The positivist paradigm and the interpretative paradigm - Historique des versions

Arthur le 29 janvier 2019 à 13:47

2019-01-29T13:47:16Z

← Version précédente		Version du 29 janvier 2019 à 15:47
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	\| fr = Le paradigme positiviste et le paradigme interprétatif		\| fr = Le paradigme positiviste et le paradigme interprétatif
	\| es = El paradigma positivista y el paradigma interpretativo		\| es = El paradigma positivista y el paradigma interpretativo
			\| it = Il paradigma positivista e il paradigma interpretativo
	}}		}}

Arthur le 21 janvier 2019 à 22:06

2019-01-21T22:06:38Z

← Version précédente		Version du 22 janvier 2019 à 00:06
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	{{Translations		{{Translations
	\| fr = Le paradigme positiviste et le paradigme interprétatif		\| fr = Le paradigme positiviste et le paradigme interprétatif
			\| es = El paradigma positivista y el paradigma interpretativo
	}}		}}

Arthur : /* Sociological traditions */

2018-07-26T21:34:30Z

Sociological traditions

← Version précédente		Version du 26 juillet 2018 à 23:34
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	These paradigms are developed around three questions:		These paradigms are developed around three questions:
	*'''ontological question''': does social reality exist and is its nature? concerns social reality and its nature.		*'''ontological question''': does social reality exist and what is its nature? concerns social reality and its nature.
	*'''epistemological question''': is this social reality knowable? can we know her?		*'''epistemological question''': is this social reality knowable? can we know her?
	*'''methodological question''': if this reality exists and is knowable, how can we know it?		*'''methodological question''': if this reality exists and is knowable, how can we know it?

Arthur le 8 mai 2018 à 19:19

2018-05-08T19:19:30Z

← Version précédente		Version du 8 mai 2018 à 21:19
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	These paradigms are developed around three questions:		These paradigms are developed around three questions:
	*'''ontological question''': does social reality exist and is it its nature? concerns social reality and its nature.		*'''ontological question''': does social reality exist and is its nature? concerns social reality and its nature.
	*'''epistemological question''': is this social reality knowable? can we know her?		*'''epistemological question''': is this social reality knowable? can we know her?
	*'''methodological question''': if this reality exists and is knowable, how can we know it?		*'''methodological question''': if this reality exists and is knowable, how can we know it?
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	\|		\|
	*'''Tables (relational perspective)'''		*'''Tables (relational perspective)'''
	The aim of the operation is to find relationships between the variables, the information is presented numerically. (~~however~~ the narration is also present). We're looking for correlations or covariations.		The aim of the operation is to find relationships between the variables, the information is presented numerically. (However the narration is also present). We're looking for correlations or covariations.

Arthur le 1 avril 2018 à 18:36

2018-04-01T18:36:53Z

← Version précédente		Version du 1 avril 2018 à 20:36
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			{{Infobox Lecture
			\| image =
			\| image_caption =
			\| faculté = [[Faculté des sciences de la société]]
			\| département = [[Département de science politique et relations internationales]]
			\| professeurs = [[Marco Giugni]]<ref>[https://unige.ch/sciences-societe/speri/membres/marco-giugni/ Page personnelle de Marco Giugni sur le site de l'Université de Genève]</ref>
			\| assistants =
			\| enregistrement =
			\| cours = [[Introduction to the methods of political science]]
			\| lectures =
			* [[Introductory course on the methods of political science]]
			* [[The positivist paradigm and the interpretative paradigm]]
			* [[Fundamental scientific methods]]
			* [[From theory to data]]
			* [[Data collection]]
			* [[The processing of data]]
			}}

	You have to make a number of choices when you do research, and the researcher has to make five choices:		You have to make a number of choices when you do research, and the researcher has to make five choices:
	#'''ontological and epistemological''': that is, having a certain conception of society, one almost touches on the field of philosophy and less on the field of practical research.		#'''ontological and epistemological''': that is, having a certain conception of society, one almost touches on the field of philosophy and less on the field of practical research.

Arthur le 26 mars 2018 à 19:48

2018-03-26T19:48:29Z

Arthur : /* Data collection */

2018-03-26T19:47:02Z

Data collection

← Version précédente		Version du 26 mars 2018 à 21:47
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	{\| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="20" border="1"		{\| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="20" border="1"
	!		!
	\|~~Recherche quantitative~~		\|Quantitative research
	\|~~Recherche qualitative~~		\|Qualitative research
	\|-		\|-
	!~~Dessin de recherche~~		!Research Drawing
	\|		\|
	*'''~~Structuré~~, ~~fermé~~'''		*'''Structured, closed'''
	~~Précède la recherche elle-même~~. ~~D'abord~~, ~~dessin~~, ~~après la recherche~~. ~~Avant de pouvoir aller sur le terrain~~, ~~il faut que le dessin de recherche soit définitif~~.		Precedes the search itself. First, drawing, then research. Before you can go into the field, the research drawing must be final.
	\|		\|
	*'''~~Processus plus déstructuré~~, ~~ouvert~~, ~~construit au cours de la recherche~~'''		*'''Process more unstructured, open, built during research'''
	~~On n'~~a ~~pas besoin d'avoir un dessin de recherche préétablie~~, ~~il peut changer en fonction des~~ interactions ~~qu’on a avec le sujet étudié~~. ~~Comme les~~ concepts ~~sont ouverts~~, ~~la manière à travers laquelle nous allons étudier une certaine réalité est construite au cours de la recherche~~. ~~Idée de~~ non-~~linéarité de la recherche~~.		You do not need to have a pre-established research design, it can change depending on the interactions you have with the subject being studied. As the concepts are open, the way in which we will study a certain reality is constructed during the research. Idea of non-linearity of research.
	\|-		\|-
	!~~Représentativité~~		!Representativeness
	\|		\|
	*'''~~Echantillon statistiquement représentatif~~'''		*'''Statistically representative sample'''
	~~Surtout dans l'approche individuelle~~, ~~on fait un sondage pour qu'il soit le plus représentatif~~ possible. ~~L’idée est de partir d’un échantillon pour en tirer des~~ conclusions ~~plus larges~~. ~~Les résultats de la recherche sont censés être généralisés à l’univers dont on a tiré les individus~~.		Especially in the individual approach, a survey is conducted so that it is as representative as possible. The idea is to start from a sample and draw broader conclusions. The research results are supposed to be generalized to the universe from which individuals were drawn.
	\|		\|
	*'''~~Cas singuliers statistiquement non-représentatifs~~'''		*'''Singular statistically unrepresentative cases'''
	~~La représentativité n'est pas essentielle~~, ~~ce sont plutôt les singularités qui nous intéressent~~. ~~On cherche à étudier des cas singuliers qui ne sont pas statistiquement représentatifs~~. ~~On ne veut pas de représentativité~~, ~~car on chercher à identifier des cas spécifiques~~.		Representativeness is not essential, it is the singularities that interest us. We seek to study singular cases that are not statistically representative. We do not want representativeness, because we are trying to identify specific cases.
	\|-		\|-
	!~~Instrument de recueil~~		!Collecting instrument
	\|		\|
	*'''~~Instrument uniforme pour tous les sujets~~'''		*'''Uniform instrument for all subjects'''
	~~Le but est d'avoir une représentativité~~ objective ~~par un~~ instrument ~~maitrisé qui permet d’arriver à une matrice de données~~. ~~C’est à travers l’uniformisation et la standardisation que l’on peut atteindre la représentativité statistique~~.		The goal is to have an objective representativity by a controlled instrument which makes it possible to arrive at a matrix of data. It is through standardization and standardization that statistical representativeness can be achieved.
	\|		\|
	*'''~~Varie selon l’intérêt des sujets~~'''		*'''Varies according to the interest of the subjects'''
	~~On ne~~ tend ~~pas à la standardisation~~, ~~on varie selon les sujets qu'on a devant~~, ~~en fonction des objectifs de recherche~~. ~~On ne va pas appliquer le même~~ instrument ~~de recueils à tous les sujets~~, ~~on le varie en fonction de l’intérêt spécifique et de ce que l’on veut faire ressortir de l’analyse~~.		We do not tend to standardize, we vary according to the subjects we have before us, according to the research objectives. We will not apply the same instrument of collections to all subjects, we vary it according to the specific interest and what we want to bring out of the analysis.
	\|-		\|-
	!Nature ~~des données~~		!Nature of the data
	\|		\|
	*'''Hard, ~~données objectives et standardisées~~'''		*'''Hard, objective and standardized data'''
	~~L’opposition principale se retrouve au niveau de l’objectivité en~~ opposition ~~à la subjectivité~~. ~~Il faut que les données soient les plus objectives~~ possible.		The main opposition lies in objectivity as opposed to subjectivity. The data must be as objective as possible.
	\|		\|
	*'''Soft, ~~données riches et profondes~~'''		*'''Soft, rich and deep data'''
	~~Les données ont de la profondeur en opposition à la superficialité~~ ; ~~il faut que les données soient les plus profondes~~ possible.		The data have depth as opposed to superficiality; the data must be as deep as possible.
	\|}		\|}

Arthur : /* General approach */

2018-03-26T19:43:55Z

General approach

← Version précédente		Version du 26 mars 2018 à 21:43
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	We try to put ourselves in the jackets of the people whose behaviour we want to explain. Empathic identification is sought from the perspective of the object under study. This helps to understand the actions of others through empathic identification.		We try to put ourselves in the jackets of the people whose behaviour we want to explain. Empathic identification is sought from the perspective of the object under study. This helps to understand the actions of others through empathic identification.
	\|-		\|-
	!~~Interaction physique chercheur – objet d’étude~~		!Physical interaction between researcher and object of study
	\|		\|
	*'''Distance, ~~séparation~~'''		*'''Distance, separation'''
	~~Le chercheur qui fait l'analyse ne doit pas être celui qui fait la collecte des données~~.		The researcher doing the analysis should not be the one collecting the data.
	\|		\|
	*'''~~Proximité~~, contact'''		*'''Proximity, contact'''
	~~C'est beaucoup plus rare qu'un chercheur essaie d’analyser des données produites par quelqu’un d'autre~~.		It is much rarer for a researcher to try to analyze data produced by someone else.
	\|-		\|-
	!~~Rôle du sujet étudié~~		!Role of the subject under study
	\|		\|
	*'''~~Sujet~~ a ~~un rôle passif~~'''		*'''Subject has a passive role'''
	\|		\|
	*'''~~Sujet a un rôle actif~~'''		*'''Subject has an active role'''
	Action, ~~aider les groupes à s'engager dans un processus de~~ transformation.		Action, helping groups to engage in a process of transformation.
	\|}		\|}

Arthur : /* General approach */

2018-03-26T19:42:10Z

General approach

← Version précédente		Version du 26 mars 2018 à 21:42
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	The theory emerges from observation, but not necessarily all the time, because this approach is more flexible. The two phases can follow one after the other in a more cyclical logic. It's a back and forth between theory and empirie.		The theory emerges from observation, but not necessarily all the time, because this approach is more flexible. The two phases can follow one after the other in a more cyclical logic. It's a back and forth between theory and empirie.
	\|-		\|-
	!~~Fonction de la littérature~~		!Function of literature
	\|		\|
	*'''Fondamentale'''		*'''Fondamentale'''
	~~Elle est fondamentale pour la définition de la théorie et la formulation des hypothèses~~. ~~Cela soutient la logique de linéarité et de~~ phases ~~séquentielles~~.		It is fundamental for defining theory and formulating hypotheses. This supports the logic of linearity and sequential phases.


	Nb : ~~Les hypothèses découlent de la littérature~~, l'~~observation du terrain et de la créativité des sociologues~~.		Nb : Hypotheses are derived from literature, field observation and sociologists' creativity.
	\|		\|
	*'''~~Auxiliaire~~'''		*'''Auxiliary'''
	~~Elle est auxiliaire~~, ~~dans le processus de recherche elle est moins importante par rapport à des autres~~ aspects. ~~Au début il est~~ possible ~~de se contenter d’une connaissance moins importante du champ par rapport à la recherche~~ quantitative, ~~car on n’a pas besoin de formuler des hypothèses~~.		It is auxiliary, in the research process it is less important compared to other aspects. At the beginning it is possible to settle for a less important knowledge of the field compared to quantitative research, because there is no need to formulate hypotheses.


	Nb : ~~ignorer la littérature peut permettre d’aboutir à une meilleure théorie~~. ~~Pour certains la littérature est négative pour la recherche~~.		Note: Ignoring the literature can lead to a better theory. For some the literature is negative for research.
	\|-		\|-
	!Concepts		!Concepts
	\|		\|
	*'''~~Opérationnalisés~~'''		*'''Operationalized'''
	~~Ils sont opérationnalisés~~, ~~permettent de passer du niveau théorique au niveau empirique~~ ; ~~ils permettent de traduire empiriquement des~~ concepts ~~théoriques~~.		They are operationalized, make it possible to move from the theoretical level to the empirical level; they make it possible to translate theoretical concepts empirically.
	\|		\|
	*''' ~~Orientatifs~~'''		*'''Orientatives'''
	~~Concepts orientatifs~~, ~~ils sont ouverts~~, en construction, ~~la relation entre théorie recherche est~~ interactive, ~~donc les~~ concepts ~~aussi~~. ~~Ils doivent donner une~~ direction ~~à l’analyse et peuvent se modifier au cours de la recherche~~. ~~Ils sont en~~ construction ~~permettant une meilleure définition du~~ concept.		Orientative concepts, they are open, in construction, the relationship between research theory is interactive, so concepts too. They must give direction to the analysis and may change during the research. They are under construction allowing a better definition of the concept.
	\|-		\|-
	!~~Rapport avec l’environnement~~		!Relationship to the environment
	\|		\|
	*'''~~Approche manipulative~~'''		*'''Manipulative approach'''
	~~Le chercheur intervient dans la réalité et il essaie de modifier quelque chose~~, ~~notamment dans les études expérimentales~~. ~~Le chercheur est externe~~, ~~il intervient à travers des outils méthodologiques~~.		The researcher intervenes in reality and tries to change something, especially in experimental studies. The researcher is external, he intervenes through methodological tools.
	\|		\|
	*'''~~Approche naturaliste~~'''		*'''Naturalistic approach'''
	~~Il n'y a pas l'idée de~~ manipulation, ~~le chercheur fait partie de la réalité~~. ~~On veut manipuler les~~ variables ~~dans leur état naturel sans intervenir~~. ~~Cela pose le problème méthodologique de savoir comment étudier un objet sans modifier l’environnement étudié~~, ~~d’autant plus que les personnes réagissent à la manière dont on les étudie~~.		There is no idea of manipulation, the researcher is part of reality. We want to manipulate the variables in their natural state without intervening. This poses the methodological problem of how to study an object without modifying the studied environment, especially since people react to the way they are studied.
	\|-		\|-
	!~~Interaction psychologique chercheur – objet d’étude~~		!Psychological interaction between researcher and object of study
	\|		\|

	*''' ~~Observation scientifique~~'''		*'''Scientific observation'''
	~~Détachée et neutre~~. ~~Aspect axiologique~~, ~~on essaie de neutraliser nos valeurs pour voir cette~~ distance d'interaction, ~~je ne fais pas partie de « cette » réalité~~.		Detached and neutral. Axiological aspect, we try to neutralize our values to see this distance of interaction, I am not part of "this" reality.
	\|		\|

	*'''~~Identification empathique dans la~~ perspective ~~de l’objet étudié~~'''		*'''Empathic identification from the perspective of the object under study'''
	~~On essaie de se mettre dans la veste des gens de qui nous voulons expliquer les comportements~~. ~~On recherche une~~ identification ~~empathique dans la~~ perspective ~~de l’objet étudié~~. ~~Cela permet de comprendre les~~ actions ~~des autres à travers une~~ identification ~~empathique~~.		We try to put ourselves in the jackets of the people whose behaviour we want to explain. Empathic identification is sought from the perspective of the object under study. This helps to understand the actions of others through empathic identification.
	\|-		\|-
	!Interaction physique chercheur – objet d’étude		!Interaction physique chercheur – objet d’étude

Arthur : /* General approach */

2018-03-26T08:04:48Z

General approach

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	{\| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="20" border="1"		{\| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="20" border="1"
	!		!
	\|~~Recherche quantitative~~		\|Quantitative research
	\|~~Recherche qualitative~~		\|Qualitative research
	\|-		\|-
	!Relation ~~théorie – et le processus de recherche~~		!Relation theory - and the research process
	\|		\|
	*'''~~Relations structurées~~ '''		*'''Structured relationships'''
	~~Suivent des~~ phases ~~logiquement séquentielles~~ (~~certains~~ phases ~~doivent arriver avant que des autres~~). ex. ~~Il faut d'abord avoir une hypothèse pour après la tester~~. ~~L’important est le degré de structuration~~. ~~C’est la mise en forme de la recherche~~. On a ~~un dessin de recherche fortement structuré avec des~~ phases ~~séquentielles~~.		Logically sequential phases follow (some phases must arrive before others). e.g. First you have to have a hypothesis to test it. What is important is the degree of structuring. It is the shaping of research. We have a highly structured research design with sequential phases.
	*'''~~Déduction~~'''		*'''Deduction'''
	~~La théorie précède l’observation selon une logique linéaire~~.		The theory precedes observation according to a linear logic.
	\|		\|
	*'''~~Relations ouvertes et plus interactives~~'''		*'''Open and more interactive relationships'''
	~~Il n y'~~a ~~pas l'idée qu'il faille d'abord avoir une hypothèse~~, ~~on peut d'abord commencer par le terrain~~. ~~Il y~~ a ~~un degré de structuration inférieur~~. ~~C’est une approche plus ouverte et~~ interactive, ~~ce ne sont pas des~~ moments ~~distincts~~. ~~Tout le processus est beaucoup plus~~ flexible.		There is no idea that we first need to have a hypothesis, we can start with the field. There is a lower degree of structure. It is a more open and interactive approach, not separate moments. The whole process is much more flexible.
	*'''Induction'''		*'''Induction'''
	~~La théorie émerge de l’observation~~, ~~mais pas nécessairement tout le temps~~, ~~car cette approche est plus souple~~. ~~Les deux~~ phases ~~peuvent se succéder l’une après l’autre dans une logique plus cyclique~~. ~~C’est un va-et-vient entre la théorie et l’empirie~~.		The theory emerges from observation, but not necessarily all the time, because this approach is more flexible. The two phases can follow one after the other in a more cyclical logic. It's a back and forth between theory and empirie.
	\|-		\|-
	!Fonction de la littérature		!Fonction de la littérature

← Version précédente		Version du 26 mars 2018 à 21:48
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	# '''Phenomenological individualism''': individual consciousness is the only place of social life, observation is not the best technique to follow, because we cannot see in individual consciousness. It is a question about the social reality that lies in the individual consciousness about how men construct their world.		# '''Phenomenological individualism''': individual consciousness is the only place of social life, observation is not the best technique to follow, because we cannot see in individual consciousness. It is a question about the social reality that lies in the individual consciousness about how men construct their world.
	# '''Methodological individualism''': these are individuals as fundamental, even unique social reality, we centre ourselves in their behaviour and not in what they think. We must find the meaning of things in individuals, not in the consciousness of individuals, but in the behaviour and facts of individuals.		# '''Methodological individualism''': these are individuals as fundamental, even unique social reality, we centre ourselves in their behaviour and not in what they think. We must find the meaning of things in individuals, not in the consciousness of individuals, but in the behaviour and facts of individuals.
	# '''Holism''': the social structure, self-sustaining watchmaking, Durkheim is an example, we must analyze phenomena as a single whole (systemic approach). We cannot understand society if we do not consider all the different parts as a whole. The systemic approach in social science goes in this direction, for example. We must consider society as a whole, in other words it is a generalizing social paradigm.		# '''Holism''': the social structure, self-sustaining watchmaking, Durkheim is an example, we must analyze phenomena as a single whole (systemic approach). We cannot understand society if we do not consider all the different parts as a whole. The systemic approach in social science goes in this direction, for example. We must consider society as a whole, in other words, it is a generalizing social paradigm.
	# '''Relational realism''': social ties constitute the fundamental element of social life There are several ways of classifying these paradigms and conceptions of society.		# '''Relational realism''': social ties constitute the fundamental element of social life. There are several ways of classifying these paradigms and conceptions of society.

	We will not study a phenomenon in the same way if we think that the essence of this phenomenon will be found in people's consciousness and in their relationships or we will find it in the whole of a phenomenon in which a person fits.		We will not study a phenomenon in the same way if we think that the essence of this phenomenon will be found in people's consciousness and in their relationships or we will find it in the whole of a phenomenon in which a person fits.
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	Since we are aiming for generalization, we prefer these methods in the technical sense.		Since we are aiming for generalization, we prefer these methods in the technical sense.
	*'''Analysis by variables'''		*'''Analysis by variables'''
	Social reality is analyzed by variables. For example we are interested to know if the social origin influences those who are more attentive to the course. What interests the researcher are not the individuals, but the variable.		Social reality is analyzed by variables. For example, we are interested to know if the social origin influences those who are more attentive to the course. What interests the researcher are not the individuals, but the variable.
	\|		\|
	*'''Emphatic interaction between the researcher and the object of study'''		*'''Emphatic interaction between the researcher and the object of study'''
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	In his book, Corbetta speaks of three paradigms:		In his book, Corbetta speaks of three paradigms:
	*'''positive paradigm''': no longer exists in the social sciences, no one thinks that the social sciences should be like the exact sciences.		*'''positive paradigm''': no longer exists in the social sciences, no one thinks that the social sciences should be like the exact sciences.
	*'''post-positiviste''': is more nuanced, it is the criticism of positivism notably made by Karl Popper. This critical reformulation has nuanced the pure positivist paradigm in several ways. Social reality is external, but can only be known probabilistically. On the other hand empirical observation depends on theory.		*'''post-positiviste''': is more nuanced, it is the criticism of positivism notably made by Karl Popper. This critical reformulation has nuanced the pure positivist paradigm in several ways. Social reality is external, but can only be known probabilistically. On the other hand, empirical observation depends on theory.
	*'''interpretive paradigm'''		*'''interpretive paradigm'''

The positivist paradigm and the interpretative paradigm - Historique des versions

Arthur le 29 janvier 2019 à 13:47

Arthur le 21 janvier 2019 à 22:06

Arthur : /* Sociological traditions */

Arthur le 8 mai 2018 à 19:19

Arthur le 1 avril 2018 à 18:36

Arthur le 26 mars 2018 à 19:48

Arthur : /* Data collection */

Arthur : /* General approach */

Arthur : /* General approach */

Arthur : /* General approach */

Arthur : /* Sociological traditions */

Arthur : /* Data collection */

Arthur : /* General approach */

Arthur : /* General approach */

Arthur : /* General approach */