The costs of production - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* References */

2024-01-12T14:03:00Z

References

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	[[Catégorie:Federica Sbergami]]		[[Catégorie:Federica Sbergami]]
	[[Catégorie:Giovanni Ferro-Luzzi]]		[[Catégorie:Giovanni Ferro-Luzzi]]
	~~[[Category:2011]]~~
	~~[[Category:2012]]~~
	~~[[Category:2013]]~~
	~~[[Category:2014]]~~

Arthur : /* Graphical summary */

2024-01-12T13:20:37Z

Graphical summary

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	In both graphs, the curves for marginal cost (orange dotted line), average variable cost (brown line) and average total cost (green line) have typical characteristics:		In both graphs, the curves for marginal cost (orange dotted line), average variable cost (brown line) and average total cost (green line) have typical characteristics:

	# When CF=0: #* The average variable cost (AVC) curve and the average total cost (ATC) curve start at the same point on the y-axis because there are no fixed costs to be amortised on the units produced.		# When CF=0:
			#* The average variable cost (AVC) curve and the average total cost (ATC) curve start at the same point on the y-axis because there are no fixed costs to be amortised on the units produced.
	#* The AVC and ATC curves initially decrease, reach a minimum point and then start to increase, forming the classic U-shaped curve which represents economies and then diseconomies of scale.		#* The AVC and ATC curves initially decrease, reach a minimum point and then start to increase, forming the classic U-shaped curve which represents economies and then diseconomies of scale.
	#* Marginal cost (MC) intersects the MVC and MTC curves at their minimum point, which is the inflection point where marginal cost begins to exceed average variable and total cost, indicating that producing an additional unit becomes more expensive than average.		#* Marginal cost (MC) intersects the MVC and MTC curves at their minimum point, which is the inflection point where marginal cost begins to exceed average variable and total cost, indicating that producing an additional unit becomes more expensive than average.

Arthur : /* Résumé graphique */

2024-01-12T13:20:24Z

Résumé graphique

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	These properties have practical consequences for companies. To maximise profitability, a company should seek to operate at the EME level, where it can minimise average costs and thus maximise profits. This requires a thorough understanding of cost structure and production capacity. In addition, companies need to pay close attention to production management so as not to exceed the point where marginal costs start to rise, which could lead to inefficient production and losses.		These properties have practical consequences for companies. To maximise profitability, a company should seek to operate at the EME level, where it can minimise average costs and thus maximise profits. This requires a thorough understanding of cost structure and production capacity. In addition, companies need to pay close attention to production management so as not to exceed the point where marginal costs start to rise, which could lead to inefficient production and losses.

	== ~~Résumé graphique~~ ==		== Graphical summary ==

	L'image ~~ci-dessous est un résumé graphique représentant les relations entre le coût~~ marginal (Cm), ~~le coût moyen~~ variable (~~CVM~~), ~~le coût moyen~~ total (~~CTM~~), ~~et le coût~~ variable (CV(q)), ~~dans deux contextes différents~~ : ~~lorsque les coûts fixes~~ (CF) ~~sont nuls et lorsque les coûts fixes sont positifs~~.		The image below is a graphical summary representing the relationships between marginal cost (MC), average variable cost (AVC), average total cost (ATC), and variable cost (VC(q)), in two different contexts: when fixed costs (FC) are zero and when fixed costs are positive.

	[[Fichier:Propriétés_des_couts.png\|400px\|vignette\|centré]]		[[Fichier:Propriétés_des_couts.png\|400px\|vignette\|centré]]

	L'image ~~affichée est un résumé graphique représentant les relations entre le coût~~ marginal (Cm), ~~le coût moyen~~ variable (~~CVM~~), ~~le coût moyen~~ total (~~CTM~~), ~~et le coût~~ variable (CV(q)), ~~dans deux contextes différents~~ : ~~lorsque les coûts fixes~~ (CF) ~~sont nuls et lorsque les coûts fixes sont positifs~~.		The image displayed is a graphical summary representing the relationships between marginal cost (MC), average variable cost (AVC), average total cost (ATC), and variable cost (VC(q)), in two different contexts: when fixed costs (FC) are zero and when fixed costs are positive.

	~~Dans les deux graphiques~~, ~~les courbes du coût~~ marginal (~~ligne pointillée~~ orange), ~~du coût moyen~~ variable (~~ligne marron~~) ~~et du coût moyen~~ total (~~ligne verte~~) ~~présentent les caractéristiques typiques~~ :		In both graphs, the curves for marginal cost (orange dotted line), average variable cost (brown line) and average total cost (green line) have typical characteristics:

	# ~~Lorsque~~ CF=0 :		# When CF=0: #* The average variable cost (AVC) curve and the average total cost (ATC) curve start at the same point on the y-axis because there are no fixed costs to be amortised on the units produced.
	#* ~~La courbe du coût moyen~~ variable (~~CVM~~) ~~et la courbe du coût moyen~~ total (~~CTM~~) ~~commencent au même~~ point ~~sur l'axe des ordonnées car il n'~~y ~~a pas de coûts fixes à amortir sur les unités produites~~.		#* The AVC and ATC curves initially decrease, reach a minimum point and then start to increase, forming the classic U-shaped curve which represents economies and then diseconomies of scale.
	#* ~~Les courbes CVM et CTM diminuent initialement~~, ~~atteignent un~~ point ~~minimum~~, ~~puis commencent à augmenter, formant la classique courbe en~~ U ~~qui représente les économies, puis les déséconomies d'échelle~~.		#* Marginal cost (MC) intersects the MVC and MTC curves at their minimum point, which is the inflection point where marginal cost begins to exceed average variable and total cost, indicating that producing an additional unit becomes more expensive than average.
	#* ~~Le coût marginal~~ (Cm) ~~coupe les courbes CVM et CTM à leur~~ point ~~minimum~~, ~~ce qui est le~~ point ~~d'inflexion où le coût~~ marginal ~~commence à être supérieur au coût moyen~~ variable et total, ~~indiquant que produire une unité supplémentaire devient plus coûteux que la moyenne~~.		# When CF>0: #* The CVM curve starts from the origin because variable costs are zero when production is zero. #* The CTM curve starts above the origin at the level of positive fixed costs, because even without production, the company must cover its fixed costs.
	# ~~Lorsque~~ CF>0 :		#* As before, the CVM and CTM curves show a decrease in average costs with the initial increase in output, followed by an increase after reaching a minimum.
	#* ~~La courbe~~ CVM ~~commence à partir de l'origine car les coûts variables sont nuls lorsque la~~ production ~~est nulle~~.		#* Marginal cost follows the same trajectory as in the first graph, but it is important to note that the point where the Cm intersects the CTM is higher on the cost axis because of the presence of fixed costs.
	#* ~~La courbe~~ CTM ~~commence au-dessus de l'origine à la hauteur des coûts fixes positifs~~, ~~car même sans~~ production, ~~l'entreprise doit couvrir ses coûts fixes~~.
	#* ~~Comme précédemment~~, ~~les courbes~~ CVM et CTM ~~montrent une diminution des coûts moyens avec l'augmentation initiale de la production~~, ~~suivie d'une augmentation après avoir atteint un~~ minimum.
	#* ~~Le coût marginal suit la même trajectoire que dans le premier graphique~~, ~~mais il est~~ important ~~de noter que le~~ point ~~où le~~ Cm ~~coupe le~~ CTM ~~est plus élevé sur l'axe des coûts à cause de la présence des coûts fixes~~.

	~~Dans les deux cas~~, la position ~~où le~~ Cm ~~coupe le~~ CVM ~~et le~~ CTM ~~est cruciale pour la prise de décision en matière de~~ production. ~~C'est là que l'entreprise ne bénéficie plus d'économies d'échelle et doit réévaluer l'augmentation de la~~ production ~~pour éviter des augmentations coûteuses des coûts moyens~~.		In both cases, the position where the Cm intersects the CVM and the CTM is crucial for production decision-making. This is where the company no longer benefits from economies of scale and must reassess the increase in production to avoid costly increases in average costs.

	~~Les graphiques illustrent de manière claire l'~~importance ~~des coûts fixes dans la détermination du coût moyen~~ total ~~et montrent que les entreprises doivent prendre en compte à la fois les coûts fixes et variables lors de l'analyse de leurs~~ structures ~~de coûts~~. ~~Ils doivent chercher à maximiser la production là où le coût moyen est minimisé~~, ~~tout en reconnaissant que l'ajout de capacité de~~ production ~~peut entraîner une hausse des coûts à~~ long ~~terme si les rendements marginaux décroissants se manifestent~~.		The graphs clearly illustrate the importance of fixed costs in determining total average cost, and show that companies must take into account both fixed and variable costs when analysing their cost structures. They should seek to maximise output where average cost is minimised, while recognising that adding production capacity can lead to higher costs in the long run if diminishing marginal returns occur.

	== Numerical example ==		== Numerical example ==

Arthur : /* Résumé graphique */

2024-01-12T13:19:34Z

Résumé graphique

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	Les graphiques illustrent de manière claire l'importance des coûts fixes dans la détermination du coût moyen total et montrent que les entreprises doivent prendre en compte à la fois les coûts fixes et variables lors de l'analyse de leurs structures de coûts. Ils doivent chercher à maximiser la production là où le coût moyen est minimisé, tout en reconnaissant que l'ajout de capacité de production peut entraîner une hausse des coûts à long terme si les rendements marginaux décroissants se manifestent.		Les graphiques illustrent de manière claire l'importance des coûts fixes dans la détermination du coût moyen total et montrent que les entreprises doivent prendre en compte à la fois les coûts fixes et variables lors de l'analyse de leurs structures de coûts. Ils doivent chercher à maximiser la production là où le coût moyen est minimisé, tout en reconnaissant que l'ajout de capacité de production peut entraîner une hausse des coûts à long terme si les rendements marginaux décroissants se manifestent.

	== Numerical example		== Numerical example ==

	The manufacturing company has a complex total cost function that incorporates linear, quadratic and cubic terms, as well as a fixed cost. For this company, the different cost categories can be summarised as follows:		The manufacturing company has a complex total cost function that incorporates linear, quadratic and cubic terms, as well as a fixed cost. For this company, the different cost categories can be summarised as follows:

	#Total Cost (TC(q)): This is the function that represents the total sum of fixed and variable costs as a function of the quantity produced q. For the company, the total cost is given by the formula: <math> CT(q) = 100q - 4q^2 + 0.2q^3 + 450 </math>		#Total Cost (TC(q)): This is the function that represents the total sum of fixed and variable costs as a function of the quantity produced q. For the company, the total cost is given by the formula: <math> CT(q) = 100q - 4q^2 + 0.2q^3 + 450 </math>
	#Fixed Cost (CF): This is a cost that does not vary with the quantity produced and is represented here by a value of 450. #Variable Cost (CV(q)): This is the part of the total cost that varies with the quantity produced. The variable cost function is: <math> CV(q) = 100q - 4q^2 + 0.2q^3 </math> #Marginal Cost (Cm(q)): This is the additional cost of producing an additional unit. It is derived by taking the first derivative of the total cost function with respect to q: <math> Cm(q) = \frac{\partial CT}{\partial q} = 100 - 8q + 0.6q^2 </math> #Average Fixed Cost (CFM(q)): This is the fixed cost spread over each unit produced. It decreases as the quantity produced increases: <math> CFM(q) = \frac{CF}{q} = \frac{450}{q} </math> #Average Variable Cost (CVM(q)): This is the variable cost per unit produced: <math> CVM(q) = \frac{CV(q)}{q} = 100 - 4q + 0.2q^2 </math>		#Fixed Cost (CF): This is a cost that does not vary with the quantity produced and is represented here by a value of 450. #Variable Cost (CV(q)): This is the part of the total cost that varies with the quantity produced. The variable cost function is: <math> CV(q) = 100q - 4q^2 + 0.2q^3 </math> #Marginal Cost (Cm(q)): This is the additional cost of producing an additional unit. It is derived by taking the first derivative of the total cost function with respect to q: <math> Cm(q) = \frac{\partial CT}{\partial q} = 100 - 8q + 0.6q^2 </math> #Average Fixed Cost (CFM(q)): This is the fixed cost spread over each unit produced. It decreases as the quantity produced increases: <math> CFM(q) = \frac{CF}{q} = \frac{450}{q} </math>
			#Average Variable Cost (CVM(q)): This is the variable cost per unit produced: <math> CVM(q) = \frac{CV(q)}{q} = 100 - 4q + 0.2q^2 </math>
	#Average Cost (CM(q)): This is the total cost per unit produced, and is equal to the sum of the average fixed cost and the average variable cost: <math> CM(q) = \frac{CT(q)}{q} = 100 - 4q + 0.2q^2 + \frac{450}{q} </math>		#Average Cost (CM(q)): This is the total cost per unit produced, and is equal to the sum of the average fixed cost and the average variable cost: <math> CM(q) = \frac{CT(q)}{q} = 100 - 4q + 0.2q^2 + \frac{450}{q} </math>

Arthur : /* Average costs in the short and long term */

2024-01-12T13:19:02Z

Average costs in the short and long term

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	Average Short-Term Costs: In the short term, certain costs are considered fixed. This means that regardless of the level of production, these costs do not change. Examples include rent, salaries of permanent employees, and equipment payments. Short-run average costs (SRA) are therefore affected by the amount of production:		Average Short-Term Costs: In the short term, certain costs are considered fixed. This means that regardless of the level of production, these costs do not change. Examples include rent, salaries of permanent employees, and equipment payments. Short-run average costs (SRA) are therefore affected by the amount of production:

	* If output is low, average fixed costs (AFC) are high because they are spread over a small number of units. * As output increases, AFC per unit decreases because they are spread over more units. * Average variable costs (AVC) change with output, but to a lesser extent than fixed costs. * Short-run average total costs (SRAC) initially decrease with increasing output (taking advantage of economies of scale) but may increase after reaching the point of diminishing marginal returns.		* If output is low, average fixed costs (AFC) are high because they are spread over a small number of units.
			* As output increases, AFC per unit decreases because they are spread over more units. * Average variable costs (AVC) change with output, but to a lesser extent than fixed costs.
			* Short-run average total costs (SRAC) initially decrease with increasing output (taking advantage of economies of scale) but may increase after reaching the point of diminishing marginal returns.

	Long Run Average Cost: In the long run, all costs are considered variable. A company can adjust its production capacity by changing the amount of physical capital and labour used. Long Run Average Costs (LRAAC) offer a more flexible perspective:		Long Run Average Cost: In the long run, all costs are considered variable. A company can adjust its production capacity by changing the amount of physical capital and labour used. Long Run Average Costs (LRAAC) offer a more flexible perspective:

	* Economies of scale can be achieved by increasing output, which reduces the long-run average cost up to a certain point * Constant returns to scale occur when increasing inputs lead to a proportional increase in output, thus keeping the average cost constant * Decreasing returns to scale occur when increasing inputs lead to a less than proportional increase in output, thus increasing the average cost.		* Economies of scale can be achieved by increasing output, which reduces the long-run average cost up to a certain point
			* Constant returns to scale occur when increasing inputs lead to a proportional increase in output, thus keeping the average cost constant
			* Decreasing returns to scale occur when increasing inputs lead to a less than proportional increase in output, thus increasing the average cost.

	The Long Run Average Cost (LRAEC) curve is often represented as the envelope of the various Short Run Average Cost (SRAEC) curves for various levels of production capacity. It shows the minimum average cost possible for each level of production if the company fully optimises all its inputs.		The Long Run Average Cost (LRAEC) curve is often represented as the envelope of the various Short Run Average Cost (SRAEC) curves for various levels of production capacity. It shows the minimum average cost possible for each level of production if the company fully optimises all its inputs.

Arthur : /* Lhe link between the production function and costs */

2024-01-12T13:17:16Z

Lhe link between the production function and costs

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	In practice, this analysis can help companies decide how many workers to hire and how much to produce to minimise costs and maximise profits. Companies should be careful not to produce beyond the point where marginal costs exceed average costs, as this could reduce overall profits.		In practice, this analysis can help companies decide how many workers to hire and how much to produce to minimise costs and maximise profits. Companies should be careful not to produce beyond the point where marginal costs exceed average costs, as this could reduce overall profits.

	[[~~File~~:~~Link between~~ production ~~function and costs~~ 2.png\|500px\|~~thumbnail~~\|~~focus~~]]		[[Fichier:Lien entre fonction de production et coûts 2.png\|500px\|vignette\|centré]]

	This graph illustrates the cost structure in a company, highlighting how total costs are made up and how they change with the quantity produced.		This graph illustrates the cost structure in a company, highlighting how total costs are made up and how they change with the quantity produced.

Arthur : /* Lien entre fonction de production et coûts */

2024-01-12T12:54:54Z

Lien entre fonction de production et coûts

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Arthur : /* Marginal returns vs. returns to scale */

2024-01-12T12:53:04Z

Marginal returns vs. returns to scale

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	Understanding these differences is fundamental for companies when making strategic decisions. In the short term, cost optimisation may involve fine-tuning variable inputs to obtain the best marginal return. In the long term, the company needs to consider investments that can change the overall cost structure and production capacity, and so influence returns to scale. These long-term strategic decisions are essential for sustainable growth and market competitiveness.		Understanding these differences is fundamental for companies when making strategic decisions. In the short term, cost optimisation may involve fine-tuning variable inputs to obtain the best marginal return. In the long term, the company needs to consider investments that can change the overall cost structure and production capacity, and so influence returns to scale. These long-term strategic decisions are essential for sustainable growth and market competitiveness.

	=== increasing returns to scale ====		=== increasing returns to scale ===

	Economies of scale, often associated with increasing returns to scale, are a phenomenon observed when companies increase their production and see their average costs fall as a result. This concept is rooted in several operational and organisational aspects of a company as it expands. In a large factory, for example, it is possible to combine different tasks which, in smaller facilities, would be dispersed and managed less efficiently. This consolidation of tasks can lead to significant efficiency gains.		Economies of scale, often associated with increasing returns to scale, are a phenomenon observed when companies increase their production and see their average costs fall as a result. This concept is rooted in several operational and organisational aspects of a company as it expands. In a large factory, for example, it is possible to combine different tasks which, in smaller facilities, would be dispersed and managed less efficiently. This consolidation of tasks can lead to significant efficiency gains.
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	However, it is crucial to bear in mind that these benefits are not unlimited. As companies become too large, they may face diseconomies of scale, such as management difficulties, communication problems and less effective coordination, which can ultimately lead to higher average costs. So, although economies of scale can offer considerable benefits, companies need to carefully assess how far they can grow before the additional management and operating costs start to outweigh the benefits of larger-scale production.		However, it is crucial to bear in mind that these benefits are not unlimited. As companies become too large, they may face diseconomies of scale, such as management difficulties, communication problems and less effective coordination, which can ultimately lead to higher average costs. So, although economies of scale can offer considerable benefits, companies need to carefully assess how far they can grow before the additional management and operating costs start to outweigh the benefits of larger-scale production.

	=== diminishing returns to scale ====		=== diminishing returns to scale ===

	Diseconomies of scale occur when, unlike economies of scale, a company's average costs increase as the quantity of production increases. This phenomenon is generally associated with diminishing returns to scale and can be attributed to several factors linked to the growth of the company.		Diseconomies of scale occur when, unlike economies of scale, a company's average costs increase as the quantity of production increases. This phenomenon is generally associated with diminishing returns to scale and can be attributed to several factors linked to the growth of the company.

Arthur : /* Economic profit and accounting profit = */

2024-01-12T12:52:37Z

Economic profit and accounting profit =

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	This distinction is crucial because it can lead to very different interpretations of a company's financial performance. A positive accounting profit does not necessarily mean that the company is economically viable if, once the implicit costs have been taken into account, the economic profit turns out to be zero or negative. Consequently, decisions based solely on accounting data can sometimes be misleading if the opportunity costs of the resources employed are not also taken into account.		This distinction is crucial because it can lead to very different interpretations of a company's financial performance. A positive accounting profit does not necessarily mean that the company is economically viable if, once the implicit costs have been taken into account, the economic profit turns out to be zero or negative. Consequently, decisions based solely on accounting data can sometimes be misleading if the opportunity costs of the resources employed are not also taken into account.

	== Economic profit and accounting profit ===		== Economic profit and accounting profit ==

	The distinction between economic profit and accounting profit is fundamental to the analysis of a company's performance.		The distinction between economic profit and accounting profit is fundamental to the analysis of a company's performance.
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	[[Fichier:Profit économique et profit comptable 1.png\|400px\|vignette\|centré]]		[[Fichier:Profit économique et profit comptable 1.png\|400px\|vignette\|centré]]

	~~Cette comparaison visuelle met en contraste deux méthodes d~~'~~évaluation de la~~ performance ~~financière d'une entreprise~~ : ~~l'une selon le~~ point ~~de vue économique et l'autre selon le~~ point ~~de vue comptable~~.		This visual comparison contrasts two methods of assessing a company's financial performance: one from an economic point of view and the other from an accounting point of view.

	On the one hand, the economic point of view takes a broader view of profitability. This model breaks down total revenue into three segments. Starting from the bottom, explicit costs are direct payments for resources such as labour, materials and rent. Above these are the implicit costs, which represent the value of what the business has given up by using its resources in the current way rather than the best available alternative. This could include, for example, the potential income from an investment that the company's own capital could have earned elsewhere, or the salary that an owner could earn by working in another business. The top section, coloured green, shows economic profit, also known as 'overprofit'. This is the amount left after all costs, explicit and implicit, have been subtracted from the total revenue. This economic profit is often much smaller than the accounting profit, because it takes into account a wider range of costs.		On the one hand, the economic point of view takes a broader view of profitability. This model breaks down total revenue into three segments. Starting from the bottom, explicit costs are direct payments for resources such as labour, materials and rent. Above these are the implicit costs, which represent the value of what the business has given up by using its resources in the current way rather than the best available alternative. This could include, for example, the potential income from an investment that the company's own capital could have earned elsewhere, or the salary that an owner could earn by working in another business. The top section, coloured green, shows economic profit, also known as 'overprofit'. This is the amount left after all costs, explicit and implicit, have been subtracted from the total revenue. This economic profit is often much smaller than the accounting profit, because it takes into account a wider range of costs.

Arthur : /* Exemple numérique */

2024-01-12T12:50:42Z

Exemple numérique

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	Les graphiques illustrent de manière claire l'importance des coûts fixes dans la détermination du coût moyen total et montrent que les entreprises doivent prendre en compte à la fois les coûts fixes et variables lors de l'analyse de leurs structures de coûts. Ils doivent chercher à maximiser la production là où le coût moyen est minimisé, tout en reconnaissant que l'ajout de capacité de production peut entraîner une hausse des coûts à long terme si les rendements marginaux décroissants se manifestent.		Les graphiques illustrent de manière claire l'importance des coûts fixes dans la détermination du coût moyen total et montrent que les entreprises doivent prendre en compte à la fois les coûts fixes et variables lors de l'analyse de leurs structures de coûts. Ils doivent chercher à maximiser la production là où le coût moyen est minimisé, tout en reconnaissant que l'ajout de capacité de production peut entraîner une hausse des coûts à long terme si les rendements marginaux décroissants se manifestent.

	== ~~Exemple numérique ==~~		== Numerical example

	~~L'entreprise manufacturière~~ a ~~une fonction de coût~~ total ~~complexe qui incorpore à la fois des termes linéaires~~, ~~quadratiques et cubiques~~, ~~ainsi qu'un coût fixe~~. ~~Pour cette entreprise~~, ~~les différentes catégories de coûts peuvent être résumées comme suit~~ :		The manufacturing company has a complex total cost function that incorporates linear, quadratic and cubic terms, as well as a fixed cost. For this company, the different cost categories can be summarised as follows:

	#~~Coût~~ Total (CT(q)): ~~C'est la fonction qui représente la somme totale des coûts fixes et variables en fonction de la quantité produite~~ q. ~~Pour l'entreprise~~, ~~le coût~~ total ~~est donné par la formule~~ : <math> CT(q) = 100q - 4q^2 + 0.2q^3 + 450 </math>		#Total Cost (TC(q)): This is the function that represents the total sum of fixed and variable costs as a function of the quantity produced q. For the company, the total cost is given by the formula: <math> CT(q) = 100q - 4q^2 + 0.2q^3 + 450 </math>
	#~~Coût Fixe~~ (CF): ~~C'est un coût qui ne varie pas avec la quantité produite et est représenté ici par une valeur de~~ 450.		#Fixed Cost (CF): This is a cost that does not vary with the quantity produced and is represented here by a value of 450. #Variable Cost (CV(q)): This is the part of the total cost that varies with the quantity produced. The variable cost function is: <math> CV(q) = 100q - 4q^2 + 0.2q^3 </math> #Marginal Cost (Cm(q)): This is the additional cost of producing an additional unit. It is derived by taking the first derivative of the total cost function with respect to q: <math> Cm(q) = \frac{\partial CT}{\partial q} = 100 - 8q + 0.6q^2 </math> #Average Fixed Cost (CFM(q)): This is the fixed cost spread over each unit produced. It decreases as the quantity produced increases: <math> CFM(q) = \frac{CF}{q} = \frac{450}{q} </math> #Average Variable Cost (CVM(q)): This is the variable cost per unit produced: <math> CVM(q) = \frac{CV(q)}{q} = 100 - 4q + 0.2q^2 </math>
	#~~Coût~~ Variable (CV(q)): ~~C'est la partie du coût~~ total ~~qui varie avec la quantité produite~~. ~~La fonction de coût~~ variable ~~est~~ : <math> CV(q) = 100q - 4q^2 + 0.2q^3 </math>		#Average Cost (CM(q)): This is the total cost per unit produced, and is equal to the sum of the average fixed cost and the average variable cost: <math> CM(q) = \frac{CT(q)}{q} = 100 - 4q + 0.2q^2 + \frac{450}{q} </math>
	#~~Coût~~ Marginal (Cm(q)): ~~C'est le coût supplémentaire de la production d'une unité additionnelle~~. ~~Il est dérivé en prenant la dérivée première de la fonction de coût~~ total ~~par rapport à~~ q : <math> Cm(q) = \frac{\partial CT}{\partial q} = 100 - 8q + 0.6q^2 </math>
	#~~Coût Fixe Moyen~~ (CFM(q)): ~~C'est le coût fixe réparti sur chaque unité produite~~. ~~Il diminue à mesure que la quantité produite augmente~~ : <math> CFM(q) = \frac{CF}{q} = \frac{450}{q} </math>
	#~~Coût~~ Variable ~~Moyen~~ (CVM(q)): ~~C'est le coût~~ variable ~~par unité produite~~ : <math> CVM(q) = \frac{CV(q)}{q} = 100 - 4q + 0.2q^2 </math>
	#~~Coût Moyen~~ (CM(q)): ~~C'est le coût~~ total ~~par unité produite~~, ~~et il est égal à la somme du coût fixe moyen et du coût~~ variable ~~moyen~~ : <math> CM(q) = \frac{CT(q)}{q} = 100 - 4q + 0.2q^2 + \frac{450}{q} </math>

	~~Ces formules donnent un aperçu complet de la~~ structure ~~de coûts de l'entreprise et sont essentielles pour évaluer la~~ performance ~~économique et prendre des décisions stratégiques concernant la~~ production ~~et la tarification~~.		These formulas provide a comprehensive overview of the company's cost structure and are essential for assessing economic performance and making strategic decisions about production and pricing.

	== Lien entre fonction de production et coûts ==		== Lien entre fonction de production et coûts ==

The costs of production - Historique des versions

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Arthur : /* Average costs in the short and long term */

Arthur : /* Lhe link between the production function and costs */

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Arthur : /* Graphical summary */

Arthur : /* Résumé graphique */

Arthur : /* Résumé graphique */

Arthur : /* Average costs in the short and long term */

Arthur : /* Lhe link between the production function and costs */

Arthur : /* Lien entre fonction de production et coûts */

Arthur : /* Marginal returns vs. returns to scale */

Arthur : /* Economic profit and accounting profit = */

Arthur : /* Exemple numérique */