The system of government in democracies - Historique des versions

Arthur le 7 juillet 2023 à 09:47

2023-07-07T09:47:42Z

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	{{hidden		{{hidden
	\|[[Introduction to Political Science]]		\|[[Introduction to Political Science]]
	\|[[~~La pensée sociale d'~~Émile Durkheim et Pierre Bourdieu]] ● [[~~Aux origines de la chute de la République de~~ Weimar]] ● [[~~La pensée sociale de~~ Max Weber et Vilfredo Pareto]] ● [[La notion ~~de «~~ concept ~~» en~~ sciences~~-sociales~~]] ● [[~~Histoire de la~~ discipline ~~de la~~ science ~~politique~~ : ~~théories et conceptions~~]] ● [[~~Marxisme et Structuralisme~~]] ● [[~~Fonctionnalisme et Systémisme~~]] ● [[~~Interactionnisme et Constructivisme~~]] ● [[~~Les théories de l’anthropologie politique~~]] ● [[~~Le débat des trois~~ I : ~~intérêts~~, institutions ~~et idées~~]] ● [[~~La théorie du choix rationnel et l'analyse des intérêts en~~ science ~~politique~~]] ● [[~~Approche analytique des~~ institutions en science ~~politique~~]] ● [[~~L'étude des idées et idéologies dans la~~ science ~~politique~~]] ● [[~~Les théories de la guerre en~~ science ~~politique~~]] ● [[~~La Guerre~~ : ~~conceptions et évolutions~~]] ● [[~~La raison d’État~~]] ● [[~~État~~, ~~souveraineté~~, ~~mondialisation, gouvernance multiniveaux~~]] ● [[~~Les théories de la~~ violence ~~en science politique~~]] ● [[Welfare State ~~et biopouvoir~~]] ● [[~~Analyse des régimes démocratiques et des processus de démocratisation~~]] ● [[~~Systèmes Électoraux~~ : ~~Mécanismes~~, ~~Enjeux et Conséquences~~]] ● [[~~Le système de gouvernement des démocraties~~]] ● [[~~Morphologie des~~ contestations]] ● [[~~L’action dans la théorie politique~~]] ● [[Introduction ~~à la politique suisse~~]] ● [[Introduction ~~au comportement politique~~]] ● [[~~Analyse des Politiques Publiques~~ : ~~définition et~~ cycle ~~d'une politique publique~~]] ● [[~~Analyse des Politiques Publiques~~ : ~~mise à l'~~agenda et formulation]] ● [[~~Analyse des Politiques Publiques~~ : ~~mise en œuvre et évaluation~~]] ● [[Introduction ~~à la sous~~-discipline ~~des~~ relations ~~internationales~~]]		\|[[Intellectual legacy of Émile Durkheim and Pierre Bourdieu in social theory]] ● [[The origins of the fall of the Weimar Republic]] ● [[Intellectual legacy of Max Weber and Vilfredo Pareto in social theory]] ● [[The notion of "concept" in social sciences]] ● [[History of the discipline of political science: theories and concepts]] ● [[Marxism and Structuralism]] ● [[Functionalism and Systemism]] ● [[Interactionism and Constructivism]] ● [[The theories of political anthropology]] ● [[The three I's debate: interests, institutions and ideas]] ● [[Rational choice theory and the analysis of interests in political science]] ● [[An analytical approach to institutions in political science]] ● [[The study of ideas and ideologies in political science]] ● [[Theories of war in political science]] ● [[The War: Concepts and Evolutions]] ● [[The reason of State]] ● [[State, sovereignty, globalization and multi-level governance]] ● [[Theories of violence in political science‎‎]] ● [[Welfare State and Biopower]] ● [[Analysis of democratic regimes and democratisation processes]] ● [[Electoral Systems: Mechanisms, Issues and Consequences]] ● [[The system of government in democracies]] ● [[Morphology of contestations]] ● [[Action in Political Theory]] ● [[Introduction to Swiss politics]] ● [[Introduction to political behaviour]] ● [[Public Policy Analysis: Definition and cycle of public policy]] ● [[Public Policy Analysis: agenda setting and formulation]] ● [[Public Policy Analysis: Implementation and Evaluation]] ● [[Introduction to the sub-discipline of international relations]] ● [[Introduction to Political Theory]]
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Arthur : /* References */

2023-06-26T10:03:17Z

References

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	[[Category:science-politique]]		[[Category:science-politique]]
	[[Category:Damian Raess]]		[[Category:Damian Raess]]
	~~[[Category:2011]]~~
	~~[[Category:2012]]~~
	~~[[Category:2013]]~~
	~~[[Category:2014]]~~

Arthur : /* Presidential democracies */

2023-06-26T10:03:04Z

Presidential democracies

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	* No need for a parliamentary majority: The President does not need a majority in parliament to form his government. This contrasts with parliamentary systems, where the head of government is usually the leader of the party with the most seats in parliament.		* No need for a parliamentary majority: The President does not need a majority in parliament to form his government. This contrasts with parliamentary systems, where the head of government is usually the leader of the party with the most seats in parliament.
	* Clarity of government formation: In presidential systems, the elected president is automatically the government-former. He directly appoints his cabinet and senior civil servants. This contrasts with parliamentary systems, where the process of forming a government can be more complex and depends on negotiations between the parties.		* Clarity of government formation: In presidential systems, the elected president is automatically the government-former. He directly appoints his cabinet and senior civil servants. This contrasts with parliamentary systems, where the process of forming a government can be more complex and depends on negotiations between the parties.
	* Guaranteed presence of the President's party: The President's party is always represented in the cabinet, regardless of its parliamentary size. This is because the President has the power to ~~directly~~ appoint the members of his cabinet.		* Guaranteed presence of the President's party: The President's party is always represented in the cabinet, regardless of its parliamentary size. This is because the President has the power to appoint the members of his cabinet directly.

	These structural differences have significant implications for the way politics works in presidential versus parliamentary systems. For example, they can affect the type of policy that is adopted, the degree of political stability, and the nature of the relationship between the president and parliament.		These structural differences have significant implications for the way politics works in presidential versus parliamentary systems. For example, they can affect the type of policy that is adopted, the degree of political stability, and the nature of the relationship between the president and parliament.

	== Semi-parliamentary democracy		== Semi-parliamentary democracy ==
	A semi-parliamentary democracy is a type of system of government that blends elements of parliamentary and presidential democracy. It is often used to describe systems in which the head of state and the head of government ~~both~~ have important but distinct roles in the political process.		A semi-parliamentary democracy is a type of system of government that blends elements of parliamentary and presidential democracy. It is often used to describe systems in which both the head of state and the head of government have important but distinct roles in the political process.

	In a semi-parliamentary democracy, the head of state (sometimes called the president) is usually a largely symbolic figure who embodies the continuity of the state and may have important ceremonial functions. The head of state may be elected by the people, as in France, or be a monarch, as in Spain. On the other hand, the head of government (sometimes called the prime minister) is responsible for the day-to-day running of the government and the implementation of policies. He or she is usually the leader of the party with the majority in parliament and is responsible to that parliament. In this system, it is possible to have a president and a prime minister from different political parties, which can lead to a situation known as "cohabitation". Cohabitation occurs when the president and prime minister belong to opposing political parties and are therefore forced to work together to govern.		In a semi-parliamentary democracy, the head of state (sometimes called the president) is usually a largely symbolic figure who embodies the continuity of the state and may have important ceremonial functions. The head of state may be elected by the people, as in France, or be a monarch, as in Spain. On the other hand, the head of government (sometimes called the prime minister) is responsible for the day-to-day running of the government and the implementation of policies. He or she is usually the leader of the party with the majority in parliament and is responsible to that parliament. In this system, it is possible to have a president and a prime minister from different political parties, which can lead to a situation known as "cohabitation". Cohabitation occurs when the president and prime minister belong to opposing political parties and are therefore forced to work together to govern.

Arthur : /* Understanding the existence of minority governments */

2023-06-26T10:02:41Z

Understanding the existence of minority governments

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	The empirical analysis seems to corroborate the first three hypotheses:		The empirical analysis seems to corroborate the first three hypotheses:

	* The strength of the opposition is a determining factor in ~~the formation of~~ minority governments. The stronger the opposition, the more likely it is that minority governments will be formed.		* The strength of the opposition is a determining factor in forming minority governments. The stronger the opposition, the more likely it is that minority governments will be formed.
	* Corporatism influences the opposition's ability to act. By guaranteeing access to the decision-making process, corporatist institutions dilute the power ~~of the cabinet~~ and allow opposition players to influence other bodies.		* Corporatism influences the opposition's ability to act. By guaranteeing access to the decision-making process, corporatist institutions dilute the cabinet's power and allow opposition players to influence other bodies.
	* Minority governments are less problematic when there is a formal vote of investiture in parliament. The vote of investiture makes it possible to differentiate between formal support for a government and tacit tolerance.		* Minority governments are less problematic when there is a formal vote of investiture in parliament. The vote of investiture makes it possible to differentiate between formal support for a government and tacit tolerance.

	However, the analysis does not support the fourth hypothesis, according to which minority governments are more likely in a political system ~~where there is~~ a strong party. In sum, while the first three hypotheses appear to provide a useful framework for understanding the formation of minority governments, the fourth hypothesis may require further revision or analysis.		However, the analysis does not support the fourth hypothesis, according to which minority governments are more likely in a political system with a strong party. In sum, while the first three hypotheses appear to provide a useful framework for understanding the formation of minority governments, the fourth hypothesis may require further revision or analysis.

	== Presidential democracies		== Presidential democracies ==
	Presidential democracies are political systems in which the head of state is also the head of government. This differs from parliamentary democracies, where the head of government is separate from the head of state. The United States is an example of a presidential democracy.		Presidential democracies are political systems in which the head of state is also the head of government. This differs from parliamentary democracies, where the head of government is separate from the head of state. The United States is an example of a presidential democracy.

Arthur : /* The judiciary */

2023-06-26T10:02:05Z

The judiciary

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	This role of the judiciary helps to maintain a balance between the different powers of the State and to ensure that the legislative and executive powers respect the Constitution and fundamental rights.		This role of the judiciary helps to maintain a balance between the different powers of the State and to ensure that the legislative and executive powers respect the Constitution and fundamental rights.

	The courts, ~~and in particular~~ the constitutional or supreme courts, are ~~playing an~~ increasingly influential ~~role~~ in many countries, including the United States. One example is the Affordable Care Act, commonly known as 'Obamacare', ~~which was~~ signed into law by President ~~Barack~~ Obama in 2010. One of the key provisions of this law was the 'individual mandate', which required almost all Americans to take out health insurance or pay a fine. This provision was challenged before the US Supreme Court, which had to determine whether Congress had the constitutional power to impose it. In 2012, in NFIB v. Sebelius, the Supreme Court ruled that the individual mandate was constitutional, but interpreted the penalty associated with the mandate as a tax, meaning that Congress had the power to impose it under its constitutional power to levy taxes. This decision had a major impact on US healthcare policy and illustrates the increasingly important role played by the courts in influencing public policy. However, it should be noted that this influence may vary according to the specific political context and the way in which the judiciary is structured and regulated in each country.		The courts, particularly the constitutional or supreme courts, are increasingly influential in many countries, including the United States. One example is the Affordable Care Act, commonly known as 'Obamacare', signed into law by President Obama in 2010. One of the key provisions of this law was the 'individual mandate', which required almost all Americans to take out health insurance or pay a fine. This provision was challenged before the US Supreme Court, which had to determine whether Congress had the constitutional power to impose it. In 2012, in NFIB v. Sebelius, the Supreme Court ruled that the individual mandate was constitutional but interpreted the penalty associated with the mandate as a tax, meaning that Congress had the power to impose it under its constitutional power to levy taxes. This decision had a major impact on US healthcare policy and illustrates the increasingly important role played by the courts in influencing public policy. However, it should be noted that this influence may vary according to the specific political context and the way in which the judiciary is structured and regulated in each country.

	== The role of the Head of State		== The role of the Head of State ==
	The title of "head of state" is not reserved exclusively for elected presidents. The head of state is the person who officially represents a country in international affairs and state ceremonies, and the exact role and powers associated with this position can vary considerably depending on the country's specific political system. Here are some examples of the different types of Head of State that exist:		The title of "head of state" is not reserved exclusively for elected presidents. The head of state is the person who officially represents a country in international affairs and state ceremonies, and the exact role and powers associated with this position can vary considerably depending on the country's specific political system. Here are some examples of the different types of Head of State that exist:

	* Monarchs: In a monarchy, the head of state is usually a king or queen. In an absolute monarchy, the monarch has considerable political power, whereas in a constitutional monarchy, the monarch is usually ~~a figurehead with limited powers and real political power is held by~~ other institutions, such as parliament and the prime minister.		* Monarchs: In a monarchy, the head of state is usually a king or queen. In an absolute monarchy, the monarch has considerable political power, whereas in a constitutional monarchy, the monarch is usually other institutions, such as parliament and the prime minister hold a figurehead with limited powers and real political power.
	* Presidents: In a republic, the head of state is usually a president. However, the exact role and powers of the president can vary. In a presidential system, the president is usually both head of state and head of government, with considerable political power. In a parliamentary system, the President is often a figurehead with limited powers, and the real political power ~~is held by the Prime Minister~~.		* Presidents: In a republic, the head of state is usually a president. However, the exact role and powers of the president can vary. In a presidential system, the president is usually both head of state and head of government, with considerable political power. In a parliamentary system, the President is often a figurehead with limited powers, and the Prime Minister holds the real political power.
	* Governors General: In some Commonwealth countries, the Head of State is a Governor General who represents the British monarch. The Governor General generally has limited powers and performs mainly ceremonial functions.		* Governors General: In some Commonwealth countries, the Head of State is a Governor General who represents the British monarch. The Governor General generally has limited powers and performs mainly ceremonial functions.
	* Unelected leaders: In certain situations, the head of state may be a person who has not been elected, for example following a coup d'état or in an authoritarian regime.		* Unelected leaders: In certain situations, the head of state may be a person who has not been elected, for example following a coup d'état or in an authoritarian regime.

Arthur : /* Constitutional elements of systems of government */

2023-06-26T10:01:18Z

Constitutional elements of systems of government

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	The term "government" can be used in a number of ways, depending on the context. Here are some common uses:		The term "government" can be used in a number of ways, depending on the context. Here are some common uses:

	* Government as an executive entity: In this sense, "government" often refers to ~~the set of~~ individuals ~~who have~~ the power to make executive decisions in a state. This generally includes the head of state (e.g. a president or monarch), the head of government (e.g. a prime minister), and other members of the cabinet or council of ministers.		* Government as an executive entity: In this sense, "government" often refers to individuals with the power to make executive decisions in a state. This generally includes the head of state (e.g. a president or monarch), the head of government (e.g. a prime minister), and other members of the cabinet or council of ministers.
	* Government as an institution: In this sense, "government" ~~can refer~~ to the entire system ~~by which~~ a state ~~is run~~. This includes not only the executive branch, but also the legislative branch (e.g. parliament) and the judicial branch (e.g. the courts).		* Government as an institution: In this sense, "government" refers to the entire system a state runs. This includes not only the executive branch, but also the legislative branch (e.g. parliament) and the judicial branch (e.g. the courts).
	* Government as a specific administration: Sometimes the term "government" ~~is used to refer~~ to a specific set of people who run a state at a given time. For example, we might speak of the "Biden government" in the United States or the "Johnson government" in the United Kingdom to refer to the administration currently in power.		* Government as a specific administration: Sometimes the term "government" refers to a specific set of people who run a state at a given time. For example, we might speak of the "Biden government" in the United States or the "Johnson government" in the United Kingdom to refer to the administration currently in power.

	The exact meaning of the term 'government' may vary depending on the context. When ~~talking about~~ politics, it is important to be clear about the meaning ~~of the term~~.		The exact meaning of the term 'government' may vary depending on the context. When discussing politics, it is important to be clear about the term's meaning.

	== Legislative power		== Legislative power ==
	In this system, parliament, as the elected legislative body, is at the heart of the political process. The ~~government is usually formed by the~~ party or coalition with the greatest parliamentary support, and is accountable to parliament.		In this system, parliament, as the elected legislative body, is at the heart of the political process. The party or coalition usually forms the government with the greatest parliamentary support, and is accountable to parliament.

	Here's how it usually works:		Here's how it usually works:

Arthur : /* Government formation */

2023-06-26T10:00:40Z

Government formation

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	* Parliamentary democracy: In general, after an election, the party that has won the majority of seats in parliament has the opportunity to form the government. If no party has won a majority, parties can join together to form a governing coalition. The leader of the majority party or coalition usually becomes Prime Minister.		* Parliamentary democracy: In general, after an election, the party that has won the majority of seats in parliament has the opportunity to form the government. If no party has won a majority, parties can join together to form a governing coalition. The leader of the majority party or coalition usually becomes Prime Minister.
	* Presidential democracy: The president is elected separately from parliament and has the authority to appoint members of the executive, who are often called ministers or secretaries in different countries. These appointments may sometimes require parliamentary approval.		* Presidential democracy: The president is elected separately from parliament and has the authority to appoint members of the executive, who are often called ministers or secretaries in different countries. These appointments may sometimes require parliamentary approval.
	* Semi-presidential or mixed democracy: Here, power is shared between a president and a prime minister. The president is usually elected by the people, while the prime minister ~~is appointed by the president~~ but must have the confidence of parliament.		* Semi-presidential or mixed democracy: Here, power is shared between a president and a prime minister. The president is usually elected by the people, while the president appoints the prime minister but must have the confidence of parliament.

	Each of these systems has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of the balance of power, stability of government, representation of minorities and so on. It should be noted that even within these systems, there are many variations and specific processes for forming government may vary from country to country.		Each of these systems has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of the balance of power, stability of government, representation of minorities and so on. It should be noted that even within these systems, there are many variations and specific processes for forming government may vary from country to country.

	== Parliamentary democracies		== Parliamentary democracies ==

	In a parliamentary democracy, the main role in forming the government falls to the Prime Minister, who is usually the leader of the party or coalition that won the most seats in parliament at the elections. The Prime Minister is responsible for choosing the members of the cabinet. These members, who are usually parliamentarians from the same party as the Prime Minister, take on specific roles as ministers in different areas of public policy.		In a parliamentary democracy, the main role in forming the government falls to the Prime Minister, who is usually the leader of the party or coalition that won the most seats in parliament at the elections. The Prime Minister is responsible for choosing the members of the cabinet. These members, who are usually parliamentarians from the same party as the Prime Minister, take on specific roles as ministers in different areas of public policy.

Arthur : /* Formation de gouvernements */

2023-06-26T09:59:48Z

Formation de gouvernements

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Arthur le 26 juin 2023 à 09:53

2023-06-26T09:53:56Z

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Arthur : Page créée avec « {{Translations | fr = Le système de gouvernement des démocraties | es = El sistema de gobierno en las democracias | de = Das Regierungssystem der Demokratien | lt = Demokratinių valstybių valdymo sistema | it = Il sistema di governo delle democrazie }} {{hidden |Introduction to Political Science |La pensée sociale d'Émile Durkheim et Pierre Bourdieu ● Aux origines de la chute de la République de Weimar ● La pensée sociale de Max Weber e... »

2023-06-26T09:49:17Z

Page créée avec « {{Translations | fr = Le système de gouvernement des démocraties | es = El sistema de gobierno en las democracias | de = Das Regierungssystem der Demokratien | lt = Demokratinių valstybių valdymo sistema | it = Il sistema di governo delle democrazie }} {{hidden |Introduction to Political Science |La pensée sociale d'Émile Durkheim et Pierre Bourdieu ● Aux origines de la chute de la République de Weimar ● La pensée sociale de Max Weber e... »

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The system of government in democracies - Historique des versions

Arthur le 7 juillet 2023 à 09:47

Arthur : /* References */

Arthur : /* Presidential democracies */

Arthur : /* Understanding the existence of minority governments */

Arthur : /* The judiciary */

Arthur : /* Constitutional elements of systems of government */

Arthur : /* Government formation */

Arthur : /* Formation de gouvernements */

Arthur le 26 juin 2023 à 09:53

Arthur : /* References */

Arthur : /* Presidential democracies */

Arthur : /* Understanding the existence of minority governments */

Arthur : /* The judiciary */

Arthur : /* Constitutional elements of systems of government */

Arthur : /* Government formation */

Arthur : /* Formation de gouvernements */