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  | cours = [[Introduction au droit]]
  | cours = [[Introduction to law]]
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*[[Définition du droit]]
*[[The definition of law]]
*[[L’État]]
*[[The State]]
*[[Les différentes branches du droit]]
*[[The different branches of law]]
*[[Les sources du droit]]
*[[The sources of law]]
*[[Les grandes traditions formatrices du droit]]
*[[The great formative traditions of law]]
*[[Les éléments de la relation juridique]]
*[[The elements of the legal relationship]]
*[[L’application du droit]]
*[[The application of law]]
*[[La mise en œuvre d’une loi]]
*[[The implementation of a law]]
*[[L’évolution de la Suisse des origines au XXème siècle]]
*[[The evolution of Switzerland from its origins to the 20th century]]
*[[Le cadre juridique interne de la Suisse]]
*[[Switzerland's domestic legal framework]]
*[[La structure d’État, le régime politique et la neutralité  de la Suisse]]
*[[Switzerland's state structure, political system and neutrality]]
*[[L’évolution des relations internationales de la fin du XIXe au milieu du XXe siècle]]
*[[The evolution of international relations from the end of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century]]
*[[Les organisations universelles]]
*[[The universal organizations]]
*[[Les organisations européennes et leurs relations avec la Suisse]]
*[[European organisations and their relations with Switzerland]]
*[[Les catégories et les générations de droits fondamentaux]]
*[[Categories and generations of fundamental rights]]
*[[Les origines des droits fondamentaux]]
*[[The origins of fundamental rights]]
*[[Les déclarations des droits de la fin du XVIIIe siècle]]
*[[Declarations of rights at the end of the 18th century]]
*[[Vers l’édification d’une conception universelle des droits fondamentaux au XXe siècle]]
*[[Towards the construction of a universal conception of fundamental rights in the 20th century]]
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= The hierarchy of legal norms =
= The hierarchy of legal norms =
The hierarchy of norms, or rules, is the set of components of a legal system considered in their coordination and based on the principle that the norm of a lower level must respect and implement that of the higher level.
The hierarchy of norms, or rules, is the set of components of a legal system considered in their coordination and based on the principle that the norm of a lower level must respect and implement that of the higher level.


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* If the Federal Assembly rejects such an initiative, it must submit it to the vote of the people, who decide whether it should be followed up (prior referendum)
* If the Federal Assembly rejects such an initiative, it must submit it to the vote of the people, who decide whether it should be followed up (prior referendum)
[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 139.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a139 article 139]]]
[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 139.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a139 article 139]]]
* If the people approve the initiative, the Assembly must then draft the draft requested by the initiative.
* If the people approve the initiative, the Assembly must then draft the draft requested by the initiative.
The draft must be submitted to the vote of the people and the cantons. The Assembly may propose to accept or reject the revision, and may also propose a counter-proposal.
The draft must be submitted to the vote of the people and the cantons. The Assembly may propose to accept or reject the revision, and may also propose a counter-proposal.
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Before the introduction of the possibility of the double yes, the votes cast for constitutional reform were scattered between the initiative and the counter-proposal, which favoured maintaining the status quo, sometimes against the majority of citizens.
Before the introduction of the possibility of the double yes, the votes cast for constitutional reform were scattered between the initiative and the counter-proposal, which favoured maintaining the status quo, sometimes against the majority of citizens.


[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 139.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a139 article 139]]]Previously, it was not possible to say "yes" to the two projects that resulted in the dispersal of votes. With the dispersion of votes between the project and the counter-project, the status quo was favoured. It is therefore possible to measure which of the two proposals in favour.
[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 139.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a139 article 139]]]
 
Previously, it was not possible to say "yes" to the two projects that resulted in the dispersal of votes. With the dispersion of votes between the project and the counter-project, the status quo was favoured. It is therefore possible to measure which of the two proposals in favour.


Since 1848, the Constitution has been completely revised twice, in 1874 and 1999. The Constitution can be revised relatively easily. With the possibility given to 100,000 people, it expresses democratic inspirations. However, there is generally a minority of these revisions that are successful.
Since 1848, the Constitution has been completely revised twice, in 1874 and 1999. The Constitution can be revised relatively easily. With the possibility given to 100,000 people, it expresses democratic inspirations. However, there is generally a minority of these revisions that are successful.


= La loi =
= The law =


La « loi » est la forme que revêtent les règles pour être juridiquement obligatoires.
The "law" is the form that the rules take to be legally binding.
 
La loi est un acte adopté selon une procédure législative et qui contient des règles de droit.
The law is an act adopted according to a legislative procedure and which contains rules of law.


[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 163.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a163 article 163]]]
[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 163.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a163 article 163]]]
 
En principe, une loi fédérale est à la fois une loi au sens matériel et une loi au sens formel. Au sens formel parce que c’est le Parlement qui l’élabore, et une loi au sens matériel parce qu’elle contient des règles de droit
In principle, a federal law is both a law in the material sense and a law in the formal sense. In the formal sense because it is the Parliament that elaborates it, and a law in the material sense because it contains rules of law
 
'''Loi au sens matériel''' :
Law in the substantive sense: It is the law in the broad sense or written law, is any international, constitutional, legislative or regulatory act, setting out a rule or set of rules of law. The definition of the law in the material sense is therefore based on the content of the law: it contains one or more general and abstract norms
C’est la loi au sens large ou droit écrit, est tout acte international, constitutionnel, législatif ou réglementaire, énonçant une règle ou un ensemble de règles de droit. La définition de la loi au sens matériel a donc pour critère le contenu de la loi : elle contient une ou des normes générales et abstraites
 
*émane de l’Assemblée fédérale
*comes from the Federal Assembly
*énonce des droits
*sets out rights
*élaborée par l’Assemblée législative.
*developed by the Legislative Assembly.
 
Les normes importantes ne peuvent être faites que sous la forme de loi formelle en tant qu’il est représentant du peuple.
Important standards can only be made in the form of formal law as a representative of the people.
 
Le principe de la réserve de la loi est le principe qui exige que les règles de droit importantes soient édictées sous la forme de la loi. Cependant, la Constitution n’interdit pas au parlement de s’occuper d’une question émanant des domaines de l’article 164 de la Constitution.
The principle of the reservation of the law is the principle that requires that important rules of law be enacted in the form of the law. However, the Constitution does not prohibit parliament from dealing with a matter arising from the areas covered by article 164 of the Constitution.


[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 164.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a164 article 164]]]
[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 164.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a164 article 164]]]


À l’inverse, le parlement peut déléguer la compétence d’édicter des règles de droit sous forme d’ordonnance s’il juge que l’exécutif est plus compétent pour résoudre certains problèmes et s’il ne s’agit d’un domaine que la Constitution exige de traiter par une loi.
Conversely, Parliament may delegate the power to enact rules of law in the form of ordinances if it considers that the executive is more competent to solve certain problems and if this is not an area that the Constitution requires to be dealt with by law.


[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 36.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a36 article 36]]]
[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 36.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a36 article 36]]]
In important areas, only the legislator through the adoption of a formal law can take decisions.
Parliament may delegate the power to pass laws as long as the Constitution does not restrict it.
Intrinsic characteristics
*referendum
*popular will
   
   
Dans les domaines importants, seul le législateur par l’adoption d’une loi formelle peut prendre des décisions.
Legislative process:
Le Parlement peut déléguer la compétence d’adopter des lois pour autant que la Constitution ne la restreint pas.
Caractéristiques intrinsèques
*référendum
*volonté populaire
Processus législatif :


:1) '''initiative'''  
:1) '''initiative'''  
Le projet de loi peut partir du Parlement ou du Conseil fédéral. Si la proposition est acceptée et approuvée par le Parlement est élaboré un avant-projet sous le contrôle du Conseil fédéral et en coordination avec l’Office Fédérale de la Justice. Une fois rédigé, l’avant-projet sera distribué aux autres départements pour consultation qui peuvent émettre des critiques.
The draft law can start from Parliament or the Federal Council. If the proposal is accepted and approved by Parliament, a preliminary draft is drawn up under the supervision of the Federal Council and in coordination with the Federal Office of Justice. Once drafted, the draft will be distributed to other departments for consultation and criticism.


:2) '''procédure de consultation '''
:2) '''consultation procedure'''
Les cantons, les partis politiques et les milieux intéressés sont invités à se prononcer sur les actes législatifs importants et sur les autres projets de grande portée lors des travaux préparatoires, ainsi que sur les traités internationaux importants. La mise en consultation a une base constitutionnelle.
The cantons, political parties and interested parties are invited to comment on important legislative acts and other major projects during the preparatory work, as well as on important international treaties. The consultation has a constitutional basis.


[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 147.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a147 article 147]]]
[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 147.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a147 article 147]]]
   
   
L’avant-projet est communiqué pour consultation aux différents départements concernés par la Chancellerie fédérale. Puis après retouches, il est mis en consultation auprès des cantons, des partis politiques, des représentants des milieux intéressés, d’autres experts, etc.
The preliminary draft is sent for consultation to the various departments concerned by the Federal Chancellery. Then, after alterations, it is put in consultation with the cantons, political parties, representatives of interested circles, other experts, etc.
   
   


:3)  '''traitement au conseil fédéral''' : arrête le texte et va rédiger une recommandation (accepter ou rejeter)
:3)  '''processing at the Federal Council''': decides on the text and will write a recommendation (accept or reject)
Le département fédéral compétent rédige le projet de loi en tenant compte des résultats de la procédure de consultation et des instructions du Conseil fédéral.
The competent federal department drafts the draft law, taking into account the results of the consultation procedure and the instructions of the Federal Council. The Federal Council then definitively adopts the text of the draft law and publishes its official commentary in the "message".
Ensuite, le Conseil fédéral arrête définitivement le texte du projet de loi et publie son commentaire officiel dans le « message ».
   
   
:4)  ''' transmission au Parlement qui publie la loi dans la feuille générale'''
:4)  ''' transmission to Parliament, which publishes the law in the general sheet'''
Le projet est transmis, accompagné du message, aux Chambres. Suivant les circonstances, il leur propose soit de l’accepter, soit de le rejeter. Le projet et le message sont publiés dans la Feuille fédérale.
The draft is sent, together with the message, to the Chambers. Depending on the circumstances, he proposes either to accept or reject it. The project and the message are published in the Federal Gazette.
*'''Chambre priorité''' : charge une commission de traiter le projet, on choisit à quelle chambre va être soumis en premier le projet  qui se prononce sur l’entrée en matière :
*'''Priority Chamber''': entrusts a committee with processing the project, it is decided to which chamber the project will be submitted first, which decides on the introduction:
** si vote positive : la chambre se saisit du projet et le discute
**if the vote is in favour: the chamber takes up the project and discusses it
** si rejet : passe dans l’autre chambre
**if rejection: go to the other room
* '''Seconde Chambre''' : émet un rapport
* '''Second Chamber''': issues a report
** Si positif : entrée en matière
**If positive: introduction to the subject
** Si négatif : texte retiré
**If negative: text removed
There will be a shuttle game between the two councils to resolve the differences, we are discussing to establish a text that will be accepted by both chambers.
 
If this fails, a conciliation conference is set up in order to find a solution, as is the case when one chamber wants an introduction to the subject and the other does not.
   
   
Il va y avoir un jeu de navette qui s’établit entre les deux conseils pour résorber les divergences, on discute pour établir un texte qui soit accepté par les deux chambres.
:5)  sent to the drafting committee, which drafts in the three official languages.
   
   
En cas d’échec, est mise en place une conférence de conciliation de façon à trouver une solution, c’est notamment le cas lorsqu’une chambre veut une entrée en matière et l’autre non.
:6)  once drafted, the bill is submitted to the final vote of both chambers
   
   
:5envoyé à la commission de rédaction qui rédige dans les trois langues officielles.
:7The law is published in the Federal Gazette
Publication in the federal sheet triggers the 100-day period to which it is then exposed, i.e. the optional referendum
*the 100-day referendum period begins to run
*the referendum can be requested by 50,000 citizens or 8 cantons
At the end of these 100 days if the referendum has been requested, it is the people who will decide whether or not to accept the law submitted.
   
   
:6une fois rédigé, le projet de loi est soumis au vote final des deux chambres
:8if the people accept, the law is published in the official and systematic compendium
   
   
:7La loi est publiée dans la feuille fédérale
:9the law is adopted
La publication dans la feuille fédérale fait courir le délai de 100 jours auquel elle est alors exposée, c’est le referendum facultatif
*le délai référendaire de 100 jours commence à courir
*le référendum peut être demandé par 50 000 citoyens ou 8 cantons
À l’issue de ces 100 jours si le referendum a été demandé, c’est le peuple qui va décider si on accepte ou non la loi soumise.
   
   
:8)   si le peuple accepte, la loi  est publiée dans le recueil officiel et le recueil systématique
:10) the law is promulgated when the Federal Council validates the result of the popular vote or when the Federal Chancellery finds that the expiry of referendum deadlines has expired and no request for a referendum has been made
   
   
:9)   la loi est adoptée
:11) The law is published at the time it is made public
   
   
:10) la loi est promulguée quand le Conseil fédéral valide le résultat de la votation populaire ou au moment où la chancellerie fédérale constate que l’expiration de délais référendaire est écoulée et aucune demande de referendum a été demandée
:12) The law comes into force when it becomes mandatory after publication
   
   
:11) La loi est publiée au moment où elle est portée à la connaissance du public
'''Note''': If the law contains the emergency clause, the law comes into force at the time of its adoption.
 
:12) La loi entre en vigueur au moment où elle devient obligatoire  après publication
In case of need by a majority of the members, a council may declare an urgent law and declare its entry into force immediately.
 
*'''EMERGENCY CLAUSE'''
'''Nota bene''' : Si la loi est munie de la clause d’urgence, la loi entre en vigueur au moment de son adoption.
[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 165.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a165 article 165]]]The referendum may be requested, if this law, which entered into force with the emergency clause, is in accordance with the Constitution and there is a request for a referendum, this law ceases to have effect one year after its adoption by the Federal Assembly if the law has not been approved by the people.
 
En cas de besoin à la majorité des membres un conseil peut déclarer une loi urgente et déclarer son entrée en vigueur immédiatement.
If the referendum has been requested for an emergency law contrary to the constitution, it is necessary to have a double majority. As soon as we are in an emergency clause concerning the constitution, we need the vote of the people and the cantons, otherwise the law is no longer valid after one year.
*'''CLAUSE D’URGENCE'''
[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 165.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a165 article 165]]]
Le referendum peut être demandé, si cette loi entrée en vigueur avec la clause d’urgence est conforme à la constitution est qu’il y a une demande de referendum, cette loi cesse de produire ses effets un an après son adoption par l’Assemblée fédérale si la loi n’a pas été approuvée par le peuple.
Si le referendum a été demandé pour une loi d’urgence contraire à la constitution, il est nécessaire d’avoir la double majorité. Dès que l’on est dans une clause d’urgence qui touche à la constitution, il faut le vote du peuple et des cantons, sinon la loi n’est plus valable après une année.


{{Début cadre}}  
{{Début cadre}}  
'''Nota bene'''
'''Nota bene'''


Dans le cas de l’ordonnance d’une clause d’urgence, la souveraineté du peuple peut être préservée de la façon suivante :
In the case of the order of an emergency clause, the sovereignty of the people can be preserved as follows:
*majorité des membres présents peuvent exiger une entrée en vigueur immédiate
*A majority of the members present may require immediate entry into force
*pas de délais de référendum
*no referendum deadlines
*si le referendum n’a pas été soumis au peuple pendant une période d’un an, la loi cesse de produire ses effets
*if the referendum has not been submitted to the people for a period of one year, the law ceases to have effect
*si un référendum est accepté la loi cesse immédiatement
* if a referendum is accepted the law immediately ceases
*si la loi fédérale n’a pas de bases constitutionnelles elle doit être soumise au référendum obligatoire dans un délai d’un an à partir de son adoption
*if the federal law has no constitutional basis, it must be submitted to a mandatory referendum within one year of its adoption
{{Fin cadre}}
{{Fin cadre}}


= L’arrêté =
= Decree =
 
[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 163.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a163 article 163]]]
[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 163.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a163 article 163]]]


== Arrêté fédéral ==
== Federal decree ==
On voit que les autres actes sont édictés sous la forme d’un arrêté fédéral, ce sont des actes qui ne contiennent pas de règles de droit. Ce ne sont pas des règles au sens matériel, mais puisqu’elles ont été édictées par le Parlement, ce sont des lois au sens formel.
We see that the other acts are enacted in the form of a federal decree, they are acts that do not contain any rules of law. They are not rules in the material sense, but since they have been enacted by Parliament, they are laws in the formal sense.
   
   
Ce sont des actes de l’Assemblée fédérale qui ne contiennent pas des règles de droit. Leur caractère est plutôt décisionnel, l’État intervient dans une situation concrète qui s’applique à une ou plusieurs personnes déterminées.
These are acts of the Federal Assembly that do not contain rules of law. Their nature is rather decision-making, the State intervenes in a concrete situation that applies to one or more specific persons.
   
   
Les décisions sont les mesures individuelles et concrètes, fondées sur le droit, prises par l’autorité dans les cas d’espèce.
Decisions are the individual and concrete measures, based on law, taken by the authority in the specific case.
 
'''Caractéristiques''' :
Features :
*caractère concret ;
* concrete nature;
*caractère individuel.
* individual character
The Federal Constitution or the law considers that in such cases, the decision taken by the decrees is sufficiently important for it to be the subject of a referendum.
La Constitution fédérale ou la loi juge que dans ces cas-là, la décision prise par les arrêtés est suffisamment importante pour qu’elle fasse l’objet d’un referendum.
 
The federal decree allows the adoption of certain acts that are the responsibility of the administration (e. g. granting a licence for a nuclear power plant).
L’arrêté fédéral permet d’adopter certains actes qui relèvent de l’administration (ex- octroi de concession d’une centrale nucléaire).


[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 53.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a53 article 53]]]
[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 53.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a53 article 53]]]


L’idée est d’associer le peuple à la prise de décision, comme l’octroi de concession d’une centrale nucléaire ou l’achat d’équipement militaire.
The idea is to involve the people in decision-making, such as granting a concession for a nuclear power plant or purchasing military equipment.
 
La démocratie est d’une part le pouvoir donné par le peuple et les cantons à Berne, mais aussi l’intervention constante du peuple dans les affaires fédérales
Democracy is on the one hand the power given by the people and the cantons in Berne, but also the constant intervention of the people in federal affairs.


== Arrêtés fédéraux simples ==
== Simple Federal Decree ==
Ce sont des arrêtés qui ne sont pas soumis à un referendum (ex- garantie des constitutions cantonales), cela peut être le vote du budget
These are decrees that are not subject to a referendum (e.g. guarantee of cantonal constitutions), this may be the vote on the budget.


= L’ordonnance =
= The ordinance =
Il s’agit en règle générale de règles d’application (d’exécution) de lois fédérales, en d’autres termes les ordonnances sont des règles de droit.
These are general rules for the application (enforcement) of federal laws, in other words, ordinances are rules of law.


[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 163.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a163 article 163]]]
[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 163.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a163 article 163]]]
   
   
En droit fédéral tous les organes de l’État peuvent édicter des ordonnances :
Under federal law, all state bodies can issue ordinances:
*'''Assemblée fédérale''' : règle de droit au sens matériel et formel
*'''Federal Assembly''': rule of law in the substantive and formal sense
*'''Conseil fédéral''' : règle de droit au sens matériel
*'''Federal Council''': rule of law in the substantive sense
*'''Tribunal fédéral''' : règle de droit au sens matériel
*'''Federal Court''': rule of law in the substantive sense
The ordinance is necessary because of the non-exhaustive nature of the law, it is generally up to the Federal Council to adapt the law to reality. The legislator adopts the main principles, but the reality of the concrete situation is the executive.
 
Two categories of orders:
 
*'''legislative''': these are laws in the material sense, of lower rank than the law in the formal sense, drawn up according to a specific procedure by an executive, legislative or judicial authority, and not subject to a referendum
They are enforceable against individuals and are published in the Official and Systematic Compilation.
*'''administrative''': addressed to the administration, to their officials, prescribing the way in which they should carry out their tasks. They are not published, but communicated by service.
   
   
L’ordonnance s’impose en raison du caractère non exhaustif de la loi, c’est généralement au Conseil fédéral d’adapter la loi à la réalité. Le législateur adopte les grands principes, mais la réalité de la situation concrète est l’exécutif.
Fundamental rights must not be impeded by the ordinance. The Constitution must not prohibit it.
Deux catégories d’ordonnances :
*'''législatives''' : ce sont des lois au sens matériel, de rang inférieur à la loi au sens formel, élaborées selon une procédure propre par une autorité exécutive, législative ou judiciaire, et non soumise au référendum
Elles sont opposables aux particuliers et sont publiées dans le Recueil officiel et le Recueil systématique.
*'''administrative''' : s’adresse à l’administration, à leur fonctionnaire, prescrivant la manière dont ils doivent accomplir leurs tâches. Elles ne sont pas publiées, mais communiquées par voie de service.
Les droits fondamentaux ne doivent pas être entravés par l’ordonnance. Il faut que la Constitution ne l’interdise pas.


[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 36.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a36 article 36]]]
[[Fichier:Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999 - article 36.png|vignette|center|400px|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html Constitution fédérale de la Confédération suisse du 18 avril 1999] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html#a36 article 36]]]


La faculté d’édicter des ordonnances ne doit pas être entravée par la Constitution, mais doit être prévue soit par la Constitution elle-même, soit par la loi qui donne mandat au Conseil Fédéral d’adopter les règles de droit.
The power to issue ordinances must not be hindered by the Constitution, but must be provided for either by the Constitution itself or by the law which mandates the Federal Council to adopt the rules of law.
 
La particularité de l’ordonnance est de ne pas être soumise au referendum, car les mesures adoptées ne font que mettre en œuvre les dispositions qui sont contenues dans la loi.  
The particularity of the ordinance is that it is not subject to a referendum, as the measures adopted only implement the provisions contained in the law.
 
Le champ d’application doit être limité. Comment faire pour que la loi d’habilitation ne soit pas rédigée dans des termes trop vagues ou trop détaillés afin que le peuple puisse comprendre l’habilitation et le droit de faire exercer ou non son droit de referendum ?
The scope of application must be limited. How can we ensure that the enabling law is not drafted in terms that are too vague or detailed for the people to understand the enabling and the right to exercise or not to exercise their right to a referendum?
 
L’ordonnance doit être conforme tant au droit fédéral qu’au droit cantonal et s’inscrit dans la hiérarchie des normes.
The ordinance must comply with both federal and cantonal law and is part of the hierarchy of norms.
 
Avec l’ordonnance, on a une règle de droit, mais qui peut ne pas être une règle de droit formelle. L’ordonnance est une loi au sens matériel n’étant pas soumis au referendum.
With the order, we have a rule of law, but it may not be a formal rule of law. The ordinance is a law in the material sense and is not subject to referendum.


= Annexes =
= Annexes =

Version du 25 juin 2019 à 16:07


Languages

The hierarchy of legal norms

The hierarchy of norms, or rules, is the set of components of a legal system considered in their coordination and based on the principle that the norm of a lower level must respect and implement that of the higher level.

Traditionally, this hierarchy is based on the following order:

  • International law
  • Federal Constitution
  • Laws
  • Prescriptions
  • Cantonal constitutions
  • Cantonal laws
  • Cantonal ordinances

In recent years, this pattern has been disrupted by the emergence of rules of international law and in particular rules from the European Community.

In Switzerland, international treaties that produce international standards are incorporated into the domestic legal order. So there is the primacy of international standards.

The principle of primacy comes from the adage Pacta sunt Servanda, at the time when Switzerland adopts an international treaty it must therefore respect its commitments.

States must respect their commitments, good faith is the loyalty that must be observed, i.e. respect their promise. This is one of the principles on which Grotius established his right to people.

If international law prevails over national law, federal law will prevail over cantonal law. The primacy of federal law, also known as the "derogatory force of federal law", means that federal law has the right over cantonal law is expressed in the adage Bundesrecht bricht kantonales Recht.

The Constitution

The fundamental norm is the constitution, it dates from 1999 and is a constitution in the formal sense. According to Lorenz von Stein, « the constitution is the expression of the social order, the very existence of the state civil society »[7].

  • Constitution in the formal sense: rules of a special form, consisting of a solemnly adopted written document of authority generally superior to that of ordinary laws; a written document that brings together in a single text the essential rules that apply to the functioning of the State.

It is a set of written norms that is characterized by the superiority of their formality compared to other norms. This superiority of the constitution is reflected in its revision procedure.

The procedure for reviewing the constitution in the formal sense is more rigid, but also more democratic than the procedure for adopting, amending and repealing other legal norms.

To revise the constitution, a referendum is mandatory, it requires a double majority. For a constitutional norm to be adopted, a majority of the people and cantons are required.

  • Constitution in the material sense: a set of rules which, whatever their nature and form, relate to the functioning of the State, to the exercise of political power; a set of the most important rules governing the organisation and functioning of the State.

It is a set of written or unwritten fundamental rules that determine the structure of the State, the manner in which competence is designated, the functioning of the various organs and the relationship between the individual and the State.

It can be said that every State has a constitution in the material sense because every State has fundamental rules that determine its structure, functioning and relations with society.

There are some States which, while having a constitution in the material sense, do not have a constitution in the formal sense:

  • Ex- England does not know of any written text that is characterised by a particular revision procedure. In principle, the supremacy of the English Parliament is given which can repeal by a simple majority all previous state acts. There is no constitution in the formal sense; therefore it consists of a heterogeneous set of rules and norms such as the Magna Carta of 1215, the Bill of Rights of 1689 constitutes the material constitution. Ex- the State of Israel has only fundamental laws that are no different from other laws. They are distinguished by their name, but not by their function. These fundamental rules may be revised by a majority of the government.

PROCESS OF REVISION OF THE SWISS CONSTITUTION

The constitution may be totally or partially revised at any time. These rules can be found at the end of the Constitution Art. 193; Art. 194.

In Switzerland, the first formal constitution dates back to 1798. Before 1798, Switzerland was an Alliance network, it had no constitution. This network of alliances, which goes from 1291 to the peace of Aarau in 1712, is a set of treaties that applies to all cantons; it has no constitution in the formal sense.

The 1798 constitution is the first constitution in the formal sense, and the 1848 constitution is the constitution that introduces the federal structure.

Principle 1: The constitution can be revised at any time.

The initiative may be popular or parliamentary - Art. 195: The revised Constitution, wholly or partially, shall enter into force as soon as the people and the cantons have accepted it.

  • partial revision: involves a number of articles
  • total revision: revision of the constitutional whole

It must respect the mandatory rules of international law.

The request for review by the people takes the form of a constitutional initiative. The request can come from the people, if 100,000 citizens request the revision of the constitution through a petition within 18 months.

In the event of a total revision, if the chambers are unable to agree on the approval to be given to this initiative, it is then up to the electorate to decide on the revision. It can only be done in general terms.

Each time the chambers are renewed, the Federal Council is renewed.

TOTAL REVIEW - initiated by the people - passes through both houses of parliament

The total revision can only be made in general terms, while a partial revision can be made either in general terms or in the form of a written draft.

If the people vote in favour of the draft of the total revision, Parliament and the Federal Council shall be renewed.

PARTIAL REVISION

If a popular initiative for a partial revision of the Constitution and designed in general terms is successful and if the Federal Assembly approves it, it shall prepare the text of the partial revision and submit it to the vote of the people and the cantons.

  • If the Federal Assembly rejects such an initiative, it must submit it to the vote of the people, who decide whether it should be followed up (prior referendum)
  • If the people approve the initiative, the Assembly must then draft the draft requested by the initiative.

The draft must be submitted to the vote of the people and the cantons. The Assembly may propose to accept or reject the revision, and may also propose a counter-proposal.

Since 1987, the people and the cantons have been able to express their opinions on the initiative and the counter-proposal.

This vote, known as the "double yes" vote, strengthened the right of initiative for the following reason: a popular initiative is almost always submitted to the people accompanied by a counter-proposal.

Before the introduction of the possibility of the double yes, the votes cast for constitutional reform were scattered between the initiative and the counter-proposal, which favoured maintaining the status quo, sometimes against the majority of citizens.

Previously, it was not possible to say "yes" to the two projects that resulted in the dispersal of votes. With the dispersion of votes between the project and the counter-project, the status quo was favoured. It is therefore possible to measure which of the two proposals in favour.

Since 1848, the Constitution has been completely revised twice, in 1874 and 1999. The Constitution can be revised relatively easily. With the possibility given to 100,000 people, it expresses democratic inspirations. However, there is generally a minority of these revisions that are successful.

The law

The "law" is the form that the rules take to be legally binding.

The law is an act adopted according to a legislative procedure and which contains rules of law.

In principle, a federal law is both a law in the material sense and a law in the formal sense. In the formal sense because it is the Parliament that elaborates it, and a law in the material sense because it contains rules of law

Law in the substantive sense: It is the law in the broad sense or written law, is any international, constitutional, legislative or regulatory act, setting out a rule or set of rules of law. The definition of the law in the material sense is therefore based on the content of the law: it contains one or more general and abstract norms

  • comes from the Federal Assembly
  • sets out rights
  • developed by the Legislative Assembly.

Important standards can only be made in the form of formal law as a representative of the people.

The principle of the reservation of the law is the principle that requires that important rules of law be enacted in the form of the law. However, the Constitution does not prohibit parliament from dealing with a matter arising from the areas covered by article 164 of the Constitution.

Conversely, Parliament may delegate the power to enact rules of law in the form of ordinances if it considers that the executive is more competent to solve certain problems and if this is not an area that the Constitution requires to be dealt with by law.

In important areas, only the legislator through the adoption of a formal law can take decisions.

Parliament may delegate the power to pass laws as long as the Constitution does not restrict it.

Intrinsic characteristics

  • referendum
  • popular will

Legislative process:

1) initiative

The draft law can start from Parliament or the Federal Council. If the proposal is accepted and approved by Parliament, a preliminary draft is drawn up under the supervision of the Federal Council and in coordination with the Federal Office of Justice. Once drafted, the draft will be distributed to other departments for consultation and criticism.

2) consultation procedure

The cantons, political parties and interested parties are invited to comment on important legislative acts and other major projects during the preparatory work, as well as on important international treaties. The consultation has a constitutional basis.

The preliminary draft is sent for consultation to the various departments concerned by the Federal Chancellery. Then, after alterations, it is put in consultation with the cantons, political parties, representatives of interested circles, other experts, etc.


3) processing at the Federal Council: decides on the text and will write a recommendation (accept or reject)

The competent federal department drafts the draft law, taking into account the results of the consultation procedure and the instructions of the Federal Council. The Federal Council then definitively adopts the text of the draft law and publishes its official commentary in the "message".

4) transmission to Parliament, which publishes the law in the general sheet

The draft is sent, together with the message, to the Chambers. Depending on the circumstances, he proposes either to accept or reject it. The project and the message are published in the Federal Gazette.

  • Priority Chamber: entrusts a committee with processing the project, it is decided to which chamber the project will be submitted first, which decides on the introduction:
    • if the vote is in favour: the chamber takes up the project and discusses it
    • if rejection: go to the other room
  • Second Chamber: issues a report
    • If positive: introduction to the subject
    • If negative: text removed

There will be a shuttle game between the two councils to resolve the differences, we are discussing to establish a text that will be accepted by both chambers.

If this fails, a conciliation conference is set up in order to find a solution, as is the case when one chamber wants an introduction to the subject and the other does not.

5) sent to the drafting committee, which drafts in the three official languages.
6) once drafted, the bill is submitted to the final vote of both chambers
7) The law is published in the Federal Gazette

Publication in the federal sheet triggers the 100-day period to which it is then exposed, i.e. the optional referendum

  • the 100-day referendum period begins to run
  • the referendum can be requested by 50,000 citizens or 8 cantons

At the end of these 100 days if the referendum has been requested, it is the people who will decide whether or not to accept the law submitted.

8) if the people accept, the law is published in the official and systematic compendium
9) the law is adopted
10) the law is promulgated when the Federal Council validates the result of the popular vote or when the Federal Chancellery finds that the expiry of referendum deadlines has expired and no request for a referendum has been made
11) The law is published at the time it is made public
12) The law comes into force when it becomes mandatory after publication

Note: If the law contains the emergency clause, the law comes into force at the time of its adoption.

In case of need by a majority of the members, a council may declare an urgent law and declare its entry into force immediately.

  • EMERGENCY CLAUSE

The referendum may be requested, if this law, which entered into force with the emergency clause, is in accordance with the Constitution and there is a request for a referendum, this law ceases to have effect one year after its adoption by the Federal Assembly if the law has not been approved by the people.

If the referendum has been requested for an emergency law contrary to the constitution, it is necessary to have a double majority. As soon as we are in an emergency clause concerning the constitution, we need the vote of the people and the cantons, otherwise the law is no longer valid after one year.

Nota bene

In the case of the order of an emergency clause, the sovereignty of the people can be preserved as follows:

  • A majority of the members present may require immediate entry into force
  • no referendum deadlines
  • if the referendum has not been submitted to the people for a period of one year, the law ceases to have effect
  • if a referendum is accepted the law immediately ceases
  • if the federal law has no constitutional basis, it must be submitted to a mandatory referendum within one year of its adoption

Decree

Federal decree

We see that the other acts are enacted in the form of a federal decree, they are acts that do not contain any rules of law. They are not rules in the material sense, but since they have been enacted by Parliament, they are laws in the formal sense.

These are acts of the Federal Assembly that do not contain rules of law. Their nature is rather decision-making, the State intervenes in a concrete situation that applies to one or more specific persons.

Decisions are the individual and concrete measures, based on law, taken by the authority in the specific case.

Features :

  • concrete nature;
  • individual character

The Federal Constitution or the law considers that in such cases, the decision taken by the decrees is sufficiently important for it to be the subject of a referendum.

The federal decree allows the adoption of certain acts that are the responsibility of the administration (e. g. granting a licence for a nuclear power plant).

The idea is to involve the people in decision-making, such as granting a concession for a nuclear power plant or purchasing military equipment.

Democracy is on the one hand the power given by the people and the cantons in Berne, but also the constant intervention of the people in federal affairs.

Simple Federal Decree

These are decrees that are not subject to a referendum (e.g. guarantee of cantonal constitutions), this may be the vote on the budget.

The ordinance

These are general rules for the application (enforcement) of federal laws, in other words, ordinances are rules of law.

Under federal law, all state bodies can issue ordinances:

  • Federal Assembly: rule of law in the substantive and formal sense
  • Federal Council: rule of law in the substantive sense
  • Federal Court: rule of law in the substantive sense

The ordinance is necessary because of the non-exhaustive nature of the law, it is generally up to the Federal Council to adapt the law to reality. The legislator adopts the main principles, but the reality of the concrete situation is the executive.

Two categories of orders:

  • legislative: these are laws in the material sense, of lower rank than the law in the formal sense, drawn up according to a specific procedure by an executive, legislative or judicial authority, and not subject to a referendum

They are enforceable against individuals and are published in the Official and Systematic Compilation.

  • administrative: addressed to the administration, to their officials, prescribing the way in which they should carry out their tasks. They are not published, but communicated by service.

Fundamental rights must not be impeded by the ordinance. The Constitution must not prohibit it.

The power to issue ordinances must not be hindered by the Constitution, but must be provided for either by the Constitution itself or by the law which mandates the Federal Council to adopt the rules of law.

The particularity of the ordinance is that it is not subject to a referendum, as the measures adopted only implement the provisions contained in the law.

The scope of application must be limited. How can we ensure that the enabling law is not drafted in terms that are too vague or detailed for the people to understand the enabling and the right to exercise or not to exercise their right to a referendum?

The ordinance must comply with both federal and cantonal law and is part of the hierarchy of norms.

With the order, we have a rule of law, but it may not be a formal rule of law. The ordinance is a law in the material sense and is not subject to referendum.

Annexes

References

  1. Publication de Victor Monnier repertoriées sur le site de l'Université de Genève
  2. Hommage à Victor Monnier sur le site de l'Université de Genève
  3. Publications de Victor Monnier sur Cairn.info
  4. Publications de Victor Monnier sur Openedition.org
  5. Page personnelle de Victor Monnier sur le site de l'Université de Aix-Marseille
  6. En Hommage À Victor Monnier.” Hommages.ch, 11 Mar. 2019, www.hommages.ch/Defunt/119766/Victor_MONNIER.
  7. Schmitt, Carl, Marie-Louise Steinhauser, and Julien Freund. La Notion De Politique ; Théorie Du Partisan. Paris: Flammarion, 2009. p.86