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		<title>Arthur : /* The simplicity of the technique */</title>
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		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;The simplicity of the technique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 30 novembre 2023 à 10:44&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l69&quot;&gt;Ligne 69 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 69 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= The simplicity of the technique =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= The simplicity of the technique =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;adaptation des compétences des travailleurs durant la première &lt;/del&gt;phase &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la Révolution industrielle a été relativement aisée pour plusieurs raisons&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Tout d'abord&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les premières &lt;/del&gt;technologies &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;industrielles n'étaient pas radicalement différentes de celles utilisées dans la &lt;/del&gt;proto-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;industrie ou les ateliers artisanaux&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les machines comme le métier à tisser mécanique étaient plus rapides et plus efficaces que leurs prédécesseurs manuels&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais les principes de base de l'opération étaient similaires&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ainsi, les paysans et les artisans qui avaient déjà des compétences dans le travail manuel pouvaient se reconvertir sans grande difficulté dans l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;industrie naissante. En outre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le &lt;/del&gt;design &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;relativement simple des premières &lt;/del&gt;machines &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;industrielles permettait leur reproduction par ceux qui souhaitaient entrer dans l'industrie ou élargir leur &lt;/del&gt;production &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sans nécessiter un transfert complexe de connaissances&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce qui pouvait être vu comme un manque de &lt;/del&gt;protection &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la propriété intellectuelle à l'époque a en fait favorisé la diffusion rapide de l'&lt;/del&gt;innovation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;technologique et la croissance de nouvelles &lt;/del&gt;industries. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cependant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cette facilité d'accès aux compétences industrielles initiales avait des &lt;/del&gt;implications &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sociales et éducatives&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans une Angleterre largement illettrée en &lt;/del&gt;1830, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'éducation n'était pas encore considérée comme essentielle pour la majorité de la &lt;/del&gt;population &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ouvrière&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le manque d'éducation contribuait à une main-d'œuvre qui était perçue comme plus maniable et moins susceptible de remettre en &lt;/del&gt;question &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'autorité ou de revendiquer de meilleurs salaires ou &lt;/del&gt;conditions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de travail&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Certains industriels et &lt;/del&gt;lobbies &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'affaires voyaient l'éducation de masse comme une menace potentielle à cet état de choses&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;car une &lt;/del&gt;population &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus instruite pourrait devenir plus consciente de ses droits et plus exigeante sur le plan social et économique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce n'est que bien plus tard&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;avec la montée des &lt;/del&gt;technologies &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus complexes comme la machine à vapeur et la mécanique de précision&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que la formation de la main-d'œuvre est devenue plus nécessaire et plus spécialisée&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;menant à une valorisation de l'éducation technique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aussi marqué le début d'un changement dans l'&lt;/del&gt;attitude &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;envers l'éducation des ouvriers, car les compétences de lecture&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'écriture et de calcul devenaient de plus en plus nécessaires pour opérer et entretenir les machines complexes de l'ère industrielle avancée&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'&lt;/del&gt;introduction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de l'éducation primaire obligatoire en &lt;/del&gt;1880 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en Angleterre &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;été un tournant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;reconnaissant finalement l'&lt;/del&gt;importance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de l'éducation pour le développement individuel et la croissance économique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Elle &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;marqué le début d'une prise de conscience que l'éducation pouvait et devait jouer un rôle dans l'amélioration des &lt;/del&gt;conditions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de vie des &lt;/del&gt;classes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;laborieuses et dans la promotion de la mobilité sociale&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Adapting workers&lt;/ins&gt;' &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;skills during the first &lt;/ins&gt;phase &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of the Industrial Revolution was relatively easy for several reasons&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Firstly&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;early industrial &lt;/ins&gt;technologies &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;were not radically different from those used in &lt;/ins&gt;proto-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;industry or craft workshops&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Machines such as the mechanical loom were faster and more efficient than their manual predecessors&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but the basic principles of operation were similar. This meant that peasants and craftsmen who already had skills in manual work could be retrained for the fledgling industry with little difficulty&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;What&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s more&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the relatively simple &lt;/ins&gt;design &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of the first industrial &lt;/ins&gt;machines &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;meant that they could be reproduced by those wishing to enter industry or expand their &lt;/ins&gt;production &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;without requiring a complex transfer of knowledge&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;What could be seen as a lack of intellectual property &lt;/ins&gt;protection &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;at the time actually encouraged the rapid spread of technological &lt;/ins&gt;innovation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and the growth of new &lt;/ins&gt;industries. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;this easy access to initial industrial skills had social and educational &lt;/ins&gt;implications. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In a largely illiterate England in &lt;/ins&gt;1830, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;education was not yet considered essential for the majority of the working &lt;/ins&gt;population. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Lack of education contributed to a workforce that was perceived as more manageable and less likely to &lt;/ins&gt;question &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;authority or demand better pay or working &lt;/ins&gt;conditions. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Some industrialists and business &lt;/ins&gt;lobbies &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;saw mass education as a potential threat to this state of affairs&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as a better educated &lt;/ins&gt;population &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;could become more aware of its rights and more demanding socially and economically&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It was only much later&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;with the rise of more complex &lt;/ins&gt;technologies &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as the steam engine and precision engineering&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that the training of the workforce became more necessary and more specialised&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;leading to a revaluation of technical education&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This also marked the beginning of &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;change in &lt;/ins&gt;attitude &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;towards the education of workers&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as literacy and numeracy skills became increasingly necessary to operate and maintain the complex machinery of the advanced industrial age&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/ins&gt;introduction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of compulsory primary education in &lt;/ins&gt;1880 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in England was &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;turning point&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;finally recognising the &lt;/ins&gt;importance &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of education for individual development and economic growth&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It marked the beginning of &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;realisation that education could and should play a role in improving the living &lt;/ins&gt;conditions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of the working &lt;/ins&gt;classes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and in promoting social mobility&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La Révolution industrielle &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;marqué une &lt;/del&gt;transformation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;radicale de la structure &lt;/del&gt;socio-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;économique en &lt;/del&gt;Europe&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, et au-delà&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En effet, après des siècles où la majorité de la &lt;/del&gt;population &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vivait dans des sociétés agraires&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dépendantes des &lt;/del&gt;cycles &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;naturels et de la &lt;/del&gt;production &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;agricole&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce nouveau paradigme &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;introduit un changement drastique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les progrès technologiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'essor de l'entrepreneuriat&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'accès à de nouvelles formes de &lt;/del&gt;capital &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et l'&lt;/del&gt;exploitation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de ressources énergétiques comme le charbon et plus tard le pétrole ont été des moteurs de ce bouleversement&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La machine à vapeur&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'&lt;/del&gt;innovation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans les procédés de fabrication comme la &lt;/del&gt;production &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de l'acier&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'automatisation de la &lt;/del&gt;production &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;textile et l'avènement des chemins de fer ont tous joué un rôle &lt;/del&gt;crucial &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans l'accélération de l'&lt;/del&gt;industrialisation. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette période de changement rapide a également été alimentée par une croissance démographique soutenue&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fourni à la fois un marché pour les nouveaux produits et une main-d'œuvre abondante pour les usines&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le développement des villes a été spectaculaire&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;attirant les &lt;/del&gt;populations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rurales par la promesse d'emploi et de meilleures &lt;/del&gt;conditions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de vie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;bien que souvent cette promesse ne soit pas tenue&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;entraînant des &lt;/del&gt;conditions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de vie urbaines difficiles&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'économie a commencé à se spécialiser dans la &lt;/del&gt;production &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;industrielle plutôt que dans l'&lt;/del&gt;agriculture, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et le commerce &lt;/del&gt;international &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s'est développé pour soutenir et étendre ces nouvelles &lt;/del&gt;industries. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les États-nations ont commencé à investir dans l'&lt;/del&gt;infrastructure &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et à réglementer l'économie pour favoriser l'&lt;/del&gt;industrialisation. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le contexte &lt;/del&gt;social &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a également changé&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les anciennes hiérarchies ont été remises en question et de nouvelles &lt;/del&gt;classes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sociales ont émergé&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;notamment une &lt;/del&gt;bourgeoisie &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;industrielle et une classe ouvrière prolétarienne&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces changements ont posé les bases des sociétés modernes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;avec leurs enjeux politiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;économiques et sociaux propres&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cependant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la &lt;/del&gt;transition &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de sociétés agraires en sociétés industrielles n'a pas été sans défis&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Elle a apporté des inégalités sociales et économiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des &lt;/del&gt;conditions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de travail souvent déplorables&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;eu un &lt;/del&gt;impact &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;environnemental significatif qui continue de se faire ressentir aujourd'hui&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Malgré cela&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la dynamique mise en place par la Révolution industrielle est à l'origine de la croissance économique sans précédent et du développement technologique qui ont façonné le monde contemporain&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The Industrial Revolution marked &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;radical &lt;/ins&gt;transformation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in the &lt;/ins&gt;socio-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;economic structure of &lt;/ins&gt;Europe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and beyond&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;After centuries in which the majority of the &lt;/ins&gt;population &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lived in agrarian societies&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dependent on natural &lt;/ins&gt;cycles &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and agricultural &lt;/ins&gt;production, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;this new paradigm introduced &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;drastic change&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Technological progress&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the rise of entrepreneurship&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;access to new forms of &lt;/ins&gt;capital &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and the &lt;/ins&gt;exploitation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of energy resources such as coal and later oil were the driving forces behind this upheaval&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The steam engine&lt;/ins&gt;, innovation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in manufacturing processes such as steel &lt;/ins&gt;production, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the automation of textile &lt;/ins&gt;production &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and the advent of the railways all played a &lt;/ins&gt;crucial &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;role in accelerating &lt;/ins&gt;industrialisation. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This period of rapid change was also fuelled by sustained population growth&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which provided both &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;market for new products and an abundant workforce for factories&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Urban development was spectacular&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;attracting rural &lt;/ins&gt;populations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;with the promise of jobs and better living &lt;/ins&gt;conditions, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;although this promise was often not kept&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;resulting in difficult urban living &lt;/ins&gt;conditions. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The economy began to specialise in industrial &lt;/ins&gt;production &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rather than &lt;/ins&gt;agriculture, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;international &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;trade developed to support and expand these new &lt;/ins&gt;industries. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Nation states began to invest in &lt;/ins&gt;infrastructure &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and regulate the economy to encourage &lt;/ins&gt;industrialisation. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/ins&gt;social &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;context also changed&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Old hierarchies were challenged and new social &lt;/ins&gt;classes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;emerged&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;including an industrial &lt;/ins&gt;bourgeoisie &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and a proletarian working class&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These changes laid the foundations for modern societies&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;with their own political&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;economic and social challenges&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the &lt;/ins&gt;transition &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;from agrarian to industrial societies was not without its challenges&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It brought social and economic inequalities&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;often deplorable working &lt;/ins&gt;conditions, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and had &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;significant environmental &lt;/ins&gt;impact &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that continues to be felt today&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Despite this&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the dynamics set in motion by the Industrial Revolution are at the root of the unprecedented economic growth and technological development that have shaped the world today&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= Annexes =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= Annexes =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Structural_mechanisms_of_the_industrial_revolution&amp;diff=62331&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* High costs: an advantage in the early stages of industrialisation */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Structural_mechanisms_of_the_industrial_revolution&amp;diff=62331&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-11-30T08:43:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;High costs: an advantage in the early stages of industrialisation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Structural_mechanisms_of_the_industrial_revolution&amp;amp;diff=62331&amp;amp;oldid=62330&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Structural_mechanisms_of_the_industrial_revolution&amp;diff=62330&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* High profits */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Structural_mechanisms_of_the_industrial_revolution&amp;diff=62330&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-11-30T08:41:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;High profits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Structural_mechanisms_of_the_industrial_revolution&amp;amp;diff=62330&amp;amp;oldid=62329&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Structural_mechanisms_of_the_industrial_revolution&amp;diff=62329&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur le 30 novembre 2023 à 08:37</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Structural_mechanisms_of_the_industrial_revolution&amp;diff=62329&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-11-30T08:37:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Structural_mechanisms_of_the_industrial_revolution&amp;amp;diff=62329&amp;amp;oldid=62328&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Structural_mechanisms_of_the_industrial_revolution&amp;diff=62328&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : Page créée avec « Based on a lecture by Michel Oris&lt;ref&gt;[https://cigev.unige.ch/institution/team/prof/michel-oris/ Page personnelle de Michel Oris sur le site de l'Université de Genève]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://cigev.unige.ch/files/4114/3706/0157/cv_oris_fr_20150716.pdf CV de Michel Oris en français]&lt;/ref&gt;  {{Translations | fr = Mécanismes structurels de la révolution industrielle | es = Mecanismos estructurales de la revolución industrial | it = Meccanismi strutturali della rivolu... »</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Structural_mechanisms_of_the_industrial_revolution&amp;diff=62328&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-11-30T08:35:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Page créée avec « Based on a lecture by Michel Oris&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://cigev.unige.ch/institution/team/prof/michel-oris/ Page personnelle de Michel Oris sur le site de l&amp;#039;Université de Genève]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://cigev.unige.ch/files/4114/3706/0157/cv_oris_fr_20150716.pdf CV de Michel Oris en français]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  {{Translations | fr = Mécanismes structurels de la révolution industrielle | es = Mecanismos estructurales de la revolución industrial | it = Meccanismi strutturali della rivolu... »&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Structural_mechanisms_of_the_industrial_revolution&amp;amp;diff=62328&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
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