l'Université de Aix-Marseille
  6. En Hommage À Victor Monnier.” Hommages.ch, 11 Mar. 2019, www.hommages.ch/Defunt/119766/Victor_MONNIER.
  7. Ziswiler, Vincent. "Schinz, Heinrich Rudolf." Schinz, Heinrich Rudolf. Dictionnaire Historique De La Suisse, 11 Aug. 2011. Web. 01 Oct. 2014. <http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F14626.php>.