https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Impero_della_Libert%C3%A0_o_Repubblica_Imperiale_(1890_-_1939)%3F&feed=atom&action=historyImpero della Libertà o Repubblica Imperiale (1890 - 1939)? - Historique des versions2024-03-29T08:53:24ZHistorique des versions pour cette page sur le wikiMediaWiki 1.38.2https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Impero_della_Libert%C3%A0_o_Repubblica_Imperiale_(1890_-_1939)%3F&diff=54152&oldid=prevArthur le 12 mai 2023 à 09:222023-05-12T09:22:03Z<p></p>
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</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Impero_della_Libert%C3%A0_o_Repubblica_Imperiale_(1890_-_1939)%3F&diff=50193&oldid=prevArthur le 12 janvier 2021 à 16:372021-01-12T16:37:41Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Infine, il processo di espansione iniziò negli anni Settanta del XIX secolo e proseguì negli anni Novanta del XIX secolo. Se prendiamo il caso dell'arcipelago samoano, inizia con un semplice trading post nel 1872. Il Pacifico è una vasta area con forti inimicizie imperialiste. In tutta questa zona, ci sono grandi scontri tra francesi, inglesi e olandesi per il possesso di questi posti di commercio e luoghi di risorse naturali. Dalla fine degli anni Settanta del XIX secolo gli Stati Uniti iniziarono a negoziare, discutere con gli inglesi, i tedeschi e i francesi sulla regione del Pacifico e in particolare con i tedeschi e gli inglesi, il che, dagli anni Ottanta del XIX secolo agli anni Novanta del XIX secolo, portò alla creazione di un condominio fino all'annessione della parte orientale dell'arcipelago da parte degli Stati Uniti nel 1899. Per le isole Hawaii, lo stesso processo che fu un semplice posto di scambio, nel 1875 gli Stati Uniti stabilirono una base a Pearl Harbour fino all'annessione nell'agosto del 1898. L'equilibrio di potere era estremamente sbilanciato. Il processo di stanziamento si svolge nell'arco di circa 15 anni. Per le Hawaii, è un'isola strategica, e non c'è modo che i concorrenti possano stabilirvisi.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Infine, il processo di espansione iniziò negli anni Settanta del XIX secolo e proseguì negli anni Novanta del XIX secolo. Se prendiamo il caso dell'arcipelago samoano, inizia con un semplice trading post nel 1872. Il Pacifico è una vasta area con forti inimicizie imperialiste. In tutta questa zona, ci sono grandi scontri tra francesi, inglesi e olandesi per il possesso di questi posti di commercio e luoghi di risorse naturali. Dalla fine degli anni Settanta del XIX secolo gli Stati Uniti iniziarono a negoziare, discutere con gli inglesi, i tedeschi e i francesi sulla regione del Pacifico e in particolare con i tedeschi e gli inglesi, il che, dagli anni Ottanta del XIX secolo agli anni Novanta del XIX secolo, portò alla creazione di un condominio fino all'annessione della parte orientale dell'arcipelago da parte degli Stati Uniti nel 1899. Per le isole Hawaii, lo stesso processo che fu un semplice posto di scambio, nel 1875 gli Stati Uniti stabilirono una base a Pearl Harbour fino all'annessione nell'agosto del 1898. L'equilibrio di potere era estremamente sbilanciato. Il processo di stanziamento si svolge nell'arco di circa 15 anni. Per le Hawaii, è un'isola strategica, e non c'è modo che i concorrenti possano stabilirvisi.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Fichier:Shooting Captured Insurgents - Spanish-American War.ogv|vignette|droite|Insorti cubani uccisi da un plotone d'esecuzione spagnolo. Una rievocazione che Thomas Edison fece con gli attori nel 1898.]]</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><youtube>fH7uqqmwYNw</youtube></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>La svolta maggiore nella costituzione dell'impero coloniale fu la guerra contro la Spagna nel 1898, che portò a un cambiamento di sovranità di Cuba, Portorico, Guam e Filippine. Le Filippine sono state inizialmente sottratte alla Spagna, ma una ribellione ha portato a una guerra tra il 1899 e il 1902 che permetterà agli Stati Uniti di stabilirsi definitivamente fino agli anni Trenta del secolo scorso. Allo stesso tempo, la regione di Panama che faceva parte della Grande Colombia vivrà nel 1903 una ribellione contro la potenza colombiana sostenuta dagli Stati Uniti che garantirà l'indipendenza di Panama in cambio di una forte presenza americana.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>La svolta maggiore nella costituzione dell'impero coloniale fu la guerra contro la Spagna nel 1898, che portò a un cambiamento di sovranità di Cuba, Portorico, Guam e Filippine. Le Filippine sono state inizialmente sottratte alla Spagna, ma una ribellione ha portato a una guerra tra il 1899 e il 1902 che permetterà agli Stati Uniti di stabilirsi definitivamente fino agli anni Trenta del secolo scorso. Allo stesso tempo, la regione di Panama che faceva parte della Grande Colombia vivrà nel 1903 una ribellione contro la potenza colombiana sostenuta dagli Stati Uniti che garantirà l'indipendenza di Panama in cambio di una forte presenza americana.</div></td></tr>
</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Impero_della_Libert%C3%A0_o_Repubblica_Imperiale_(1890_-_1939)%3F&diff=50192&oldid=prevArthur : /* Empire de la liberté ? */2021-01-12T16:36:46Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Empire de la liberté ?</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mentre stiamo discutendo se ci debba essere o meno un impero coloniale, alla fine degli anni Novanta del XIX secolo, di fatto, c'era un piccolo impero coloniale. Negli anni novanta del XIX secolo, la colonizzazione è diventata una questione politica.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mentre stiamo discutendo se ci debba essere o meno un impero coloniale, alla fine degli anni Novanta del XIX secolo, di fatto, c'era un piccolo impero coloniale. Negli anni novanta del XIX secolo, la colonizzazione è diventata una questione politica.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Empire de la liberté </del>? ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Impero della libertà</ins>? ==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Fichier:Manila646 1899.jpg|200px|vignette|droite|Soldati americani in movimento vicino a Manila, 1899.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Fichier:Manila646 1899.jpg|200px|vignette|droite|Soldati americani in movimento vicino a Manila, 1899.]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Impero_della_Libert%C3%A0_o_Repubblica_Imperiale_(1890_-_1939)%3F&diff=50191&oldid=prevArthur : /* Annexes */2021-01-12T12:08:45Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Annexes</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Va notato che in Afghanistan, come in Vietnam negli anni Sessanta, la strategia di costruzione della nazione e le operazioni militari si svolgono contemporaneamente, scontrandosi frontalmente e distruggendosi a vicenda. Le risorse materiali impiegate sono relativamente grandi. I risultati della strategia di costruzione della nazione in Afghanistan sono al momento contrastanti, poiché non è stata raggiunta la pacificazione del territorio e non è stata realizzata nemmeno la costruzione di un regime politico. Lo stesso ragionamento può essere applicato all'Iraq. Possiamo vedere come questo tipo di strategia sia stata al centro della politica americana fin dalla caduta del muro e come i risultati siano in diretto contrasto, se non in contraddizione, con la retorica che è stata messa in atto.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Va notato che in Afghanistan, come in Vietnam negli anni Sessanta, la strategia di costruzione della nazione e le operazioni militari si svolgono contemporaneamente, scontrandosi frontalmente e distruggendosi a vicenda. Le risorse materiali impiegate sono relativamente grandi. I risultati della strategia di costruzione della nazione in Afghanistan sono al momento contrastanti, poiché non è stata raggiunta la pacificazione del territorio e non è stata realizzata nemmeno la costruzione di un regime politico. Lo stesso ragionamento può essere applicato all'Iraq. Possiamo vedere come questo tipo di strategia sia stata al centro della politica americana fin dalla caduta del muro e come i risultati siano in diretto contrasto, se non in contraddizione, con la retorica che è stata messa in atto.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Annexes </del>=</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Allegati </ins>=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Cosmas, Graham A. An Army for Empire; the United States Army in the Spanish-American War. Columbia: U of Missouri, 1971. Print.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Cosmas, Graham A. An Army for Empire; the United States Army in the Spanish-American War. Columbia: U of Missouri, 1971. Print.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Steinmetz, George. Politiques Impérialistes Genèses Et Structures De L'état Colonial. Paris: Seuil, 2008.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Steinmetz, George. Politiques Impérialistes Genèses Et Structures De L'état Colonial. Paris: Seuil, 2008.</div></td></tr>
</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Impero_della_Libert%C3%A0_o_Repubblica_Imperiale_(1890_-_1939)%3F&diff=50190&oldid=prevArthur : /* Références */2021-01-12T12:08:30Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Références</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Stratfor. “The Geopolitics of the United States, Part 1: The Inevitable Empire.” Stratfor, Stratfor, 4 July 2016, https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/geopolitics-united-states-part-1-inevitable-empire.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Stratfor. “The Geopolitics of the United States, Part 1: The Inevitable Empire.” Stratfor, Stratfor, 4 July 2016, https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/geopolitics-united-states-part-1-inevitable-empire.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Impero_della_Libert%C3%A0_o_Repubblica_Imperiale_(1890_-_1939)%3F&diff=50189&oldid=prevArthur : /* Diplomatie transformationnelle et guerre contre le terrorisme */2021-01-12T12:08:10Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Diplomatie transformationnelle et guerre contre le terrorisme</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">◂ Version précédente</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Version du 12 janvier 2021 à 13:08</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>L'atteggiamento degli Stati Uniti nei confronti della Corte penale internazionale è caratteristico dell'unilateralismo da quando la Corte penale internazionale è stata creata nel 1998 e gli Stati Uniti non vi aderiscono. Essendo stata una storica promotrice del diritto internazionale quando la Corte penale internazionale fu istituita in quel momento, non vi partecipò, segnando che il passaggio all'unilateralismo iniziò negli anni '90 sotto le presidenze Clinton e Bush.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>L'atteggiamento degli Stati Uniti nei confronti della Corte penale internazionale è caratteristico dell'unilateralismo da quando la Corte penale internazionale è stata creata nel 1998 e gli Stati Uniti non vi aderiscono. Essendo stata una storica promotrice del diritto internazionale quando la Corte penale internazionale fu istituita in quel momento, non vi partecipò, segnando che il passaggio all'unilateralismo iniziò negli anni '90 sotto le presidenze Clinton e Bush.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Diplomatie transformationnelle et guerre contre le terrorisme </del>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">La diplomazia trasformazionale e la guerra al terrorismo </ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Article détaillé|Les États-Unis et le nouvel ordre international|Géopolitique du Moyen-Orient}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Article détaillé|Les États-Unis et le nouvel ordre international|Géopolitique du Moyen-Orient}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le virage vers l’unilatéralisme va progressivement se muer en une diplomatie transformationnelle de l’administration fédérale et déboucher sur la guerre contre le terrorisme à l’issue des attentats du </del>11 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">septembre</del>. La <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">guerre contre le terrorisme est le menace islamiste mis en œuvre par les États-Unis dans les années </del>2000 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">à un certain nombre de racines devant remonter à la révolution iranienne de </del>1979 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui est le moment où l’Islam apparait comme une menace géopolitique pour les États-Unis</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il passaggio all'unilateralismo si trasformerà gradualmente in una diplomazia di trasformazione da parte dell'amministrazione federale e porterà alla guerra al terrorismo all'indomani degli attentati dell'</ins>11 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">settembre</ins>. La <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">guerra al terrorismo è la minaccia islamista messa in atto dagli Stati Uniti negli anni </ins>2000 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">con una serie di radici che risalgono alla rivoluzione iraniana del </ins>1979<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, momento in cui l'Islam è apparso come una minaccia geopolitica per gli Stati Uniti</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pendant toute </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Guerre froide</del>, le <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Moyen-Orient est dans l’orbite américaine avec le Shah d’Iran et les monarchies pétrolières qui sont sous parapluie militaire américain</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le Moyen-Orient est sous contrôle ne faisant pas partie des inquiétudes américaines</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tout change avec </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">révolution iranienne de </del>1979 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui amène au pouvoir le régime de l’ayatollah Khomeiny qui est un objet politique nouveau est inconnu pour les États</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Unis étant violemment antioccidental et antiaméricains</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Durante tutta </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">guerra fredda</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il Medio Oriente è stato nell'orbita americana con lo Scià dell'Iran e </ins>le <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">monarchie petrolifere sotto l'ombrello militare americano</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il Medio Oriente è sotto controllo e questo non fa parte delle preoccupazioni americane</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tutto cambia con </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rivoluzione iraniana del </ins>1979 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">che ha portato al potere il regime dell'ayatollah Khomeini come nuovo oggetto politico è sconosciuto agli Stati Uniti essendo violentemente anti</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">occidentale e antiamericano</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>La <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">révolution iranienne de </del>1979, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pour les États-Unis est </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">potentialité est </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">réalisation du Moyen-Orient en général de l’orbite américain vers autre chose</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est une région que les États-Unis pensent sortir et cela est de fait de leur contrôle</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L’Islam sous sa forme la plus </del>radicale <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">entre dans le </del>radar <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de la politique étrangère américaine</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dans les années 1990</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">le cas du </del>Pakistan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">se greffe en tant qu’objet d’inquiétude</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Historiquement</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">le </del>Pakistan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">est dans le pacte de Bagdad étant un allié et n’étant </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">problème particulier pour les États-Unis</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">En revanche</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">au moment de la guerre d’Afghanistan</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cela devient </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cas particulier puisque le </del>Pakistan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">devient une </del>base <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">arrière pour les moudjahidine contre les communistes et antiaméricains</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le </del>Pakistan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">va jouer un double jeu en soutenant les moudjahidines et en coopérant avec les États-Unis</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le </del>Pakistan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">devient </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">allié non contrôlable et potentiellement </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ennemi</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>La <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rivoluzione iraniana del </ins>1979, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">per gli Stati Uniti è </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">potenzialità è </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">realizzazione del Medio Oriente in generale dall'orbita americana a qualcos'altro</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">È una regione dalla quale gli Stati Uniti pensano di uscire e che è di fatto sotto il loro controllo</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L'Islam nella sua forma più </ins>radicale <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sta entrando nel </ins>radar <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">della politica estera americana</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Negli anni Novanta</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il caso del </ins>Pakistan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">è stato aggiunto come oggetto di preoccupazione</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Storicamente</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il </ins>Pakistan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fa parte del patto di Baghdad come alleato e non è </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">problema particolare per gli Stati Uniti</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tuttavia</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">al tempo della guerra in Afghanistan</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">questo diventa </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">caso speciale, poiché il </ins>Pakistan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">diventa una </ins>base <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">posteriore per i mujaheddin contro i comunisti e gli antiamericani</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il </ins>Pakistan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">giocherà una doppia partita sostenendo i mujaheddin e collaborando con gli Stati Uniti</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il </ins>Pakistan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">diventa </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">alleato incontrollabile e potenzialmente </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nemico</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L’Arabie Saoudite devient </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">allié des États-Unis</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sauf qu’à partir des années 1980 et 1990</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">l’Arabie Saoudite est </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">allié</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais et aussi le berceau du terrorisme et notamment de Oussama Ben </del>Laden. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Finalement</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">les États-Unis sont de moins en moins bien disposés vis-à-vis de l’Arabie Saoudite jouant </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">double jeu de même que le </del>Pakistan.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L'Arabia Saudita diventa </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">alleato degli Stati Uniti</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tranne che dagli anni Ottanta e Novanta</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">l'Arabia Saudita è </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">alleato</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ma anche la culla del terrorismo e soprattutto di Osama Bin </ins>Laden. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Infine</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gli Stati Uniti sono sempre meno ben disposti verso l'Arabia Saudita che gioca </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">doppio gioco, così come il </ins>Pakistan.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Une série de changements se font dans la géopolitique du Moyen-Orient</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L’islam en général devient </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ennemi politique potentiel</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">À partir du moment où le régime soviétique va tomber en </del>1991, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">celui qui va devenir l’ennemi numéro Un dans les conceptions américaines des années 1990 va être l’islam radical</del>. La <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">notion de guerre contre le terrorisme mis en œuvre dans les années </del>2000 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">est l’aboutissement de ce mouvement</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nella geopolitica del Medio Oriente sono in atto una serie di cambiamenti</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L'Islam in generale sta diventando </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">potenziale nemico politico</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dal momento in cui il regime sovietico cadrà nel </ins>1991, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">quello che diventerà il nemico numero uno nelle concezioni americane degli anni Novanta sarà l'Islam radicale</ins>. La <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nozione di guerra al terrorismo attuata negli anni </ins>2000 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">è il culmine di questo movimento</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cela va se développer de façon dramatique pendant les années 1990 avec </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Première guerre du golf</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais surtout ses suites et en particulier l’embargo imposé à la population irakienne sous l’égide de l’ONU</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais sous dominance américaine</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L’embargo qui avait pour but de faire tomber </del>Saddam Hussein <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ne marche pas</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">affamant la population irakienne et détériorant l’image américaine dans </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">région</del>. La <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">situation géopolitique du Moyen-Orient devient de plus en plus incontrôlable pendant cette décennie</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pendant la décennie 1990</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">l’opposition à l’occident et aux États-Unis va être de plus en plus </del>forte <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dans cette région du monde se traduisant par une série d’attentats avec notamment le premier attentat contre le </del>World Trade Center <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">en </del>1993 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et une série d’attentats contre les intérêts américains au Moyen-Orient et en Afrique</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Si svilupperà in modo drammatico nel corso degli anni '90 con </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">prima guerra del Golfo</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ma soprattutto le sue conseguenze e in particolare l'embargo imposto alla popolazione irachena sotto l'egida dell'ONU</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ma sotto il dominio americano</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L'embargo che doveva abbattere </ins>Saddam Hussein <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">non ha funzionato</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">facendo morire di fame </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">popolazione irachena e deteriorando l'immagine americana nella regione</ins>. La <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">situazione geopolitica in Medio Oriente è diventata sempre più fuori controllo nell'ultimo decennio</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nel corso degli anni Novanta</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">l'opposizione all'Occidente e agli Stati Uniti sarà sempre più </ins>forte <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in questa regione del mondo, dando luogo a una serie di attacchi, tra cui il primo attacco al </ins>World Trade Center <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nel </ins>1993 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e una serie di attacchi agli interessi americani in Medio Oriente e in Africa</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le </del>11 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">septembre n’est que l’attentat le plus dramatique d’une série d’attentats</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Une littérature énorme a fait flores</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais ce n’est pas </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">moment si important parce que ce n’est pas une rupture géopolitique </del>fondamentale. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">évènement symbolique pour les États-Unis</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais ce n’est pas </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">évènement fondateur</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le </del>11 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">septembre est </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">accélérateur plus qu’une rupture</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le passage de la politique américaine à une dimension plus unilatérale </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">commencé plus avant</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L'</ins>11 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">settembre è solo il più drammatico di una serie di attacchi</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ne è stata scritta un'enorme letteratura</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ma non è </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">momento così importante perché non è una rottura geopolitica </ins>fondamentale. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">È </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">evento simbolico per gli Stati Uniti</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ma non è </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">evento fondatore</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L'</ins>11 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">settembre è più </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">acceleratore che una rottura</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il passaggio della politica statunitense </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">una dimensione più unilaterale è iniziato più avanti</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le mouvement néoconservateur va pousser à une militarisation de l’intervention américaine</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le </del>11 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">septembre donne signale à </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">diplomatie transformationnelle de la présidence </del>Bush <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui consiste à remodeler le Moyen-Orient de la Mauritanie jusqu’au </del>Pakistan. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le centre névralgique du Moyen-Orient et l’Irak, l’Iran</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et l’Arabie saoudite</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L’idée est de considérer que tous ces États qui sont </del>non<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-démocratique ou islamiste sont des ennemis potentiels pour les États-Unis</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ce n‘est qu’en démocratisant le Moyen-Orient qu’on peut sécuriser </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">zone</del>. La <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">diplomatie transformationnelle est l’idée de faire basculer le Moyen-Orient dans </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">environnement démocratique</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cette stratégie est d’abord mise en place en </del>Afghanistan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et en Irak</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le nom des opérations est symbolique de cette politique avec « </del>Enduring Freedom <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">» en </del>Afghanistan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">en </del>2000 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et « </del>Iraqi Freedom <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">» en Irak en </del>2003. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il movimento neoconservatore spingerà per una militarizzazione dell'intervento americano</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L'</ins>11 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">settembre segnala </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">diplomazia di trasformazione della presidenza </ins>Bush <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">per rimodellare il Medio Oriente dalla Mauritania al </ins>Pakistan. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il centro nevralgico del Medio Oriente è l'Iraq</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">l'Iran e l'Arabia Saudita</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L'idea è di considerare tutti questi Stati </ins>non <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">democratici o islamisti come potenziali nemici degli Stati Uniti</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e solo democratizzando il Medio Oriente si potrà garantire </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sicurezza dell'area</ins>. La <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">diplomazia trasformativa è l'idea di portare il Medio Oriente in </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ambiente democratico</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Questa strategia viene attuata per la prima volta in </ins>Afghanistan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e in Iraq</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il nome delle operazioni è simbolico di questa politica con "</ins>Enduring Freedom<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">" in </ins>Afghanistan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nel </ins>2000 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e "</ins>Iraqi Freedom<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">" in Iraq nel </ins>2003. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">On voit comment le danger numéro Un dans la politique étrangère américaine n’est plus le communisme</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais l’islam</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Si vede come il pericolo numero uno della politica estera americana non sia più il comunismo</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ma l'Islam</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= I costruttori della democrazia =</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= I costruttori della democrazia =</div></td></tr>
</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Impero_della_Libert%C3%A0_o_Repubblica_Imperiale_(1890_-_1939)%3F&diff=50188&oldid=prevArthur : /* Les années 1990 et la marche vers l’unilatéralisme */2021-01-12T12:06:53Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Les années 1990 et la marche vers l’unilatéralisme</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">◂ Version précédente</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Version du 12 janvier 2021 à 13:06</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ciò che caratterizza la presidenza Reagan in termini di politica estera è la ripresa della guerra fredda con l'idea di molestare il più possibile l'URSS per accelerarne la caduta. D'altra parte, si discute se il crollo del comunismo sia stato il risultato delle vessazioni della politica estera statunitense o semplicemente il risultato del crollo interno del regime stesso. Attraverso questo dibattito, è in gioco tutta la legittimità del neoconservatorismo. Se il crollo dell'URSS è la causa dovuta alle vessazioni dei neoconservatori, legittima il loro discorso a continuare in quella direzione; se è il contrario, se il crollo del regime sovietico è dovuto alla sua disintegrazione interna e alle riforme messe in atto da Gorbaciov, il discorso legittimante è molto meno importante. È un dibattito che ha agitato enormemente gli ambienti intellettuali e politici. Da questo punto di vista, il posto dei neoconservatori ha fatto più rumore degli altri. L'idea era che se l'URSS era crollata così rapidamente, lo si doveva all'amministrazione federale della presidenza Reagan.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ciò che caratterizza la presidenza Reagan in termini di politica estera è la ripresa della guerra fredda con l'idea di molestare il più possibile l'URSS per accelerarne la caduta. D'altra parte, si discute se il crollo del comunismo sia stato il risultato delle vessazioni della politica estera statunitense o semplicemente il risultato del crollo interno del regime stesso. Attraverso questo dibattito, è in gioco tutta la legittimità del neoconservatorismo. Se il crollo dell'URSS è la causa dovuta alle vessazioni dei neoconservatori, legittima il loro discorso a continuare in quella direzione; se è il contrario, se il crollo del regime sovietico è dovuto alla sua disintegrazione interna e alle riforme messe in atto da Gorbaciov, il discorso legittimante è molto meno importante. È un dibattito che ha agitato enormemente gli ambienti intellettuali e politici. Da questo punto di vista, il posto dei neoconservatori ha fatto più rumore degli altri. L'idea era che se l'URSS era crollata così rapidamente, lo si doveva all'amministrazione federale della presidenza Reagan.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Les années 1990 et </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">marche vers l’unilatéralisme </del>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Gli anni '90 e </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Marcia verso l'unilateralismo </ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il faut s’interroger sur ce qui se passe du point de vue global de la construction de la politique américaine</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il y </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">un retour clair des États-Unis dans une politique claire</del>, globale <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">beaucoup plus unilatérale</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Au début des années 1990</del>, il <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">y a la guerre du golf qui est </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">épisode si ce n’est consensuel ou le droit international est respecté et légitimé par l’ONU. D’une certaine façon</del>, la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Première guerre du golf peut apparaitre comme </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">moment wilsonien où </del>il <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">y a une légitimation internationale et une mise en application des principes démocratiques dans le cadre d’une coalisation afin de faire respecter le droit international et faire sortir l’Irak du Koweït</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dobbiamo chiederci cosa sta succedendo dal punto di vista generale della costruzione della politica americana</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C'è un chiaro ritorno degli Stati Uniti </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">una politica chiara</ins>, globale<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, molto più unilaterale</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">All'inizio degli anni Novanta c'è stata la guerra del Golfo, che è stata un episodio, se non consensuale</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in cui </ins>il <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">diritto internazionale è stato rispettato e legittimato dall'Onu. In </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">certo senso</ins>, la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">prima guerra del Golfo può sembrare </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">momento wilsoniano in cui c'è una legittimazione internazionale e l'applicazione dei principi democratici in una coalizione per garantire </ins>il <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rispetto del diritto internazionale e far uscire l'Iraq dal Kuwait</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lorsqu’on regarde ce qui se passe après</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cela est finalement </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">retour assez rapide à l’unilatéralisme</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est une politique </del>prudente <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">en matière extérieure</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et le refus de l’interventionnisme est aussi et commence à être que si jamais </del>il <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">faut intervenir</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">les États-Unis le ferraient tout seul</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est à ce moment-là qu’il y a </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">changement dans la politique étrangère américaine et où la cible essentielle n’est plus le communisme, mais le terrorisme international</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C‘est à ce moment-là qu’apparait le terme des États voyous</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le terrorisme international devient l’un des focus importants de la politique étrangère américaine expliquant qu’il y a une multiplication des attentats contre les intérêts américains</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Avec </del>Clinton, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il y a </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">discours très wilsonien</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais en même temps, se fait le virage des États-Unis vers une politique unilatérale</del>. George W. Bush <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ne fait que continuer une politique unilatérale qui se fait sous </del>Bill Clinton. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">La thématique des États voyous</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">la focalisation sur le terrorisme international a commencé sous </del>Clinton. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le terrorisme devient l’un des aspects importants de la politique étrangère américaine</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">l’ennemi communiste et remplacé par l’ennemi islamiste</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Se guardiamo a ciò che accade dopo</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">si tratta di </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ritorno abbastanza rapido all'unilateralismo</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Questa è una politica estera </ins>prudente, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e anche </ins>il <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rifiuto dell'interventismo è e comincia ad essere che se mai ci fosse la necessità di intervenire</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gli Stati Uniti lo farebbero da soli</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Questo è il momento in cui c'è </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cambiamento nella politica estera americana e quando l'obiettivo principale non è più il comunismo ma il terrorismo internazionale</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">E' allora che appare il termine "stati canaglia"</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il terrorismo internazionale diventa uno dei punti focali della politica estera americana, il che spiega l'aumento degli attacchi contro gli interessi americani</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Con </ins>Clinton, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">c'è </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">discorso molto wilsoniano</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ma allo stesso tempo c'è un cambiamento nella politica degli Stati Uniti verso l'azione unilaterale</ins>. George W. Bush <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sta semplicemente continuando una politica unilaterale che viene perseguita sotto </ins>Bill Clinton. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il tema degli Stati canaglia, l'attenzione al terrorismo internazionale</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">è iniziato sotto </ins>Clinton. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il terrorismo diventa uno degli aspetti importanti della politica estera americana</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il nemico comunista sostituito dal nemico islamista</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sous </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">présidence </del>Clinton, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on est dans </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">moment qui glisse vers l’unilatéralisme notamment avec deux lois qui manifestent assez bien l’extra territorialisée des États-Unis témoignant de la volonté des États-Unis d’agir sur </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">scène internationale </del>:</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sotto </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">presidenza </ins>Clinton, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">siamo in </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">momento che sta scivolando verso l'unilateralismo, in particolare con due leggi che sono una dimostrazione abbastanza buona dell'extraterritorialità degli Stati Uniti, che dimostra </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">volontà degli Stati Uniti di agire sulla scena internazionale</ins>:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">la </del>'''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">loi </del>Amato-Kennedy''' <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de </del>1996 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">établie des sanctions contre les entreprises américaines ou </del>non <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">américaines qui vont investir dans des secteurs stratégiques en </del>Iran <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ou en Libye</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ce sont des États considérés comme des rogues states et allant investir dans le pétrole et dans le gaz</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Les lois d’extraterritorialité en sont en cas tout à fait remarquable </del>; </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il </ins>'''Amato-Kennedy <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Act</ins>''' <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">del </ins>1996 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ha stabilito sanzioni contro le società americane o </ins>non <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">americane che investiranno in settori strategici in </ins>Iran <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">o in Libia</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Si tratta di Stati considerati come Stati canaglia e che investiranno in petrolio e gas</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le leggi sull'extraterritorialità sono piuttosto notevoli</ins>; </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">la </del>'''<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">loi </del>Helms-Burton''' <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de </del>1996 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui introduit des sanctions contre </del>Cuba, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">impliquant des sanctions contre les entreprises américaines et </del>non <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">américaines qui commercent avec </del>Cuba. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il </ins>'''Helms-Burton <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Act</ins>''' <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">del </ins>1996 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">che ha introdotto sanzioni contro </ins>Cuba, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">con sanzioni contro le aziende statunitensi e </ins>non <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">statunitensi che fanno affari con </ins>Cuba. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est un virage dans la politique étrangère américaine vers </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">unilatéralisme important</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Si tratta di uno spostamento della politica estera statunitense verso </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">significativo unilateralismo</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L’attitude des États-Unis vis-à-vis de </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cour pénale internationale est caractéristique de l’unilatéralisme puisque la Cour pénale internationale est créée en </del>1998 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">est les États-Unis n’y adhèrent pas</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Après avoir été des promoteurs historiques du droit international</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lorsque la Cour pénale internationale est créée a ce moment</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ils n’y participent pas marquant que </del>le <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">virage de l’unilatéralisme a commencé dans les années 1990 sous la présidence </del>Clinton <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et celle de </del>Bush.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L'atteggiamento degli Stati Uniti nei confronti della Corte penale internazionale è caratteristico dell'unilateralismo da quando </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Corte penale internazionale è stata creata nel </ins>1998 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e gli Stati Uniti non vi aderiscono</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Essendo stata una storica promotrice del diritto internazionale quando la Corte penale internazionale fu istituita in quel momento</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">non vi partecipò</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">segnando che il passaggio all'unilateralismo iniziò negli anni '90 sotto </ins>le <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">presidenze </ins>Clinton <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e </ins>Bush.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Diplomatie transformationnelle et guerre contre le terrorisme ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Diplomatie transformationnelle et guerre contre le terrorisme ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Impero_della_Libert%C3%A0_o_Repubblica_Imperiale_(1890_-_1939)%3F&diff=50187&oldid=prevArthur : /* Le Parti Républicain : un néo-wilsonisme ? */2021-01-12T08:02:34Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Le Parti Républicain : un néo-wilsonisme ?</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">◂ Version précédente</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Version du 12 janvier 2021 à 09:02</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>È un'organizzazione che è principalmente democratica, ma ci sono un certo numero di repubblicani, tra cui Ronald Reagan, che è entrato in politica prima del Presidente degli Stati Uniti nel 1981. Questo comitato è un luogo di incontro per una parte del Partito Democratico e dei Repubblicani. E' un passaggio dal Partito Democratico al Partito Repubblicano, dove ci sarà più eco. È uno dei laboratori per la costituzione di quello che diventerà un corpus ideologico del Partito Repubblicano durante la presidenza Reagan.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>È un'organizzazione che è principalmente democratica, ma ci sono un certo numero di repubblicani, tra cui Ronald Reagan, che è entrato in politica prima del Presidente degli Stati Uniti nel 1981. Questo comitato è un luogo di incontro per una parte del Partito Democratico e dei Repubblicani. E' un passaggio dal Partito Democratico al Partito Repubblicano, dove ci sarà più eco. È uno dei laboratori per la costituzione di quello che diventerà un corpus ideologico del Partito Repubblicano durante la presidenza Reagan.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le Parti Républicain </del>: un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">néo</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">wilsonisme </del>? ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il Partito Repubblicano</ins>: un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">neo</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">wilsonismo</ins>? ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Reagan Bush 1984.jpg|thumb|right|250px|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">President </del>Ronald Reagan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and Vice President </del>George H. W. Bush <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">at the </del>1984 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Republican National Convention in </del>Dallas, Texas.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Reagan Bush 1984.jpg|thumb|right|250px|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il presidente </ins>Ronald Reagan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e il vicepresidente </ins>George H. W. Bush <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">alla Convention nazionale repubblicana del </ins>1984 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a </ins>Dallas, Texas.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>La <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">question que l’on peut </del>se <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">poser est de savoir si le parti républicain</del>, Reagan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et les </del>Bush <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pères et fils ont </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">corps de doctrine néowilsonien faisant de la diffusion de la démocratie leur cheval de bataille</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>La <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">domanda che ci si potrebbe porre è </ins>se <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il Partito Repubblicano</ins>, Reagan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e i padri e figli di </ins>Bush <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hanno </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">corpo dottrinale neo-wilsoniano che fa della diffusione della democrazia il suo cavallo di battaglia</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sous les deux présidences </del>Reagan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de </del>1980 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">à </del>1988, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">le discours néoconservateur va avoir une influence </del>importante <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et en particulier toute une partie du milieu universitaire américain et des politistes américains qui vont contribuer à l’élaboration du discours néowilsonien du parti républicain comme </del>Francis Fukuyama <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui travaille au </del>RAND corporation <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et </del>Robert Kagan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui travaille au </del>Policy Planning Staff. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il y a </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rapport entre </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sphère d’expertise politique et </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sphère de décision politique</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tous ces gens vont contribuer à la construction du corps de doctrine néoconservateur dans laquelle </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">croisade pour </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">démocratie joue </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rôle fondamental</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sotto le due presidenze </ins>Reagan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dal </ins>1980 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">al </ins>1988, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il discorso neoconservatore avrebbe avuto un'influenza </ins>importante <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e in particolare un'intera sezione della comunità accademica americana e dei politici americani che avrebbero contribuito allo sviluppo del discorso neo-wilsonista del Partito Repubblicano come </ins>Francis Fukuyama <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">che lavora alla </ins>RAND corporation <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e </ins>Robert Kagan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">che lavora al </ins>Policy Planning Staff. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Esiste </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rapporto tra </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sfera delle competenze politiche e </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sfera delle decisioni politiche</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tutte queste persone contribuiranno alla costruzione del corpo dottrinale neoconservatore in cui </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">crociata per </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">democrazia gioca </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ruolo fondamentale</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le corps de doctrine néoconservateur va se retrouver au sein de l’administration fédérale par le biais de personnes qui vont avoir des fonctions au sein de l’administration </del>Reagan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">comme </del>Paul Wolfowitz <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui fait parti du principal private secretary </del>[PPS], Casper Wainberger <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">au Secretary of Defense</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">À tous les postes clefs se trouvent des néoconservateurs ou des gens qui en sont relativement proches</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il corpo dottrinale neoconservatore troverà la sua strada nell'amministrazione federale attraverso persone che ricopriranno posizioni nell'amministrazione </ins>Reagan<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, come </ins>Paul Wolfowitz<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, che fa parte del principale segretario privato </ins>[PPS], Casper Wainberger <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">presso il Segretario della Difesa</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In tutte le posizioni chiave ci sono neoconservatori o persone relativamente vicine a loro</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><gallery mode="packed" widths=200px heights=200px></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><gallery mode="packed" widths=200px heights=200px></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></gallery></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></gallery></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Leur influence est capitale pour comprendre ce qui est un des fils conducteurs de la politique étrangère sous </del>Reagan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui est la reprise de </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Guerre froide</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Avec l’arrivée de </del>Reagan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">au pouvoir </del>il <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">y a une reprise frontale de la Guerre froide avec un soutien aux moudjahidin en </del>Afghanistan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">contre les soviétiques</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">au </del>Nicaragua il <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">y a un soutien à l’opposition au régime sandiniste de </del>Ortega. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Alors que </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">situation c’était stabilisé dans les années 1970</del>, il <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">y a une reprise de l’offensive américaine dans tous les théâtres d’opérations avec l’idée des spécialistes et des néoconservateurs de renverser le régime soviétique et ceux qui leur appartiennent et leur sont apparentés et qu’il faut pousser dans ce sens</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est une logique de reprise et de monter de la Guerre froide</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le projet de guerre des étoiles permet au </del>budget <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">militaire d’augmenter à nouveau</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">La loro influenza è cruciale per comprendere quello che è uno dei fili della politica estera sotto </ins>Reagan<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, che è </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rinascita della guerra fredda</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Con l'arrivo al potere di </ins>Reagan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">c'è una ripresa frontale della guerra fredda con </ins>il <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sostegno ai mujahideen in </ins>Afghanistan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">contro i sovietici</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </ins>Nicaragua <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">c'è </ins>il <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sostegno all'opposizione al regime sandinista di </ins>Ortega. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mentre </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">situazione si era stabilizzata negli anni Settanta</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">c'è una ripresa dell'offensiva americana in tutti i teatri di operazione con l'idea di specialisti e neoconservatori per rovesciare </ins>il <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">regime sovietico e coloro che ne fanno parte e che sono legati ad essi e che devono essere spinti in quella direzione</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">È una logica di recupero e di risalita dalla Guerra Fredda</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il progetto Star Wars sta permettendo un nuovo aumento del </ins>budget <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">militare</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>La <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">présidence </del>Bush <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de </del>1988 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">à </del>1992 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">est compliquée à interpréter</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Elle a des accents wilsonien, mais d’une manière générale</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il déclenche </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">guerre en Irak et opte pour une politique </del>prudente <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">en Irak</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sous la présidence </del>Bush <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">père</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">les néoconservateurs ont eu moins d’influence que sous la présidence </del>Reagan. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le fait majeur est </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">guerre d’Irak qui est </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">première guerre d’Irak afin de chasser l’Irak du Koweït et d’avoir laissé </del>Saddam Hussein <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">en place alors que les néoconservateurs voulaient le chasser d’Irak</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>La <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">presidenza </ins>Bush <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dal </ins>1988 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">al </ins>1992 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">è complicata da interpretare</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ha un accento wilsoniano</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ma in generale scatena </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">guerra in Iraq e opta per una politica </ins>prudente <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in Iraq</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sotto il padre della presidenza </ins>Bush, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">i neoconservatori avevano meno influenza che sotto </ins>Reagan. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il fatto principale è </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">guerra in Iraq, che è </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">prima guerra in Iraq a cacciare l'Iraq dal Kuwait e ad aver lasciato </ins>Saddam Hussein <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">al suo posto quando i neoconservatori volevano cacciarlo dall'Iraq</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dans le cadre des présidences de </del>George W. Bush <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de </del>2000 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">à </del>2008, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on parle de « wilsonisme botté » qui est une expression du politologue </del>Pierre Hassner <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui signifie une reprise du moralisme wilsonien avec une dimension militariste qui dans le corps de doctrine est fourni par les néoconservateurs</del>. La <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">politique étrangère mise en place s’appuie sur toute une production universitaire qui se développe juste après </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">chute du monde communiste</del>. Francis Fukuyama <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">parle de fin de l’histoire avec </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">chute de l’URSS puisqu’il n’y a plus qu’un modèle existant signifiant donc </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fin de l’histoire</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il y a </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">discours selon lequel durant le XXème siècle</del>, il <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">y a eu l’affrontement entre plusieurs formes de régimes</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Comme le nazisme et le communisme se sont effondrés</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il ne reste plus que </del>le <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">modèle américain</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est aussi la période des Democratic Peace Theory et Democratic Transition Theory qui réactualisent les théories de la modernisation des années 1950. Cette production cherche à mettre en œuvre une théorie la situation politique complètement nouvelle qui illustre </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">chute du monde communiste</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nel contesto delle presidenze di </ins>George W. Bush <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dal </ins>2000 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">al </ins>2008, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">si parla di "Wilsonismo avviato" che è un'espressione del politologo </ins>Pierre Hassner <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">che significa una rinascita del moralismo wilsoniano con una dimensione militaristica che nel corpo della dottrina è fornita dai neoconservatori</ins>. La <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">politica estera messa in atto si basa su un'intera produzione accademica che si è sviluppata subito dopo </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">caduta del mondo comunista</ins>. Francis Fukuyama <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">parla della fine della storia con </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">caduta dell'URSS, poiché esiste un solo modello esistente, il che significa </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fine della storia</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C'è </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">discorso secondo il quale nel corso del XX secolo c'è stato un confronto tra diverse forme di regimi. Con il crollo del nazismo e del comunismo</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rimane solo </ins>il <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">modello americano</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">È anche il periodo della Teoria democratica della pace e della transizione democratica</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">che ha aggiornato </ins>le <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">teorie di modernizzazione degli anni Cinquanta</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Questa produzione cerca di implementare una teoria completamente nuova della situazione politica che illustra </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">caduta del mondo comunista</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est à ce moment-là que le libéralisme institutionnaliste devient une véritable idéologie</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est à partir de là qu’il y a </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">certitude que le modèle démocratique représente le seul modèle est qu’il est légitime de s’imposer y compris par tous les moyens dans le reste du monde</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il y a </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">constatation que le modèle soviétique s’est effondré et une légitimité d’exporter </del>le <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">modèle américain au reste du monde. Après que les néoconservateurs furent écartés des postes clefs pendant la présidence </del>Bush <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et </del>Clinton, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ils reviennent au moment de </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">présidence de </del>George W. Bush.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">È a questo punto che il liberalismo istituzionalista diventa una vera e propria ideologia</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">È da lì che si ha </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">certezza che il modello democratico rappresenta l'unico modello che è legittimo imporsi anche nel resto del mondo</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C'è la consapevolezza che il modello sovietico è crollato e </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">legittimità di esportare il modello americano nel resto del mondo. Dopo che i neoconservatori sono stati spinti fuori dalle posizioni chiave durante </ins>le <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">presidenze </ins>Bush <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e </ins>Clinton, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sono tornati durante </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">presidenza di </ins>George W. Bush.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Une organisation fait office de lieu de rencontre qui est le Project for the New American Century où se retrouvent les ténors du mouvement néoconservateur avec notamment </del>Fukuyama <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et </del>Kagan. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ce projet est </del>un think tank <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">néoconservateur qui appelle </del>le <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pouvoir américain à prendre ses responsabilités en termes de politique étrangère appelant à diffuser le modèle américain par tous les moyens possibles</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Au lendemain des attentats du </del>11 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">septembre </del>2001, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">c’est ce groupe qui </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">écrit une lettre ouverte au président </del>George Bush <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pour soutenir une intervention en </del>Afghanistan.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Un'organizzazione che funge da luogo di incontro è il Progetto per il Nuovo Secolo Americano, dove si incontrano i tenori del movimento neoconservatore, tra cui </ins>Fukuyama <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e </ins>Kagan. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Questo progetto è </ins>un think tank <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">neoconservatore che invita il potere americano ad assumersi </ins>le <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">proprie responsabilità in termini di politica estera, chiedendo la diffusione del modello americano con tutti i mezzi possibili</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">All'indomani degli attentati dell'</ins>11 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">settembre </ins>2001, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">è stato questo gruppo </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">scrivere una lettera aperta al presidente </ins>George Bush <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a sostegno di un intervento in </ins>Afghanistan.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ce </del>corpus <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">va être mis en pratique à partir du moment où le mouvement néoconservateur va reconquérir des places dans l’administration de </del>George Bush. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le </del>trio Cheney, Wolfowitz <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et </del>Rumsfeld <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">va jouer </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rôle de concepteur des cadres de l’intervention américain en </del>Afghanistan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et en Irak en </del>2003. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le moment clef du mouvement néoconservateur est </del>2003 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">– </del>2004 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">au moment où il y a </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">consensus encore assez fort au niveau de l’opinion</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">À partir de </del>2004, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">le mouvement se fissure avec une augmentation de la contestation</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Entre </del>2000 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et </del>2004, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">les néoconservateurs ont été aux commandes de la politique extérieure américaine</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Questo </ins>corpus <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sarà messo in pratica dal momento in cui il movimento neoconservatore si riapproprierà dei posti nell'amministrazione di </ins>George Bush. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il </ins>trio Cheney, Wolfowitz <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e </ins>Rumsfeld <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">avrà </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ruolo nella progettazione delle strutture per l'intervento americano in </ins>Afghanistan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e in Iraq nel </ins>2003. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il momento chiave del movimento neoconservatore è il </ins>2003<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</ins>2004<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, quando c'è ancora </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">consenso abbastanza forte nell'opinione pubblica</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dal </ins>2004 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in poi</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il movimento è crollato con un aumento delle proteste</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tra il </ins>2000 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e il </ins>2004, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">i neoconservatori sono stati al timone della politica estera americana</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le porte-parole du néoconservatisme et le parti républicain devenant à partir des années 1990 à </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mouvement plus agressif avec l’intervention dans les cas afghan et irakien</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il portavoce neoconservatore e il Partito Repubblicano sono diventati, a partire dagli anni Novanta, </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">movimento più aggressivo con l'intervento nei casi afghani e iracheni</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Da nemico comunista a nemico islamista =</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Da nemico comunista a nemico islamista =</div></td></tr>
</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Impero_della_Libert%C3%A0_o_Repubblica_Imperiale_(1890_-_1939)%3F&diff=50186&oldid=prevArthur : /* Le mouvement néoconservateur */2021-01-12T08:00:33Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Le mouvement néoconservateur</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">◂ Version précédente</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Version du 12 janvier 2021 à 09:00</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Che si tratti di Carter, Clinton o Obama, la questione che può sorgere è se i democratici possono ancora prendere in mano il moralismo wilsoniano. La risposta non è inequivocabile, ma sarebbe piuttosto negativa.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Che si tratti di Carter, Clinton o Obama, la questione che può sorgere è se i democratici possono ancora prendere in mano il moralismo wilsoniano. La risposta non è inequivocabile, ma sarebbe piuttosto negativa.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le mouvement néoconservateur </del>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il Movimento Neoconservatore </ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il y a </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">changement extrêmement important dans la politique étrangère américaine depuis la fin des années 1970 marquées par l’essor du mouvement néoconservateur et de l’influence que va avoir ce mouvement sur la politique étrangère américaine n’ayant pas </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">impact immédiat</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais sur le long terme</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pour comprendre le mouvement, il faut remonter en avant dans </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">chronologie et notamment aux années 1960</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Les origines du mouvement néoconservateur se situent en fait à l’intérieur du parti démocratique et d’une fraction d’une partie du parti démocrate qui n’est pas d’accord par </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">politique démocrate menée dans les années 1960. Ce sont des gens en désaccord avec </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">politique des droits civiques et d’affirmative action menée dans les années 1960 par </del>Johnson. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Une fraction est à la fois d’accord avec l’interventionnisme de </del>Johnson <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">au </del>Vietnam, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais est en désaccord avec ses prises de position intérieures</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il y a une fracture à l’intérieur du parti démocrate avec une fraction des démocrates qui vont se détacher progressivement du consensus de leur parti</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dans les années 1960, </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rupture est encore peu visible</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">À partir du moment où </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">présidence se désengage du </del>Vietnam, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ce sont des gens qui vont se retrouver orphelins du parti démocrate et passer de l’autre côté</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Les origines du mouvement conservateur se situent à l’intérieur du parti démocrate avec des influences de politique à la fois intérieure et extérieure</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C'è stato </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cambiamento estremamente importante nella politica estera americana dalla fine degli anni '70 con l'ascesa del movimento neoconservatore e l'influenza che questo movimento avrà sulla politica estera americana che non avrà </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">impatto immediato ma a lungo termine. Per capire il movimento, bisogna tornare indietro nella cronologia</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in particolare agli anni Sessanta</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le origini del movimento neoconservatore sono in realtà all'interno del Partito democratico e una frazione di una parte del Partito democratico che non è d'accordo con </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">politica democratica degli anni Sessanta</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Queste sono persone che non sono d'accordo con </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">politica dei diritti civili e con l'azione positiva che </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">politica di </ins>Johnson <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">degli anni '60 stava perseguendo</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Una frazione è d'accordo con l'interventismo di </ins>Johnson <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </ins>Vietnam, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ma non è d'accordo con le sue posizioni interne</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C'è una frattura all'interno del Partito Democratico con una frazione dei Democratici che si sta gradualmente allontanando dal consenso del loro partito</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Negli anni '60 </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">frattura non è ancora molto visibile</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Non appena </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">presidenza si stacca dal </ins>Vietnam, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">la gente si ritroverà orfana del Partito democratico e si sposterà dall'altra parte</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le origini del movimento conservatore si trovano all'interno del Partito Democratico con influenze politiche sia interne che esterne</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Committee on the Present Danger (logo).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Logo <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of the </del>Committee on the Present Danger.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Committee on the Present Danger (logo).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Logo <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">del </ins>Committee on the Present Danger.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dans l’immédiat</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">la chose est relativement peu visible parce qu’il y a </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">groupe relativement minoritaire au sein du parti démocrate</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais qui va progressivement faire passer ses thèses du côté républicain</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il y a un moment important qui </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">réactivation du Committee on Present Danger en </del>1976. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ce comité est un </del>lobby <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mis en place en </del>1950 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dont l’objectif était d’essayer de faire passer et de peser en faveur de la mise en place d’une politique plus agressive vis-à-vis de l’URSS appuyant la directive </del>NSC-68 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui fixe les cadres de </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">politique américaine en matière d’endiguement du communisme et d’explosion des crédits militaires. À partir du moment où le </del>NSC-68 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">est passé</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">c’est </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">comité pas formellement dissout</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais en sommeil</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ce comité va se réactiver au début des années 1970 à </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">moment où la politique étrangère américaine est en retrait à partir du moment où l’idée de messianisme démocratique et d’offensive dans le cadre de </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Guerre froide est mise en sourdine</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Per il momento</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ciò è relativamente poco appariscente perché all'interno del Partito Democratico c'è </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gruppo relativamente minoritario</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ma che sposterà gradualmente le sue tesi verso la parte repubblicana</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Un momento importante fu </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">riattivazione del Comitato per il pericolo attuale nel </ins>1976. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Questo comitato è una </ins>lobby <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">che è stata creata nel </ins>1950 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">per cercare di spingere e fare pressione per una politica più aggressiva verso l'URSS a sostegno della </ins>NSC-68<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, che ha fissato il quadro della politica americana sul contenimento del comunismo e sull'esplosione degli stanziamenti militari. Dal momento in cui </ins>la NSC-68 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">è passata</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">è stato </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">comitato non formalmente sciolto</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ma dormiente</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Questo comitato sarà riattivato all'inizio degli anni Settanta, in </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">momento in cui </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">politica estera americana si sta ritirando dall'idea del messianismo democratico e dall'azione offensiva della guerra fredda</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">organisme où se retrouvent avant tout des démocrates</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais il y a </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">certain nombre de républicains dont </del>Ronald Reagan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui est se lance en politique devant président des États-Unis en </del>1981. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ce comité est </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lieu de contact entre une fraction du parti démocrate et des républicains</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lieu de passage du parti démocrate jusqu’au parti républicain où va se trouver plus d’écho</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est un des laboratoires de </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">constitution de ce qui va devenir </del>un corpus <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">idéologique du parti républicain lors de </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">présidence </del>Reagan.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">È </ins>un<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'organizzazione che è principalmente democratica</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ma ci sono </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">certo numero di repubblicani, tra cui </ins>Ronald Reagan<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, che è entrato in politica prima del Presidente degli Stati Uniti nel </ins>1981. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Questo comitato è </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">luogo di incontro per una parte del Partito Democratico e dei Repubblicani</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">E' </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">passaggio dal Partito Democratico al Partito Repubblicano, dove ci sarà più eco</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">È uno dei laboratori per </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">costituzione di quello che diventerà </ins>un corpus <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ideologico del Partito Repubblicano durante </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">presidenza </ins>Reagan.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Le Parti Républicain : un néo-wilsonisme ? ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Le Parti Républicain : un néo-wilsonisme ? ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Arthurhttps://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Impero_della_Libert%C3%A0_o_Repubblica_Imperiale_(1890_-_1939)%3F&diff=50185&oldid=prevArthur : /* Les transformations de l’impérialisme moral */2021-01-11T21:51:27Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Les transformations de l’impérialisme moral</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">◂ Version précédente</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Version du 11 janvier 2021 à 22:51</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cette période de la fin des années 1970 jusqu’à nos jours et marquée par un retour de l’unilatéralisme américain même si cela n’est pas valable pour toute la période, mais surtout valable pour la décennie des années 1990 à nos jours. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Cette période de la fin des années 1970 jusqu’à nos jours et marquée par un retour de l’unilatéralisme américain même si cela n’est pas valable pour toute la période, mais surtout valable pour la décennie des années 1990 à nos jours. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le Parti démocrate et le déclin du messianisme démocratique </del>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il Partito Democratico e il Declino del Messianismo Democratico </ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L’impérialisme moral est </del>non <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">seulement une spécificité américaine commençant à se forger au début du XXème siècle avec </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">présidence </del>Wilson. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L’impérialisme moral reste </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">élément de consensus dans la </del>classe <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">politique américaine jusqu’à la fin des années 1960 date à laquelle le consensus se fissure et se brise</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L’impérialisme moral américain reste</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais il y a un certain nombre de transformations</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L'imperialismo morale </ins>non <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">è solo una specificità americana che ha cominciato ad essere forgiata all'inizio del XX secolo con </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">presidenza </ins>Wilson. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L'imperialismo morale è rimasto </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">elemento di consenso nella </ins>classe <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">politica americana fino alla fine degli anni Sessanta, quando il consenso si è incrinato e si è spezzato</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L'imperialismo morale americano rimane</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ma ci sono alcune trasformazioni</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le passage du messianisme moral se fait du parti démocrate au parti républicain puisqu’il y a </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">moment donné ou le messianisme américain largement formulé par les démocrates devient beaucoup plus </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">discours républicain avec d’autres attentes</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il passaggio dal messianismo morale è dal Partito Democratico al Partito Repubblicano, poiché c'è </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">punto in cui il messianismo americano, in gran parte formulato dai Democratici, diventa molto più </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">discorso repubblicano con altre aspettative</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Fichier:JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg|200px|vignette|droite|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Portrait officiel de </del>Jimmy Carter, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">en </del>1977.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Fichier:JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg|200px|vignette|droite|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ritratto ufficiale di </ins>Jimmy Carter, 1977.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>La <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">guerre du </del>Vietnam <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">est </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">moment absolument fondamental qui est une fissure du modèle soit le moment où le modèle américain apparait de plus en plus douteux dans des parties du monde de plus en plus importantes</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cela est valable à la fois dans </del>la classe <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">politique américaine</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dans l’opinion américaine et l’opinion </del>mondiale. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il y a </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">moment où le consensus se fissure et on le voit bien dans les présidences suivantes et en particulier dans la présidence de </del>Jimmy Carter <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui est le premier président depuis </del>Wilson <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qui est démocrate à mettre en berne le thème de la diffusion mondiale de la démocratie</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">moment où le modèle américain est en recul</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il y a toute une série de succès du modèle soviétique</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il y a </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">recul du modèle américain et pendant </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">présidence </del>Carter <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de </del>1976 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">à </del>1980 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il y </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">une mise en berne de ce processus au profit d’un dialogue </del>nord <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">– </del>sud. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Les ambitions de la diffusion du modèle sont revenues à la baisse</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">d’autre part</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il y a un assouplissement des relations et du dialogue avec l’URSS notamment à travers les accords de désarmement</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il est clair que </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">présidence </del>Carter <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">marque </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">changement dans la position des États-Unis d’un point de vue du messianisme démocratique</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>La <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">guerra del </ins>Vietnam <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">è </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">momento assolutamente fondamentale che è una crepa nel modello, il momento in cui il modello americano appare sempre più dubbio in parti sempre più importanti del mondo</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Questo vale sia per </ins>la classe <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">politica americana</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sia per l'opinione pubblica americana, sia per quella </ins>mondiale. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C'è </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">momento in cui il consenso è incrinato e lo vediamo nelle presidenze successive e in particolare nella presidenza di </ins>Jimmy Carter <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">che è il primo presidente dopo </ins>Wilson<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, che è un democratico, a declassare il tema della diffusione globale della democrazia</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Questo è </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">momento in cui il modello americano è in ritirata</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">c'è tutta una serie di successi del modello sovietico</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C'è </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ritiro dal modello americano e durante </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">presidenza </ins>Carter <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dal </ins>1976 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">al </ins>1980 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">c'è un declassamento di questo processo </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">favore di un dialogo </ins>nord<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</ins>sud. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">D'altra parte</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">le relazioni e il dialogo con l'URSS sono stati resi più flessibili</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in particolare attraverso accordi di disarmo</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">È chiaro che </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">presidenza </ins>Carter <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">segna </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cambiamento nella posizione degli Stati Uniti dal punto di vista del messianismo democratico</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Fichier:President Barack Obama.jpg|200px|vignette|droite|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Portrait officiel de </del>Barack Obama, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">en </del>2012.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Fichier:President Barack Obama.jpg|200px|vignette|droite|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ritratto ufficiale di </ins>Barack Obama, 2012.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">La présidence </del>Clinton <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">présidence </del>Obama <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">laissent émerger quelques éléments notamment </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">abandon du messianisme démocratique par les démocrates</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le discours est en apparence très wilsonien</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais finalement</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sur le terrain</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il y a une politique extérieure assez prudente virant assez vite vers un unilatéralisme</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lorsqu’on regarde les différents cadres d’intervention</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">notamment suite à </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">répression des émeutes de la place </del>Tienanmen <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">de </del>1989, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il n’y a </del>quasi <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">aucune réaction sauf formule du point de vue de la présidence américaine</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lorsqu’on regarde l’attitude par rapport aux troubles politiques en Haïti au début des années 1990</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">alors que Haïti est traditionnellement </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">terrain d’intervention américain</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et ce depuis le début du XXème siècle</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">il y a une politique relativement de prudence</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">En Somalie</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">l’intervention américaine essuie à quelque dégât, les États-Unis se repli rapidement</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Le discours reste le même</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais cela va se caractériser notamment par </del>le <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fait que les terrains d’interventions sont réduits et à partir de </del>1994<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, les États-Unis se désengagent des opérations de maintien de la paix de l’ONU</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">symbole fort sachant que les États-Unis furent très engagés dans la création de l’ONU</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dans la suite des années 1990</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">le désengagement va se confirmer étant </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">raison pour laquelle les États-Unis n’interviennent pas lors du génocide rwandais en </del>1994 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tandis que leur intervention en </del>ex<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-Yougoslavie est très limitée</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sous </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">présidence </del>Clinton, la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">notion de messianisme </del>morale <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et démocratique et maniée avec extrêmement de prudence</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C’est paradoxal puisque les États-Unis ont </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">boulevard devant puisque le modèle soviétique s’est effondré offrant la possibilité aux États-Unis d’incarner le seul modèle offert</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Depuis </del>2008, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">avec </del>la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">présidence d’Obama</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cette prudence se remarque notamment avec le retrait d’Irak et un statu </del>quo <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">en </del>Afghanistan <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">avec </del>un <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">retrait prévu en </del>2014. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sia la presidenza </ins>Clinton <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">che </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">presidenza </ins>Obama <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hanno alcuni elementi di </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">allontanamento dal messianismo democratico da parte dei democratici</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Il discorso è apparentemente molto wilsoniano</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ma alla fine</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sul terreno</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">c'è una politica estera piuttosto cauta che si sta rapidamente orientando verso l'unilateralismo</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Quando guardiamo ai diversi quadri di intervento</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in particolare dopo </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">repressione dei disordini di piazza </ins>Tienanmen <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">del </ins>1989, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">non c'è </ins>quasi <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nessuna reazione se non dal punto di vista della presidenza americana</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Se consideriamo l'atteggiamento nei confronti dei disordini politici ad Haiti all'inizio degli anni '90</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">quando Haiti è tradizionalmente </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">terreno d'intervento americano</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e lo è stato fin dall'inizio del XX secolo</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">c'è una politica relativamente cauta</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In Somalia</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ci sono stati alcuni danni all'intervento americano e gli Stati Uniti si sono rapidamente ritirati</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">La retorica rimane la stessa</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ma una delle caratteristiche di questo è che </ins>le <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">aree di intervento sono ridotte e dal </ins>1994 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in poi gli Stati Uniti si ritirano dalle operazioni di mantenimento della pace dell'ONU</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Questo è </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">simbolo forte sapendo che gli Stati Uniti sono stati molto coinvolti nella creazione dell'ONU</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nel resto degli anni Novanta</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">questo disimpegno sarà confermato come </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ragione per cui gli Stati Uniti non sono intervenuti nel genocidio ruandese del </ins>1994<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, mentre il loro intervento nell'</ins>ex <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Jugoslavia è stato molto limitato</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sotto </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">presidenza </ins>Clinton, la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nozione di messianismo </ins>morale <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e democratico è stata introdotta e gestita con estrema cautela</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Questo è paradossale, dato che gli Stati Uniti hanno </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">viale davanti a sé da quando il modello sovietico è crollato, offrendo agli Stati Uniti l'opportunità di incarnare l'unico modello disponibile</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dal </ins>2008, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">con </ins>la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">presidenza di Obama</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">questa prudenza si nota in particolare con il ritiro dall'Iraq e uno status </ins>quo <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </ins>Afghanistan <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">con </ins>un <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ritiro previsto nel </ins>2014. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Que cela soit </del>Carter, Clinton <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ou </del>Obama, la <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">question qui peut </del>se <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">poser est de savoir si les démocrates peuvent encore rependre à leur compte le moralisme wilsonien</del>. La <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">réponse n’est pas univoque</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mais elle serait plutôt négative</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Che si tratti di </ins>Carter, Clinton <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">o </ins>Obama, la <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">questione che può sorgere è </ins>se <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">i democratici possono ancora prendere in mano il moralismo wilsoniano</ins>. La <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">risposta non è inequivocabile</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ma sarebbe piuttosto negativa</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Le mouvement néoconservateur ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Le mouvement néoconservateur ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Arthur