The pursuit of a world order - Historique des versions

Arthur le 12 mai 2023 à 09:26

2023-05-12T09:26:21Z

← Version précédente		Version du 12 mai 2023 à 11:26
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	* [[The economy: a global New Deal?]]		* [[The economy: a global New Deal?]]
	* [[The pursuit of a world order]]		* [[The pursuit of a world order]]
			* [[Democracy as a justification for US interventions abroad]]
	* [[The Americanization of the World: Myth or Reality?]]		* [[The Americanization of the World: Myth or Reality?]]
	}}		}}

Arthur le 20 janvier 2021 à 17:44

2021-01-20T17:44:40Z

← Version précédente		Version du 20 janvier 2021 à 19:44
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	If we look at the specialized commissions that organize expert meetings, there are American experts almost everywhere represented almost as much as any other state. The Permanent Court of International Justice was broadly defined by Elihu Root and throughout the inter-war period there were American judges, including two former secretaries of state such as Frank Kellogg and Manley Hudson. The United States joined the ILO in 1934.		If we look at the specialized commissions that organize expert meetings, there are American experts almost everywhere represented almost as much as any other state. The Permanent Court of International Justice was broadly defined by Elihu Root and throughout the inter-war period there were American judges, including two former secretaries of state such as Frank Kellogg and Manley Hudson. The United States joined the ILO in 1934.

	<gallery>		<gallery mode="packed" widths=200px heights=200px>
	Fichier:Elihu_Root,_bw_photo_portrait,_1902.jpg\|Elihu Root.		Fichier:Elihu_Root,_bw_photo_portrait,_1902.jpg\|Elihu Root.
	Fichier:FrankKellogg.jpg\|Frank Kellogg.		Fichier:FrankKellogg.jpg\|Frank Kellogg.
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	The United States intervenes in Latin America in order to avoid the communist contagion leading to the deepening of the integration of the Pan American Union and the transformation of the Pan American Union into organizations of the States of America. The 1947 Rio Convention established a system of collective security throughout the Americas. Until the mid-1960s, the OAS was to be a relay of American policy in Latin America and a tool that could be seen in a whole series of interventions by the United States in the context of government overthrow, particularly in Guatemala in 1954 and in the Dominican Republic in 1965. Following the intervention of the CIA, it will gradually contribute to delegitimize the OAS as a tool of American foreign policy and from the 1960s onwards, Latin American states will refuse to deepen this system, which helps to strengthen American power in the region.		The United States intervenes in Latin America in order to avoid the communist contagion leading to the deepening of the integration of the Pan American Union and the transformation of the Pan American Union into organizations of the States of America. The 1947 Rio Convention established a system of collective security throughout the Americas. Until the mid-1960s, the OAS was to be a relay of American policy in Latin America and a tool that could be seen in a whole series of interventions by the United States in the context of government overthrow, particularly in Guatemala in 1954 and in the Dominican Republic in 1965. Following the intervention of the CIA, it will gradually contribute to delegitimize the OAS as a tool of American foreign policy and from the 1960s onwards, Latin American states will refuse to deepen this system, which helps to strengthen American power in the region.

	<gallery>		<gallery mode="packed" widths=200px heights=200px>
	Fichier:ANZUS_map.png\|ANZUZ.		Fichier:ANZUS_map.png\|ANZUZ.
	Fichier:Cento_zoom.png\|Pacte de Bagdad.		Fichier:Cento_zoom.png\|Pacte de Bagdad.

Arthur le 18 janvier 2021 à 18:11

2021-01-18T18:11:57Z

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	== The UN: multilateral organization or relay of American diplomacy? ==		== The UN: multilateral organization or relay of American diplomacy? ==

	The two competing logics are that of the two superpowers, but there is also the logic of a supranational organization to enforce an international order in different fields. We can ask ourselves the question of ~~what is~~ the status of the UN, its role and place, ~~but also~~ whether the UN is a true multilateral organization with a project or whether it is the relay of American power.		The two competing logics are that of the two superpowers, but there is also the logic of a supranational organization to enforce an international order in different fields. We can ask ourselves the question of the status of the UN, its role and place, and whether the UN is a true multilateral organization with a project or whether it is the relay of American power.

	The United Nations is a universal organization, but it is a universal organization where ~~the weight of~~ the United States is decisive. In 1945, half of the UN budget came from the United States, decreasing in the 1970s to 25% of the UN budget. The impact ~~of the weight~~ of the United States on the United Nations and its political system is questionable. It is clear that during the Cold War, from the outset, the United Nations became a place of confrontation between the United States and the USSR. This is an arena where the two superpowers oppose each other.		The United Nations is a universal organization, but it is a universal organization where the United States' weight is decisive. In 1945, half of the UN budget came from the United States, decreasing in the 1970s to 25% of the UN budget. The impact of the United States' weight on the United Nations and its political system is questionable. It is clear that during the Cold War, from the outset, the United Nations became a place of confrontation between the United States and the USSR. This is an arena where the two superpowers oppose each other.

	With the example of Korea, there is a strong opposition between the United States and the USSR and a very clear and stronger influence on the United States' UN than the USSR. With the intervention in Korea between 1949 and 1950, the Soviet delegate was absent from the Security Council to protest that despite the Communist victory in China, the Chinese delegate's chair was still owned by Taiwan. At the time of the intervention in Korea, the United States is easily voting for an intervention in Korea. As a result of this vote, the Soviets are returning to vote on the Ashton resolution, which stipulates that when the Security Council is prevented from taking a certain number of decisions, the UN General Assembly can substitute for it. That is why the following resolutions on Korea were passed in the General Assembly.		With the example of Korea, there is a strong opposition between the United States and the USSR and a very clear and stronger influence on the United States' UN than the USSR. With the intervention in Korea between 1949 and 1950, the Soviet delegate was absent from the Security Council to protest that despite the Communist victory in China, the Chinese delegate's chair was still owned by Taiwan. At the time of the intervention in Korea, the United States is easily voting for an intervention in Korea. As a result of this vote, the Soviets are returning to vote on the Ashton resolution, which stipulates that when the Security Council is prevented from taking a certain number of decisions, the UN General Assembly can substitute for it. That is why the following resolutions on Korea were passed in the General Assembly.

Arthur le 18 janvier 2021 à 18:11

2021-01-18T18:11:00Z

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	\| en = La poursuite d’un ordre mondial		\| en = La poursuite d’un ordre mondial
	\| es = La búsqueda de un orden mundial		\| es = La búsqueda de un orden mundial
			\| it = Il perseguimento di un ordine mondiale
	}}		}}

Arthur : /* The Wilsonian project and its failure */

2020-02-19T09:15:17Z

The Wilsonian project and its failure

← Version précédente		Version du 19 février 2020 à 11:15
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	The U.S. project is deployed above all on the scale of the American territory with in particular the Pan-American conferences in 1880 and in 1890 being formalized with the creation of the Pan-American Union in 1910 which is a first attempt of international organization on the scale of the American continent that is to say on the scale of what the United States envisages of its field of intervention in 1910 is the American continent. When Wilson came to power in 1912, he believed he could transform the Pan American Organization into a regional security organization. The League of Nations has a history in the South American continent. In fact, the Pan-American Union in 1910 and between the two world wars was going to compete with the League of Nations if not against the South American continent. What is important is that the questions of reflection on the international organization and the international order are first deployed on the scale of the American continent.		The U.S. project is deployed above all on the scale of the American territory with in particular the Pan-American conferences in 1880 and in 1890 being formalized with the creation of the Pan-American Union in 1910 which is a first attempt of international organization on the scale of the American continent that is to say on the scale of what the United States envisages of its field of intervention in 1910 is the American continent. When Wilson came to power in 1912, he believed he could transform the Pan American Organization into a regional security organization. The League of Nations has a history in the South American continent. In fact, the Pan-American Union in 1910 and between the two world wars was going to compete with the League of Nations if not against the South American continent. What is important is that the questions of reflection on the international organization and the international order are first deployed on the scale of the American continent.

	From this point of view, the First World War is a pivotal moment because between 1914 and 1918, on the American side, a project of world-wide scope will crystallize to apply to the whole planet something largely thought on the scale of the American continent at first. The global project formulated by Wilson will crystallize with the Fourteen Points and the League of Nations project presented to the Senate and the world. It is a completely new political project in international relations which until the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century was characterized by a club of powers organizing international relations according to their changing interests. From now on, the idea is to create a global political body managing relations between different states within the model of American democracy. There is a formalized organizational project with a political project behind it with the League of Nations as a parliament of the Nations.		From this point of view, the First World War is a pivotal moment because between 1914 and 1918, on the American side, a project of world-wide scope will crystallize to apply to the whole planet something largely thought on the scale of the American continent at first. The global project formulated by Wilson will crystallize with the Fourteen Points and the League of Nations project presented to the Senate and the world.<ref>THRONTVEIT, T. (2011). The Fable of the Fourteen Points: Woodrow Wilson and National Self-Determination. Diplomatic History, 35(3), 445–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2011.00959.x</ref> It is a completely new political project in international relations which until the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century was characterized by a club of powers organizing international relations according to their changing interests. From now on, the idea is to create a global political body managing relations between different states within the model of American democracy. There is a formalized organizational project with a political project behind it with the League of Nations as a parliament of the Nations.

	The League of Nations is a compromise between three competing projects between the French, American and English projects. The Americans and the British agreed to merge their projects. The League of Nations project bears the mark of Wilson, but is also a compromise with the English and French. It is a notion of voluntary association between nations within the framework of an association of states where everyone is in solidarity with the others.		The League of Nations is a compromise between three competing projects between the French, American and English projects. The Americans and the British agreed to merge their projects. The League of Nations project bears the mark of Wilson, but is also a compromise with the English and French. It is a notion of voluntary association between nations within the framework of an association of states where everyone is in solidarity with the others.

	The question of ratification in Congress means that the question of the organization of the international order is not obvious internally, being strongly contested since 1919. The rejection of the Treaty of Versailles and the result of a deep rift in American political society. It is important to consider that the issue of international order is not self-evident. Those who voted "for" and "against" this project were those who voted "for" and "against" the most. It was a political imbroglio in an extremely strong debate on the role of the United States in international relations and whether it should contribute to the organization of the world or not.		The question of ratification in Congress means that the question of the organization of the international order is not obvious internally, being strongly contested since 1919. The rejection of the Treaty of Versailles and the result of a deep rift in American political society. It is important to consider that the issue of international order is not self-evident. Those who voted "for" and "against" this project were those who voted "for" and "against" the most. It was a political imbroglio in an extremely strong debate on the role of the United States in international relations and whether it should contribute to the organization of the world or not.


	== The Second Life of Wilsonism? ==		== The Second Life of Wilsonism? ==

Arthur : /* References */

2018-02-11T20:35:03Z

References

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	[[Category:Ludovic Tournès]]		[[Category:Ludovic Tournès]]
	[[Category:~~histoire~~]]		[[Category:history]]
	[[Category:relations ~~internationales~~]]		[[Category:international relations]]
	[[Category:~~Histoire des États-Unis~~]]		[[Category:History of the United States]]
			[[Category:English]]
	[[Category:2012]]		[[Category:2012]]
	[[Category:2013]]		[[Category:2013]]
	[[Category:2014]]		[[Category:2014]]
	~~[[Category:English]]~~

Arthur le 11 février 2018 à 20:32

2018-02-11T20:32:23Z

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	It is interesting to ask whether it is a stand-alone system operating on its own logic or a relay of American foreign policy. Thus, there is a permanent oscillation between globalism and regionalism in American foreign policy.		It is interesting to ask whether it is a stand-alone system operating on its own logic or a relay of American foreign policy. Thus, there is a permanent oscillation between globalism and regionalism in American foreign policy.

			{{Translations
			\| en = La poursuite d’un ordre mondial
			\| es = La búsqueda de un orden mundial
			}}

	= The hesitations of American globalism [1890 - 1939] =		= The hesitations of American globalism [1890 - 1939] =

Arthur le 11 février 2018 à 19:28

2018-02-11T19:28:49Z

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	\|faculté=[[Lettres]]		\|faculté=[[Lettres]]
	\|département=[[Département d’histoire générale]]		\|département=[[Département d’histoire générale]]
	\|professeurs=[[Ludovic Tournès]]		\|professeurs=[[Ludovic Tournès]]<ref>[https://www.unige.ch/lettres/istge/unites/hco/enseignants-chercheurs/tournes/ Page personnelle de Ludovic Tournès sur le site de l'Université de Genève]</ref><ref>[https://www.cairn.info/publications-de-Tourn%C3%A8s-Ludovic--5840.htm Publications de Ludovic Tournès \| Cairn.info]</ref><ref>[http://sirice.eu/membre/ludovic-tournes CV de Ludovic Tournès sur le site de l'Université de la Sorbonne]</ref>
	\|enregistrement=		\|enregistrement=
	\|lectures=		\|lectures=

Simon le 7 février 2018 à 21:32

2018-02-07T21:32:58Z

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 {{Infobox Lecture
-  |image=|image_caption=|cours=[[The United States and the World]]|faculté=[[Lettres]]|département=[[Département d’histoire générale]]|professeurs=[[Ludovic Tournès]]|enregistrement=|lectures=[[Introduction to the course The United States and the World]] <br /> [[The conquest of the territory]] <br /> [[From Exceptionalism to American Universalism]] <br /> [[Foreign policy actors]] <br /> [[Empire of Freedom or Imperial Republic (1890 - 1939)?]] <br /> [[The economy: a global New Deal?]] <br /> [[The pursuit of a world order]] <br /> [[The Americanization of the World: Myth or Reality?]]}}
+  |image=
 We will see how the United States positions itself vis-à-vis the international order and the quest for a world order of which it would be among the main ones if not the principal organizers.

Simon le 7 février 2018 à 21:24

2018-02-07T21:24:21Z

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			{{Infobox Lecture
			\|image=\|image_caption=\|cours=[[The United States and the World]]\|faculté=[[Lettres]]\|département=[[Département d’histoire générale]]\|professeurs=[[Ludovic Tournès]]\|enregistrement=\|lectures=[[Introduction to the course The United States and the World]] <br /> [[The conquest of the territory]] <br /> [[From Exceptionalism to American Universalism]] <br /> [[Foreign policy actors]] <br /> [[Empire of Freedom or Imperial Republic (1890 - 1939)?]] <br /> [[The economy: a global New Deal?]] <br /> [[The pursuit of a world order]] <br /> [[The Americanization of the World: Myth or Reality?]]}}

	We will see how the United States positions itself vis-à-vis the international order and the quest for a world order of which it would be among the main ones if not the principal organizers.		We will see how the United States positions itself vis-à-vis the international order and the quest for a world order of which it would be among the main ones if not the principal organizers.

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	= References =		= References =
	<references/>		<references />

	[[Category:Ludovic Tournès]]		[[Category:Ludovic Tournès]]

The pursuit of a world order - Historique des versions

Arthur le 12 mai 2023 à 09:26

Arthur le 20 janvier 2021 à 17:44

Arthur le 18 janvier 2021 à 18:11

Arthur le 18 janvier 2021 à 18:11

Arthur : /* The Wilsonian project and its failure */

Arthur : /* References */

Arthur le 11 février 2018 à 20:32

Arthur le 11 février 2018 à 19:28

Simon le 7 février 2018 à 21:32

Simon le 7 février 2018 à 21:24

Arthur : /* The Wilsonian project and its failure */

Arthur : /* References */