https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Political_Behaviour:_Historical_and_methodological_benchmarks&feed=atom&action=historyPolitical Behaviour: Historical and methodological benchmarks - Historique des versions2024-03-29T05:56:42ZHistorique des versions pour cette page sur le wikiMediaWiki 1.38.2https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Political_Behaviour:_Historical_and_methodological_benchmarks&diff=48258&oldid=prevArthur le 11 mai 2020 à 08:422020-05-11T08:42:27Z<p></p>
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</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Political_Behaviour:_Historical_and_methodological_benchmarks&diff=48144&oldid=prevArthur le 8 mai 2020 à 15:222020-05-08T15:22:21Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>We will situate the study of political behaviour in history and discuss some methodological elements. Ideally, a distinction should be made between the historical constitution of the study of electoral behaviour and that of non-electoral behaviour, since these two fields have historically spoken very little to each other. How has the study of electoral behaviour developed and constituted?</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>We will situate the study of political behaviour in history and discuss some methodological elements. Ideally, a distinction should be made between the historical constitution of the study of electoral behaviour and that of non-electoral behaviour, since these two fields have historically spoken very little to each other. How has the study of electoral behaviour developed and constituted?</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The emergence of the subject raises questions about how the subject emerged in European thought. The emergence of the behaviourist approach is the starting point for the empirical study of political behaviour. We will deal with the emergence of the autonomous citizen, i.e. the "intentional" citizen who introduces the theories of rational choice with, in particular, the economic theories of the vote. Finally, we will discuss the development of analytical techniques that have contributed to making the study of political behaviour one of the most important disciplines of political science with main instruments such as polling.{{Translations</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The emergence of the subject raises questions about how the subject emerged in European thought. The emergence of the behaviourist approach is the starting point for the empirical study of political behaviour. We will deal with the emergence of the autonomous citizen, i.e. the "intentional" citizen who introduces the theories of rational choice with, in particular, the economic theories of the vote. Finally, we will discuss the development of analytical techniques that have contributed to making the study of political behaviour one of the most important disciplines of political science with main instruments such as polling.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| fr = Repères historiques et méthodologiques</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| fr = Repères historiques et méthodologiques</div></td></tr>
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</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Political_Behaviour:_Historical_and_methodological_benchmarks&diff=48142&oldid=prevArthur le 8 mai 2020 à 15:192020-05-08T15:19:08Z<p></p>
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</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Political_Behaviour:_Historical_and_methodological_benchmarks&diff=47794&oldid=prevArthur : /* Levels of analysis */2020-05-03T21:01:20Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Levels of analysis</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| - actor ;<div>individuals ;<div>individual choices ;<div>individual preferences.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| - actor ;<div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">- </ins>individuals ;<div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">- </ins>individual choices ;<div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">- </ins>individual preferences.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| - system ;<div>- institutions ;<div>- structural change ;<div>- cultural change.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| - system ;<div>- institutions ;<div>- structural change ;<div>- cultural change.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Political_Behaviour:_Historical_and_methodological_benchmarks&diff=47793&oldid=prevArthur : /* Levels of analysis */2020-05-03T21:00:46Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Levels of analysis</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>!Macro</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>!Macro</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| - <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">acteur </del>;<div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Individus </del>;<div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">choix individuels </del>;<div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">préférences individuelles</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| - <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">actor </ins>;<div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">individuals </ins>;<div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">individual choices </ins>;<div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">individual preferences</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| - <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">système </del>;<div>- institutions ;<div>- <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">changement structurel </del>;<div>- <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">changement culturel</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| - <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">system </ins>;<div>- institutions ;<div>- <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">structural change </ins>;<div>- <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cultural change</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">La grande </del>question <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">est de savoir comment les lier au-delà du fait qu’aujourd’hui il y </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">des outils méthodologiques statistiques qui permettent de lier des mesures individuelles et contextuelles dans une seule analyse</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cette réflexion est au cœur de la réflexion en </del>science <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sociale et en tout cas en sociologie et en </del>science <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">politique</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Les théoriciens de la sociologie se sont souvent préoccupés de comment faire le lien entre le niveau individuel et le niveau </del>macro <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">institutionnel dans d’autres cas</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The big </ins>question <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is how to link them beyond the fact that today there are statistical methodological tools that allow individual and contextual measures to be linked in </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">single analysis</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This reflection is at the heart of thinking in social </ins>science <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and in any case in sociology and political </ins>science. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sociological theorists have often been concerned with how to link the individual level to the </ins>macro <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">institutional level in other cases</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lien micro</del>-macro : Coleman==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Micro</ins>-macro <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">link</ins>: Coleman==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James Coleman a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">élaboré un modèle très </del>simple <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui consiste à donner une image de comment le </del>macro <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et le </del>micro <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sont liés</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dans le modèle du lien </del>micro <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">– </del>macro, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ce qu’on veut expliquer est le changement politique et </del>social. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">La tâche du sociologue est d’expliquer les grands changements sociaux et politiques</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ces changements découlent à leur tour de grandes </del>transformations <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">structurelles et culturelles</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il y </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">l’idée d’un lien entre ce qu’on veut expliquer</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">à savoir les changements politiques et sociaux aujourd’hui</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et les grandes </del>transformations <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui ont eu lieu dans l’histoire de l’Europe ou d’un pays</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>James Coleman <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">has developed </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">very </ins>simple <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">model of how </ins>macro <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </ins>micro <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are linked</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In the </ins>micro<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</ins>macro <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">linkage model</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">what we want to explain is political and </ins>social <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">change</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The sociologist's task is to explain major social and political changes</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">These changes, in turn, are the result of major structural and cultural </ins>transformations. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">There is the idea of </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">link between what we want to explain</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">namely political and social changes today</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and the major </ins>transformations <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that have taken place in the history of Europe or of a country</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Fichier:comportement politique lien micro macro Coleman 1.png|center|vignette|]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Fichier:comportement politique lien micro macro Coleman 1.png|center|vignette|]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pour </del>Coleman, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui était un grand institutionnalisme méthodologique</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">le lien de grandes </del>transformations <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sociales, structurelles et culturelles et le changement politique et </del>social <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ne peut pas être fait directement</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais il peut être seulement fait en passant par des choix et des comportements individuels</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est une approche qui vient de </del>Max Weber. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L’idée est que ces </del>transformations <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">culturelles expliquent ensuite des changements au niveau des </del>positions <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et des </del>attitudes <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">individuelles</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ces préférences individuelles expliquent ensuite la mobilisation individuelle et c’est par l’agrégation des différents comportements individuels que l’on peut expliquer in fine les changements culturels et sociaux</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Toute la </del>tradition <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">behavioriste est restée au niveau </del>micro, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais pour </del>Coleman, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il faut faire un lien avec le niveau </del>macro <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">politique</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pour </del>Coleman, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ce lien ne peut être fait directement</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais par un détour</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">On ne peut pas expliquer le changement social et politique en restant au niveau du contexte</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">agrégé et des </del>variables <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">globales</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L’idée wébérienne est que pour expliquer les transformations sociales</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il faut passer par des </del>variables <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">individuelles qui offrent des mécanismes</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">For </ins>Coleman, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">who was a great methodological institutionist</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the link between major social, structural and cultural </ins>transformations <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and political and </ins>social <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">change cannot be made directly</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but can only be made through individual choices and behaviour</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This is an approach that comes from </ins>Max Weber. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The idea is that these cultural </ins>transformations <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">then explain changes in individual </ins>positions <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </ins>attitudes. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">These individual preferences then explain individual mobilization, and it is through the aggregation of different individual behaviors that we can ultimately explain cultural and social changes</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The whole behaviourist </ins>tradition <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">has remained at the </ins>micro <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">level</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but for </ins>Coleman, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a link must be made with the </ins>macro <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">political level</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">For </ins>Coleman, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">this link cannot be made directly</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but through a detour</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Social and political change cannot be explained by staying at the level of context</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">aggregate and global </ins>variables. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Weberian idea is that in order to explain social change</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">one has to go through individual </ins>variables <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that provide mechanisms</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lien micro</del>-macro : Rokkan==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Micro</ins>-macro <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">link</ins>: Rokkan==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Rokkan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a également postulé des liens </del>micro <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et </del>macro. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pour </del>Rokkan, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il est </del>possible <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de concevoir un lien </del>direct micro <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et </del>macro :</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Rokkan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">has also applied for </ins>micro <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </ins>macro <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">links</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">For </ins>Rokkan, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it is </ins>possible <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to design a </ins>direct micro <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </ins>macro <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">link</ins>:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">micro – </del>micro : <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">étude de la relation entre les caractéristiques individuelles</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">les rôles</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">les </del>cognitions <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et les </del>motivations, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">d’un côté</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et les </del>dispositions <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">politiques et décisions</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de l’autre </del>;</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*micro </ins>- micro: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the study of the relationship between individual characteristics</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">roles</ins>, cognitions <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </ins>motivations, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on the one hand</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and political </ins>dispositions <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and decisions</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on the other</ins>;</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">macro – </del>micro : <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">étude des effets des </del>variations <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et des changements dans les contextes structurels sur les décisions politiques ainsi que sur la force et la </del>direction <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">des relations </del>micro-micro ;</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*macro </ins>- micro: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the study of the effects of </ins>variations <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and changes in structural contexts on policy decisions and the strength and </ins>direction <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of </ins>micro-micro <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">relationships</ins>;</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">micro – </del>macro : <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">étude des effets des </del>attitudes <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et décisions des citoyens sur les politiques</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">stratégies et tactiques des partis ainsi que sur l’opération des systèmes de contrainte structurelle sur le processus décisionnel </del>;</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*micro</ins>-macro: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the study of the effects of citizens' </ins>attitudes <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and decisions on party policies</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">strategies and tactics and on the operation of structural constraint systems on the decision-making process</ins>;</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">macro – </del>macro : <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">étude des fonctions des contraintes structurelles dans le maintien</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">la légitimation et la stabilisation du système politique en général</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*macro </ins>- macro: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">study of the functions of structural constraints in maintaining</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">legitimizing and stabilizing the political system in general</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il faut garder en tête qu’il y a le niveau </del>micro <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et </del>macro <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qu’il faut distinguer et qu’il faut essayer de faire un lien entre ces niveaux</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It must be kept in mind that there is the </ins>micro <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </ins>macro <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">level that must be distinguished and that we must try to make a link between these levels</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Ecological Error=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Ecological Error=</div></td></tr>
</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Political_Behaviour:_Historical_and_methodological_benchmarks&diff=47792&oldid=prevArthur : /* Niveaux d’analyse */2020-05-03T20:59:11Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Niveaux d’analyse</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">◂ Version précédente</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Version du 3 mai 2020 à 21:59</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l84">Ligne 84 :</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Ligne 84 :</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If we go back to the old institutionalism, in the end we were not interested in empirical concerns. The first beginnings of empirical analysis, and therefore of methodological reflection understood as an instrument and a set of tools that allow us to make a link between theoretical thought and empirical reality, took place at the beginning of the 20th century, shortly before the development of behaviorism in the United States, and in France with electoral geography, which worked on aggregate data that are data that characterize a given political-administrative unit. Behaviourists immediately saw that with this type of approach and this type of data, we cannot study individual behaviour, since the data are at the level of a unit and not at the level of the individual. For behaviourists, it is necessary to find a way to study individual behaviour by collecting individual data, which is why they developed the sample survey, which is still an instrument used today. The survey is based on random sampling that can be generalised and is representative. Paul Lazarsfeld, in the 1940s, first applied the sampling instrument to study electoral behaviour. We're going to talk about the Michigan approach, and it was precisely at the University of Michigan that the first systematic national surveys were developed beginning in the 1950s. Starting in 1978, they established national electoral studies that were institutionalized and developed in other countries. It is a valuable tool to study political behaviour from a perspective that was once called micropolitics. From the 1980s onwards, it is possible to point out important innovations with the systematic use of computers, which increased the possibilities of analysis, but also with the social organization of access to data. The idea is that, at certain times, it is possible to ensure that all researchers have access to the data. This responds to a concern for science as a collective effort, but it also responds to a methodological concern for the replicability of research results. Finally, the increasing sophistication of analytical techniques has led to the possibility of multi-level analyses, which have existed since the late 1970s and early 1980s, but in political science this is a relatively recent development. These are analyses that can integrate both individual and contextual data.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If we go back to the old institutionalism, in the end we were not interested in empirical concerns. The first beginnings of empirical analysis, and therefore of methodological reflection understood as an instrument and a set of tools that allow us to make a link between theoretical thought and empirical reality, took place at the beginning of the 20th century, shortly before the development of behaviorism in the United States, and in France with electoral geography, which worked on aggregate data that are data that characterize a given political-administrative unit. Behaviourists immediately saw that with this type of approach and this type of data, we cannot study individual behaviour, since the data are at the level of a unit and not at the level of the individual. For behaviourists, it is necessary to find a way to study individual behaviour by collecting individual data, which is why they developed the sample survey, which is still an instrument used today. The survey is based on random sampling that can be generalised and is representative. Paul Lazarsfeld, in the 1940s, first applied the sampling instrument to study electoral behaviour. We're going to talk about the Michigan approach, and it was precisely at the University of Michigan that the first systematic national surveys were developed beginning in the 1950s. Starting in 1978, they established national electoral studies that were institutionalized and developed in other countries. It is a valuable tool to study political behaviour from a perspective that was once called micropolitics. From the 1980s onwards, it is possible to point out important innovations with the systematic use of computers, which increased the possibilities of analysis, but also with the social organization of access to data. The idea is that, at certain times, it is possible to ensure that all researchers have access to the data. This responds to a concern for science as a collective effort, but it also responds to a methodological concern for the replicability of research results. Finally, the increasing sophistication of analytical techniques has led to the possibility of multi-level analyses, which have existed since the late 1970s and early 1980s, but in political science this is a relatively recent development. These are analyses that can integrate both individual and contextual data.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Niveaux d’analyse</del>=</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Levels of analysis</ins>=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Plusieurs niveaux rentrent en ligne de compte dans l’analyse des comportements politiques avec les </del>analyses <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">« micro » donc individuelles qui sera pour une grande partie du cours notre </del>variable <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dépendante et les </del>analyses <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">« macro » comme</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">par exemple</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">le fait que la </del>participation <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">électorale dépende du contexte institutionnel et intervenant dans l’explication qui sont des facteurs qui ne relèvent pas de l’individu</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais qui sont soit l’agrégation de comportements individuels que l’on regarde de façon agrégée soit de propriétés qui dépendent directement du contexte</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Several levels are taken into account in the analysis of political behaviour, with "micro" </ins>analyses<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, i.e. individual analyses, which will be our dependent </ins>variable <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for a large part of the course, and "macro" </ins>analyses <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">such as</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for example</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the fact that electoral </ins>participation <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">depends on the institutional context and intervenes in the explanation, which are factors that do not depend on the individual</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but which are either the aggregation of individual behaviours that we look at in an aggregated way or properties that depend directly on the context</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="20" border="1" align="center"</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="20" border="1" align="center"</div></td></tr>
</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Political_Behaviour:_Historical_and_methodological_benchmarks&diff=47791&oldid=prevArthur : /* « Reasoning voter » */2020-05-03T20:58:35Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">« Reasoning voter »</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">◂ Version précédente</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Version du 3 mai 2020 à 21:58</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>From the 1980s and 1990s, there was a return of institutions in the analysis of behaviours through a new institutionalism that distanced itself from the old institutionalism in particular by evacuating the normative dimension, by an emphasis that is placed not only on the legal framework, but also on informal procedures that constitute a context that can determine or channel political behaviour.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>From the 1980s and 1990s, there was a return of institutions in the analysis of behaviours through a new institutionalism that distanced itself from the old institutionalism in particular by evacuating the normative dimension, by an emphasis that is placed not only on the legal framework, but also on informal procedures that constitute a context that can determine or channel political behaviour.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">« </del>Reasoning voter <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">»</del>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"</ins>Reasoning voter<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"</ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">La révolution rationaliste plus que behavioriste </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fait émerger l’idée que le citoyen a un pouvoir décisionnel faisant également émerger la </del>figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de l’électeur rationnel jusqu’au </del>point <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">où toute décision de se comporter politiquement est le fruit d’un choix rationnel donc d’une évolution des coûts et des bénéfices que l’acteur lui-même aurait dans un cas plutôt qu’un autre</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L’idée de l’électeur rationnel qui a un peu poussé à l’extrême les présupposés de la théorie du choix rationnel ont été critiqués à la fois de l’intérieur et de l’extérieur</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">De l’intérieur</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">puisqu’il y a des auteurs rationalistes qui ont posés certaines limites à la rationalité et</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de l’extérieur</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">puisqu’il y </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">eu tout un tas de critiques qui sont les critiques que l’on fait habituellement dans la théorie du choix rationnel et que si on va dans cette </del>direction, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on néglige l’impact des </del>structures, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">des contextes ou encore des </del>dimensions <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">culturelles</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The rationalist rather than behaviourist revolution has given rise to the idea that the citizen has </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">decision-making power that also gives rise to the </ins>figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of the rational voter, to the </ins>point <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">where any decision to behave politically is the result of a rational choice, i.e. an evolution of the costs and benefits that the actor himself would have in one case rather than another</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The idea of the rational voter, which has taken the assumptions of rational choice theory to the extreme, has been criticized both from within and without</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From the inside</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">since there are rationalist writers who have set certain limits to rationality</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and from the outside</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">since there have been </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lot of criticisms that are the usual criticisms of rational choice theory, and if you go in that </ins>direction, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">you neglect the impact of </ins>structures, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">contexts, or cultural </ins>dimensions. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">La critique interne est intéressante puisqu’elle a menée à créer le </del>concept <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de rationalité limitée qui fut créée pour montrer le fait que l’acteur peu à la fois agir rationnellement</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais dans le cadre d’un </del>certain <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">contexte qui pose des limites à l’intérieur duquel la rationalité peut fonctionner</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le </del>concept <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de rationalité limité a été repris par des auteurs qui ont proposé le </del>concept <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de </del>reasoning voter <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui est un électeur qui réfléchit dans le cadre d’un contexte donné</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cela présuppose aussi que l’électeur évalue les coûts et bénéfices dans une </del>situation <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">où l’information n’est pas complètement transparente et disponible.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The internal criticism is interesting because it led to the </ins>concept <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of limited rationality, which was created to show the fact that the actor can act rationally</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but within a </ins>certain <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">context that sets limits within which rationality can function</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </ins>concept <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of limited rationality has been taken up by authors who have proposed the </ins>concept <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of </ins>reasoning <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vote which is a </ins>voter <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">who thinks within a given context</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It also presupposes that the voter assesses the costs and benefits in a </ins>situation <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">where information is not completely transparent and available</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L’idée du reasoning voter est un concept qui essaie de faire le pont entre psychologie politique et théorie du choix rationnel aussi en tenant compte des facteurs psychologiques qui peuvent rendre l’électeur pas complément rationnel, mais quand même raisonnable. L’électeur est amené à faire des raccourcis qui sont des processus heuristiques</del>.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Développements méthodologiques</del>=</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The idea of reasoning voting is a concept that tries to bridge the gap between political psychology and rational choice theory by taking into account psychological factors that may make the voter not rational but still reasonable. The voter is led to take shortcuts that are heuristic processes.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Si on revient sur l’ancien institutionnalisme</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">finalement</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on ne s’intéressait pas aux préoccupations empiriques. Les premiers débuts d’analyses empiriques et donc de réflexion méthodologique entendue comme un </del>instrument <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et un ensemble d’outils qui nous permettent de faire un lien entre une pensée théorique et une réalité empirique</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ont lieu au début du XXème</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">peu avant que ne se développe aux États-Unis le behaviorisme</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">en </del>France <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">avec la géographie électorale qui travaillait sur des données agrégées qui sont des données qui caractérisent une unité politico</del>-administrative <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">donnée</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Les behaviouristes ont tout de suite vu qu’avec ce </del>type <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">d’approche et ce </del>type <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de données</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on ne peut pas étudier les comportements individuels puisque ce sont des données qui se situent au niveau d’une unité et non pas au niveau de l’individu</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pour les behavioristes</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il faut trouver une manière d’étudier les comportements individuels par une collecte de données individuelles</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">c’est pourquoi ils ont développé l’enquête par sondage qui est encore un </del>instrument <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">utilisé aujourd’hui</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le sondage se fait sur la base d’un échantillonnage aléatoire qu’il est possible de généraliser et qui est représentatif</del>. Paul Lazarsfeld, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dans les années 1940</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a pour la première fois appliqué l’instrument du sondage afin d’étudier le comportement électoral</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">On va parle de l’approche de </del>Michigan, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et c’est justement à l’Université de </del>Michigan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">que les premiers sondages systématiques sur le plan </del>national <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ont été développés à partir des années 1950</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">À partir de </del>1978, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ils ont établi les études électorales nationales qui furent institutionnalisées et développées dans d’autres pays</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est un instrument précieux afin d’étudier les comportements politiques dans une </del>perspective <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qu’on appelait autrefois la micropolitique</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">À partir des années 1980</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il est </del>possible <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de signaler des nouveautés importantes avec l’utilisation systématique des ordinateurs qui a multiplié les possibilités d’analyses</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais aussi avec l’organisation sociale de l’accès aux données</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L’idée est qu’à certains moments</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il est </del>possible <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de pouvoir faire en sorte que tous les chercheurs puissent avoir accès aux données</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cela répond à un souci de </del>science <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">en tant qu’effort collectif</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais cela répond également à un souci méthodologique de réplicabilité de résultats des recherches</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Enfin</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">la </del>sophistication <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">croissante des </del>techniques <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">d’analyse a mené à la possibilité des </del>analyses <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">multiniveaux qui existent depuis la fin des années 1970 et le début des années 1980</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">en </del>science <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">politique, c’est quelque chose de relativement récent</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">On parle d’analyses qui puissent intégrer à la fois des données individuelles et des données contextuelles</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Methodological developments</ins>=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">If we go back to the old institutionalism</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in the end we were not interested in empirical concerns. The first beginnings of empirical analysis</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and therefore of methodological reflection understood as an </ins>instrument <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and a set of tools that allow us to make a link between theoretical thought and empirical reality</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">took place at the beginning of the 20th century</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">shortly before the development of behaviorism in the United States</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and in </ins>France <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with electoral geography, which worked on aggregate data that are data that characterize a given political</ins>-administrative <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">unit</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Behaviourists immediately saw that with this </ins>type <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of approach and this </ins>type <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of data, we cannot study individual behaviour</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">since the data are at the level of a unit and not at the level of the individual</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">For behaviourists</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it is necessary to find a way to study individual behaviour by collecting individual data</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which is why they developed the sample survey, which is still an </ins>instrument <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">used today</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The survey is based on random sampling that can be generalised and is representative</ins>. Paul Lazarsfeld, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in the 1940s</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">first applied the sampling instrument to study electoral behaviour</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">We're going to talk about the </ins>Michigan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">approach</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and it was precisely at the University of </ins>Michigan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that the first systematic </ins>national <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">surveys were developed beginning in the 1950s</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Starting in </ins>1978, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">they established national electoral studies that were institutionalized and developed in other countries</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is a valuable tool to study political behaviour from a </ins>perspective <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that was once called micropolitics</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From the 1980s onwards</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it is </ins>possible <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to point out important innovations with the systematic use of computers, which increased the possibilities of analysis</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but also with the social organization of access to data</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The idea is that</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">at certain times, it is </ins>possible <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to ensure that all researchers have access to the data</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This responds to a concern for </ins>science <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as a collective effort</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but it also responds to a methodological concern for the replicability of research results</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Finally</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the increasing </ins>sophistication <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of analytical </ins>techniques <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">has led to the possibility of multi-level </ins>analyses, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which have existed since the late 1970s and early 1980s</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but in political </ins>science <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">this is a relatively recent development</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">These are analyses that can integrate both individual and contextual data</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Niveaux d’analyse=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Niveaux d’analyse=</div></td></tr>
</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Political_Behaviour:_Historical_and_methodological_benchmarks&diff=47790&oldid=prevArthur : /* Rational Choice Theory */2020-05-03T20:57:14Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Rational Choice Theory</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">◂ Version précédente</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Version du 3 mai 2020 à 21:57</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Rational Choice Theory==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Rational Choice Theory==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Certaines théories du modèle explicatif du vote s’appuient largement sur la théorie du choix rationnel</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est une théorie qui s’applique à différents domaines de manière transversale</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Some theories of the explanatory model of voting are largely based on rational choice theory</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is a theory that applies to different areas in a cross-cutting manner</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Parmi les caractéristiques de la théorie du choix rationnel</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il faut d’abord distinguer l’individualisme méthodologique qui s’oppose dans certains débats sociologiques avec le holisme sociologique</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">En ce sens</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">l’explication des phénomènes sociaux doit être fait en termes de calculs rationnels faits par des individus égocentriques réfléchissant en fonction de leurs propres intérêts</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le </del>second <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">élément découle du premier est que les </del>interactions <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sont faites sur la base de l’échange </del>social <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">modelé sur l’action économique</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">c’est</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">à-dire que les échanges sont faits sur le modèle de coûts – bénéfices que les acteurs font</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">La théorie du choix rationnel n’a pas seulement influencé l’étude du vote</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais aussi la théorie des mouvements sociaux</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dans les théories du choix rationnel</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">la rationalité est vue comme résultat du conditionnement psychologique ou d’individus agissant comme s’ils étaient complètement rationnels</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Among the characteristics of rational choice theory</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">we must first distinguish methodological individualism, which in some sociological debates is opposed to sociological holism</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In this sense</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the explanation of social phenomena has to be made in terms of rational calculations made by self-centred individuals thinking according to their own interests</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </ins>second <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">element derives from the first is that </ins>interactions <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are made on the basis of </ins>social <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">exchange modelled on economic action</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">i.e. exchanges are made on the cost</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">benefit model that actors make</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rational choice theory has influenced not only the study of voting</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but also the theory of social movements</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In rational choice theories</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rationality is seen as the result of psychological conditioning or individuals acting as if they were completely rational</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="20" border="1" align="center"</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="20" border="1" align="center"</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>!<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mérites</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>!<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Merits</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>!<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Critiques et limites</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>!<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Criticisms and Limitations</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| - <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a placé l’individu au </del>centre <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de l’analyse </del>;<div>- <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a donné autonomie et pouvoir décisionnel à l’individu</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| - <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">placed the individual at the </ins>centre <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of the analysis </ins>;<div>- <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gave autonomy and decision-making power to the individual</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| - <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">problème de l’action </del>collective : <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il est difficile d’expliquer par des théories purement rationnelles pourquoi il y a des </del>actions <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">collectives </del>;<div>- <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">problème des normes sociales </del>: <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il est difficile d’expliquer l’émergence des normes sociales par une théorie purement rationaliste </del>;<div>- <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">problème de la </del>structure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sociale</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| - <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">problem of </ins>collective <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">action</ins>: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it is difficult to explain by purely rational theories why there are collective </ins>actions ;<div>- <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">problem of social norms</ins>: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it is difficult to explain the emergence of social norms by a purely rationalist theory </ins>;<div>- <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">problem of social </ins>structure.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td></tr>
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</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Political_Behaviour:_Historical_and_methodological_benchmarks&diff=47789&oldid=prevArthur : /* Caractéristiques des approches behavioristes et rationalistes */2020-05-03T20:56:19Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Caractéristiques des approches behavioristes et rationalistes</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">◂ Version précédente</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Version du 3 mai 2020 à 21:56</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Théorie du choix rationnel</del>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rational Choice Theory</ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Certaines théories du modèle explicatif du vote s’appuient largement sur la théorie du choix rationnel. C’est une théorie qui s’applique à différents domaines de manière transversale. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Certaines théories du modèle explicatif du vote s’appuient largement sur la théorie du choix rationnel. C’est une théorie qui s’applique à différents domaines de manière transversale. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Caractéristiques des approches behavioristes et rationalistes</del>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Characteristics of behaviourist and rationalist approaches</ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ce qui rapproche ces deux approches est une forte préoccupation avec la théorie et la méthodologie en tout cas en termes d’ambition avec une volonté d’éliminer tout élément normatif de la réflexion et de l’étude de tout comportement politique</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">On ne veut pas juger des bons comportements</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais les observer et les expliquer</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L’individualisme méthodologique est que l’unité de base doit être l’individu partagé par ces deux approches qui mettent également l’accent sur les </del>inputs <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">en analysant les comportements et les </del>inputs <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui en découlent</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">What brings these two approaches together is a strong preoccupation with theory and methodology, at least in terms of ambition, with a desire to eliminate any normative element from the reflection and study of any political behaviour</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The aim is not to judge good behaviour</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but to observe and explain it</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Methodological individualism is that the basic unit must be the individual shared by these two approaches, which also emphasize </ins>inputs <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">by analyzing behaviours and the </ins>inputs <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that result from them</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">À partir des années 1980 et des années 1990</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il y </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">eu un retour des </del>institutions <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dans l’analyse des comportements à travers un nouvel institutionnalisme qui se distancie de l’ancien institutionnalisme notamment par l’évacuation de la </del>dimension <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">normative</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">par un accent qui est mis non pas seulement sur le cadre légal</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais aussi sur les procédures informelles qui constituent un contexte qui peut déterminer ou canaliser les comportements politiques</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From the 1980s and 1990s</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">there was </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">return of </ins>institutions <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in the analysis of behaviours through a new institutionalism that distanced itself from the old institutionalism in particular by evacuating the normative </ins>dimension, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">by an emphasis that is placed not only on the legal framework</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but also on informal procedures that constitute a context that can determine or channel political behaviour</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==« Reasoning voter »==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==« Reasoning voter »==</div></td></tr>
</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Political_Behaviour:_Historical_and_methodological_benchmarks&diff=47788&oldid=prevArthur : /* Behaviourism */2020-05-03T20:55:10Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Behaviourism</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">◂ Version précédente</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Version du 3 mai 2020 à 21:55</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At the same time, behaviourists had the ambition to try to develop general models and theories. These were not obviously laws as in 19th century sociology, which wanted to establish universal laws. From now on, we are trying to understand why a population behaves in such a way or to develop theories that can be adapted to different contexts.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At the same time, behaviourists had the ambition to try to develop general models and theories. These were not obviously laws as in 19th century sociology, which wanted to establish universal laws. From now on, we are trying to understand why a population behaves in such a way or to develop theories that can be adapted to different contexts.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="20" border="1" align="center"</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="20" border="1" align="center"</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>!<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mérites</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>!<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Merits</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>!<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Critiques et limites</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>!<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Criticisms and Limitations</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|-</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| - <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">à remis l’individu et son comportement au </del>centre <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de la réflexion scientifique et de la recherche en </del>science <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">politique </del>;<div>- <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">à permis le développement de </del>techniques <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">d’analyses scientifiques et systématiques pour l’étude du comportement politique</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| - <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to place the individual and his behaviour at the </ins>centre <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of scientific reflection and research in political </ins>science ;<div>- <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to enable the development of scientific and systematic analytical </ins>techniques <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for the study of political behaviour</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| - <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">impérialisme de la méthodologie </del>: <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">le risque est de mettre la méthode pas au </del>service <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de la théorie</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais avant la théorie </del>;<div>- <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">occultation des valeurs </del>: <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">le souci de s’éloigner de l’ancien institutionnalisme </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">parfois amené à complètement négliger le fait que les valeurs jouent également un rôle</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pas seulement en tant que valeur qui pourraient influencer le comportement</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais aussi en fonction des valeurs du chercheur </del>;<div>- <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">déficit théorique</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| - <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">imperialism of methodology</ins>: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the risk is to put the method not at the </ins>service <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of the theory</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but before the theory </ins>;<div>- <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">concealment of values</ins>: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the concern to move away from the old institutionalism has sometimes led to </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">complete neglect of the fact that values also play a role</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">not only as values that could influence behaviour</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but also according to the values of the researcher </ins>;<div>- <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">theoretical deficit</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>Arthur