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  | cours = [[Comportement politique]]
  | cours = [[Political behaviour]]
  | faculté =  
  | faculté =  
  | département =  
  | département =  
  | professeurs = [[Marco Giugni]]<ref>[[https://www.unige.ch/sciences-societe/speri/membres/professeures-et-professeurs/marco-giugni/ Marco Giugni] - [https://www.unige.ch/ UNIGE]</ref><ref>[https://scholar.google.ch/citations?user=2NF_elUAAAAJ&hl=it Marco Giugni] - [https://scholar.google.ch/schhp?hl=it Google Scholar]</ref><ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marco_Giugni Marco Giugni] - [https://www.researchgate.net/ Researchgate.net]</ref><ref>[https://www.cairn.info/publications-de-Marco-Giugni--8184.htm Marco Giugni] - [https://www.cairn.info/ Cairn.info]</ref><ref>[http://www.protestsurvey.eu/index.php?page=network&id=9 Marco Giugni] - [http://www.protestsurvey.eu/ Protest Survey]</ref><ref>[https://www.epflpress.org/auteur/1775/marco-giugni Marco Giugni] - [https://www.epflpress.org/ EPFL Press]</ref><ref>[https://data.bnf.fr/fr/14501654/marco_giugni/ Marco Giugni] - [https://www.bnf.fr/fr Bibliothèque Nationale de France]</ref>
  | professeurs = [[Marco Giugni]]<ref>[https://www.unige.ch/sciences-societe/speri/membres/professeures-et-professeurs/marco-giugni/ Marco Giugni] - [https://www.unige.ch/ UNIGE]</ref><ref>[https://scholar.google.ch/citations?user=2NF_elUAAAAJ&hl=it Marco Giugni] - [https://scholar.google.ch/schhp?hl=it Google Scholar]</ref><ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marco_Giugni Marco Giugni] - [https://www.researchgate.net/ Researchgate.net]</ref><ref>[https://www.cairn.info/publications-de-Marco-Giugni--8184.htm Marco Giugni] - [https://www.cairn.info/ Cairn.info]</ref><ref>[http://www.protestsurvey.eu/index.php?page=network&id=9 Marco Giugni] - [http://www.protestsurvey.eu/ Protest Survey]</ref><ref>[https://www.epflpress.org/auteur/1775/marco-giugni Marco Giugni] - [https://www.epflpress.org/ EPFL Press]</ref><ref>[https://data.bnf.fr/fr/14501654/marco_giugni/ Marco Giugni] - [https://www.bnf.fr/fr Bibliothèque Nationale de France]</ref>
  | enregistrement =  
  | enregistrement =  
  | lectures =  
  | lectures =  
* [[Introduction au cours de Comportement politique I]]
* [[Political Behaviour: introductory course]]
* [[Repères historiques et méthodologiques]]
* [[Political Behaviour: Historical and methodological benchmarks]]
* [[Les bases structurelles du comportement politique]]
* [[The structural foundations of political behaviour]]
* [[Les bases culturelles du comportement politique]]
* [[The cultural basis of political behaviour]]
* [[La socialisation politique]]
* [[Political socialization]]
* [[L’acteur rationnel]]
* [[The rational actor]]
* [[La participation politique]]
* [[Political participation]]
* [[Les modèles explicatifs du vote]]
* [[Theoretical models of voting behaviour]]
* [[Les théories des mouvements sociaux]]
* [[Theories of social movements]]
}}
}}


{{Translations
{{Translations
| en = Political Behaviour: introductory course
| fr = Introduction au cours de Comportement politique I‎‎
| es =  
| es = Comportamiento político: curso de introducción
| it = Comportamento politico: corso introduttivo
}}
}}


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=Définition=
=Definition=


==Comportement politique==  
==Political behaviour==  
Il y a plusieurs définitions comme pour chaque concept en sciences sociales. Parfois, il y a un certain consensus autour d’une définition largement partagée alors que pour d’autres concepts, il y a beaucoup moins de consensus et une compétition entre différentes définitions. Pour le comportement électoral, il y a un consensus relativement large. Par contre, en ce qui concerne les comportements non électoraux, il y a moins de consensus. Il s’agit de deux domaines qui ne se sont pratiquement jamais parlé. On tente de définir les concepts qui s’appliqueraient aux deux domaines.  
There are several definitions as for every concept in social sciences. Sometimes there is some consensus around a widely shared definition while for other concepts there is much less consensus and competition between different definitions. For electoral behaviour, there is a relatively broad consensus. On the other hand, for non-electoral behaviour, there is less consensus. These are two areas that have hardly ever spoken to each other. Attempts are being made to define the concepts that would apply to both areas.  


En ce qui concerne le concept de comportement politique, il existe une définition large qui est que le comportement politique est toutes les activités qui visent à influencer la distribution des ressources et du pouvoir au sein d’une société. Cela inclut d’autres aspects que les actions telles que les opinions, les attitudes ou encore les croyances.  
With regard to the concept of political behaviour, there is a broad definition, which is that political behaviour is all activities aimed at influencing the distribution of resources and power within a society. This includes aspects other than actions such as opinions, attitudes or beliefs.


==Participation politique==
==Political participation==
Milbrath propose comme définition pour caractériser la participation politique qui est « les actions menées par des citoyens privés au travers desquelles ils essayent d’influencer ou de soutenir le gouvernement et la politique ». Il y a à la fois une notion d’essayer de produire un effet sur les élites politiques, mais il y a aussi les activités de soutien.
Milbrath proposes as a definition to characterize political participation which is "actions by private citizens through which they try to influence or support government and politics".<ref>Milbrath, Lester W., and Madan L. Goel. Political participation : how and why do people get involved in politics. Chicago: Rand McNally College Pub. Co, 1977. Print.</ref> There is both a notion of trying to have an effect on political elites, but there are also supporting activities.


D’autres auteurs tels que Verba excluent les activités de soutien tandis que d’autres excluent la participation non conventionnelle. D’autres se concentrent sur l’aspect relationnel avec des interactions entre autorités politiques et citoyens comme Barnes et Kaase.
Other authors such as Verba exclude supportive activities while others exclude non-conventional participation. Others focus on the relational aspect with interactions between political authorities and citizens such as Barnes and Kaase.<ref>Barnes, Samuel H., and Max Kaase. Political action: mass participation in five Western democracies. Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage Publications, 1979. Print.</ref>


==Comportement de vote==
==Voting behaviour==
C’est une participation qui se fait dans le cadre d’élections et notamment d’élections libres et compétitives. Cette notion prend du sens dans les contextes démocratiques. Un comportement de vote est un comportement qui est règlementé est institutionnalisé par l’État étant plus ponctuel et se produisant à des moments préalablement définis.  
It is a participation that takes place in the context of elections, including free and competitive elections. This notion takes on meaning in democratic contexts. Voting behaviour is behaviour that is regulated and institutionalized by the state being more punctual and occurring at predefined times.  


En Suisse, il faut faire la distinction importante entre votation et élection. On verra, lorsqu’on va analyser les facteurs explicatifs de ces comportements, que les facteurs ne sont pas toujours utilisés afin d’expliquer les deux types de comportements.  
In Switzerland, an important distinction must be made between voting and election. We will see, when we analyse the factors explaining these behaviours, that the factors are not always used to explain both types of behaviour.


==Trois types de comportements==
==Three types of behaviour==
Ce graphique résume les trois types de comportements politiques. La participation électorale est un type de participation politique et la participation politique est un sous-ensemble de quelque chose de plus large qui peut être défini comme le comportement politique comprenant entre autres l’orientation du vote.
This graph summarizes the three types of political behaviour. Voter participation is one type of political participation and political participation is a subset of something broader that can be defined as political behaviour including, among other things, voting orientation.


[[Fichier:comportement politique trois type de comportements 1.png|center|vignette|]]
[[Fichier:comportement politique trois type de comportements 1.png|center|vignette|]]


==Action collective==
==Action collective==
C’est un concept utilisé dans différents domaines de façons assez différentes. L’action collective est la conduite de groupe qui met en œuvre des ressources collectives pour défendre des intérêts communs. Une définition large est qu’une action collective est toute action organisée par plus de deux personnes. Des définitions plus étroites mettent l’accent sur le fait que l’action collective est une action discontinue et conflictuelle, c’est-à-dire s’insérant dans un conflit social ou politique.
It is a concept used in different fields in quite different ways. Collective action is group leadership that uses collective resources to defend common interests. A broad definition is that collective action is any action organized by more than two people. Narrower definitions emphasize that collective action is discontinuous and confrontational action, i.e., action that takes place in the context of social or political conflict.


==Politique contestataire==
==Protest Policy==
Dans ''Dynamics of Contention'' publié en 2001, McAdam, Tarrow et Tilly définissent la politique contestataire comme une interaction collective, épisodique et publique entre des auteurs de revendications et leurs objets. Ces auteurs ont introduit d’autres dimensions à savoir qu’au moins un gouvernement est concerné par les revendications en tant qu’auteur, objet ou partie en cause. Si réalisées, les revendications affectent les intérêts d’au moins un des acteurs des revendications. On parle d’action collective dans la mesure où si cette action collective est réalisée, elle affecte les intérêts de certains acteurs, pas seulement les auteurs de revendications, mais aussi les objets des revendications. Par exemple, cela est les mouvements sociaux, les révoltes, les rébellions, le terrorisme, la guerre civile ou encore les révolutions.
In ''Dynamics of Contention'' published in 2003, McAdam, Tarrow and Tilly define protest politics as a collective, episodic and public interaction between claimants and their objects.<ref>Mcadam, D., Tarrow, S., & Tilly, C. (2003). Dynamics of Contention. Social Movement Studies, 2(1), 99–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2003.10035370</ref> These authors have introduced other dimensions, namely that at least one government is involved in the claims as an author, object or party. If realized, the claims affect the interests of at least one of the claimants. We speak of collective action to the extent that if carried out, the collective action affects the interests of certain actors, not only the authors of the claims, but also the objects of the claims. For example, these are social movements, revolts, rebellions, terrorism, civil war or revolutions.


==Mouvements sociaux==
==Social movements==
Il n’y a pas vraiment de consensus au niveau de la littérature scientifique. Il y a une définition substantialiste qui est que les mouvements sociaux sont des groupes défavorisés, à savoir des groupes qui n’ont pas accès aux canaux institutionnels et se mobilisant pour défendre des intérêts communs par le biais d’actions non conventionnelles. Une définition relationnelle définit les mouvements sociaux comme des défis aux autorités basés sur des objectifs communs et des solidarités sociales communes.  
There is not really a consensus in the scientific literature. There is a substantialist definition which is that social movements are disadvantaged groups, i.e. groups that do not have access to institutional channels and mobilize to defend common interests through unconventional actions. A relational definition defines social movements as challenges to authorities based on common goals and shared social solidarities.  


==Trois types de comportent non-conventionnels==
==Three types of non-conventional behaviour==


[[Fichier:comportement politique trois type de comportements non conventionnels 1.png|center|vignette|]]
[[Fichier:comportement politique trois type de comportements non conventionnels 1.png|center|vignette|]]


=Le comportement politique dans les sciences sociales=
=Political behaviour in the social sciences=


[[Fichier:comportement politique comportement politique dans les sciences sociales 1.png|vignette|]]
[[Fichier:comportement politique comportement politique dans les sciences sociales 1.png|vignette|]]


L’étude du comportement politique ne relève pas que de la science politique, mais peut être vue comme quelque chose transdisciplinaire notamment sociologique, sociopsychologique ou encore dans l’économie. Ces disciplines ensemble permettent d’éclairer l’étude des comportements politiques.
The study of political behaviour is not only a political science, but can be seen as something transdisciplinary, particularly in sociology, sociopsychology and economics. Together, these disciplines can shed light on the study of political behaviour.


Le comportement politique peut être étudié sous différents angles. Il peut y avoir différentes approches notamment normative et prescriptive s’intéressant à ce que sont les bons comportements politiques. Il y a eu des théoriciens allant dans cette direction. Il s’agit d’essayer de faire ressortir les facteurs explicatifs permettant d’expliquer et de comprendre pourquoi les citoyens s’engagent en politique ou ne s’engagent pas, ou s’engagent dans certains types de comportements politiques. Avant, il faut poser un certain nombre de jalons conceptuels avec les différentes théories que cela soit les théories électorales ou non électorales.
Political behaviour can be studied from different angles. There can be different approaches, including normative and prescriptive approaches to what constitutes good political behaviour. There have been theorists who have moved in this direction. The idea is to try to identify the explanatory factors that explain and understand why citizens engage in politics or do not engage, or engage in certain types of political behaviour. Beforehand, a number of conceptual milestones need to be established with the different theories, whether electoral or non-electoral.


=Quelques questions=
=Some questions=
Toute réponse en sciences sociales et en science est une réponse provisoire :
Any answer in social sciences and science is an interim answer:


*pourquoi certaines personnes vont voter et d’autres pas ?
*why do some people vote and some people don't?
*pourquoi les gens votent pour des partis différents ?
*why do people vote for different parties?
*pourquoi certaines personnes participent à des mouvements sociaux et d’autres pas ?
*why do some people participate in social movements and others do not?
*quel est l’impact de l’origine sociale sur le comportement politique ?
*what is the impact of social background on political behaviour?
*quel est l’impact des valeurs sur le comportement politique ?
*what is the impact of values on political behaviour?
*dans quelle mesure le comportement politique est-il rationnel ?
*how rational is political behaviour?
*dans quelle mesure le comportement politique est-il influencé par le contexte ?
*to what extent is political behaviour influenced by context?
*comment se sont transformées les modalités de la participation politique au fil du temps ?
*how have the patterns of political participation changed over time?


=Modèle de comportement politique=
=Model of political behaviour=


[[Fichier:comportement politique modèle de comportement politique 1.png|vignette|center]]
[[Fichier:comportement politique modèle de comportement politique 1.png|vignette|center]]


Ce que l’on veut identifier et expliquer est le comportement politique dans ses différentes formes et ce ou ces comportements politiques sont influencés par trois types de facteurs basés à des niveaux différents. Autant le contexte structurel que le contexte culturel jouent un rôle important au niveau macro. Au niveau méso se trouvent les réseaux sociaux dynamiques de groupe et in fine les choix et préférences des individus. L’idée est qu’il y a une imbrication de ces facteurs. Si on prend ces facteurs et qu’on les traite tous au niveau individuel, cela structure le cours parce que nous allons nous intéresser d’abord à la notion de clivage et sa traduction différente influençant le comportement politique.
What we want to identify and explain is political behaviour in its different forms and this or these political behaviours are influenced by three types of factors based at different levels. Both the structural context and the cultural context play an important role at the macro level. At the meso level are the dynamic social networks of groups and ultimately the choices and preferences of individuals. The idea is that there is an interweaving of these factors. If we take these factors and deal with them all at the individual level, it structures the course because we are going to look first at the notion of cleavage and its different translation influencing political behaviour.


=Annexes=
=Annexes=

Version actuelle datée du 20 septembre 2021 à 07:52


Some concepts related to the study of political behaviour[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

These are similar concepts that are related to the study of political behaviour or political behaviour because there is not only one type of political behaviour and several ways of behaving in politics :

  • political participation/abstentionism ;
  • political commitment;
  • election/voting (voting behavior);
  • opinion/attitude/values;
  • political socialization: this is a key term and a concept at the heart of some explanations of voting behavior or social movements;
  • public opinion;
  • political parties/partisan competition;
  • political institutions;
  • interest in politics: it's a key concept;
  • political competence: it's a concept operationalized somewhat differently by different authors;
  • political sophistication: many theories emphasize that people who are more politically literate are more likely to participate.
  • partisan identification: this is a central theory referring to the Michigan model;
  • collective action/social movements;
  • political influence: focuses on output behavior;
  • decision-making processes;
  • democracy.

Definition[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Political behaviour[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

There are several definitions as for every concept in social sciences. Sometimes there is some consensus around a widely shared definition while for other concepts there is much less consensus and competition between different definitions. For electoral behaviour, there is a relatively broad consensus. On the other hand, for non-electoral behaviour, there is less consensus. These are two areas that have hardly ever spoken to each other. Attempts are being made to define the concepts that would apply to both areas.

With regard to the concept of political behaviour, there is a broad definition, which is that political behaviour is all activities aimed at influencing the distribution of resources and power within a society. This includes aspects other than actions such as opinions, attitudes or beliefs.

Political participation[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Milbrath proposes as a definition to characterize political participation which is "actions by private citizens through which they try to influence or support government and politics".[8] There is both a notion of trying to have an effect on political elites, but there are also supporting activities.

Other authors such as Verba exclude supportive activities while others exclude non-conventional participation. Others focus on the relational aspect with interactions between political authorities and citizens such as Barnes and Kaase.[9]

Voting behaviour[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

It is a participation that takes place in the context of elections, including free and competitive elections. This notion takes on meaning in democratic contexts. Voting behaviour is behaviour that is regulated and institutionalized by the state being more punctual and occurring at predefined times.

In Switzerland, an important distinction must be made between voting and election. We will see, when we analyse the factors explaining these behaviours, that the factors are not always used to explain both types of behaviour.

Three types of behaviour[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

This graph summarizes the three types of political behaviour. Voter participation is one type of political participation and political participation is a subset of something broader that can be defined as political behaviour including, among other things, voting orientation.

Comportement politique trois type de comportements 1.png

Action collective[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

It is a concept used in different fields in quite different ways. Collective action is group leadership that uses collective resources to defend common interests. A broad definition is that collective action is any action organized by more than two people. Narrower definitions emphasize that collective action is discontinuous and confrontational action, i.e., action that takes place in the context of social or political conflict.

Protest Policy[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

In Dynamics of Contention published in 2003, McAdam, Tarrow and Tilly define protest politics as a collective, episodic and public interaction between claimants and their objects.[10] These authors have introduced other dimensions, namely that at least one government is involved in the claims as an author, object or party. If realized, the claims affect the interests of at least one of the claimants. We speak of collective action to the extent that if carried out, the collective action affects the interests of certain actors, not only the authors of the claims, but also the objects of the claims. For example, these are social movements, revolts, rebellions, terrorism, civil war or revolutions.

Social movements[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

There is not really a consensus in the scientific literature. There is a substantialist definition which is that social movements are disadvantaged groups, i.e. groups that do not have access to institutional channels and mobilize to defend common interests through unconventional actions. A relational definition defines social movements as challenges to authorities based on common goals and shared social solidarities.

Three types of non-conventional behaviour[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Comportement politique trois type de comportements non conventionnels 1.png

Political behaviour in the social sciences[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Comportement politique comportement politique dans les sciences sociales 1.png

The study of political behaviour is not only a political science, but can be seen as something transdisciplinary, particularly in sociology, sociopsychology and economics. Together, these disciplines can shed light on the study of political behaviour.

Political behaviour can be studied from different angles. There can be different approaches, including normative and prescriptive approaches to what constitutes good political behaviour. There have been theorists who have moved in this direction. The idea is to try to identify the explanatory factors that explain and understand why citizens engage in politics or do not engage, or engage in certain types of political behaviour. Beforehand, a number of conceptual milestones need to be established with the different theories, whether electoral or non-electoral.

Some questions[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Any answer in social sciences and science is an interim answer:

  • why do some people vote and some people don't?
  • why do people vote for different parties?
  • why do some people participate in social movements and others do not?
  • what is the impact of social background on political behaviour?
  • what is the impact of values on political behaviour?
  • how rational is political behaviour?
  • to what extent is political behaviour influenced by context?
  • how have the patterns of political participation changed over time?

Model of political behaviour[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Comportement politique modèle de comportement politique 1.png

What we want to identify and explain is political behaviour in its different forms and this or these political behaviours are influenced by three types of factors based at different levels. Both the structural context and the cultural context play an important role at the macro level. At the meso level are the dynamic social networks of groups and ultimately the choices and preferences of individuals. The idea is that there is an interweaving of these factors. If we take these factors and deal with them all at the individual level, it structures the course because we are going to look first at the notion of cleavage and its different translation influencing political behaviour.

Annexes[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

References[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

  1. Marco Giugni - UNIGE
  2. Marco Giugni - Google Scholar
  3. Marco Giugni - Researchgate.net
  4. Marco Giugni - Cairn.info
  5. Marco Giugni - Protest Survey
  6. Marco Giugni - EPFL Press
  7. Marco Giugni - Bibliothèque Nationale de France
  8. Milbrath, Lester W., and Madan L. Goel. Political participation : how and why do people get involved in politics. Chicago: Rand McNally College Pub. Co, 1977. Print.
  9. Barnes, Samuel H., and Max Kaase. Political action: mass participation in five Western democracies. Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage Publications, 1979. Print.
  10. Mcadam, D., Tarrow, S., & Tilly, C. (2003). Dynamics of Contention. Social Movement Studies, 2(1), 99–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2003.10035370