September 11, 2001 ruptures - Historique des versions

Arthur le 18 juin 2021 à 10:26

2021-06-18T10:26:14Z

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	== The application of pre-emptive warfare after 9/11 ==		== The application of pre-emptive warfare after 9/11 ==

	The dispute with Iraq has offered the American government the opportunity to enshrine the notion of a "travel-state",[Rogue States], a nation outside the law which, through its domestic and foreign policy, represents a real threat to its neighbours and the rest of the world. In the ~~first golf war~~, Saddam Hussein must be forced to do so. With the ~~second golf war~~, we decided to bring down the regime. The denunciation of weapons of mass destruction such as the asserted links between Saddam Hussein's Baathist regime and international terrorism were the arguments used to justify the use of military force in a pre-emptive war of self-defence.		The dispute with Iraq has offered the American government the opportunity to enshrine the notion of a "travel-state",[Rogue States], a nation outside the law which, through its domestic and foreign policy, represents a real threat to its neighbours and the rest of the world. In the First Gulf War, Saddam Hussein must be forced to do so. With the Second Gulf War, we decided to bring down the regime. The denunciation of weapons of mass destruction such as the asserted links between Saddam Hussein's Baathist regime and international terrorism were the arguments used to justify the use of military force in a pre-emptive war of self-defence.

	The pattern of diplomatic action is reversed. It is no longer a necessary precondition for seeking peaceful solutions. On the other hand, the United States' use of force is legitimate and cannot be challenged in multilateral diplomatic relations. There is no diplomacy.		The pattern of diplomatic action is reversed. It is no longer a necessary precondition for seeking peaceful solutions. On the other hand, the United States' use of force is legitimate and cannot be challenged in multilateral diplomatic relations. There is no diplomacy.

Arthur : /* Terrorism: A Traditional Affair of "Optimism Bias" */

2021-01-26T07:48:21Z

Terrorism: A Traditional Affair of "Optimism Bias"

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	This initial representation justifies the second, which consists in believing that the terrorists themselves incorporate, paradoxically, a sort of code of honour: like the Mafia, he would urge them not to go beyond certain limits and to ban certain forms of violence, as do the bandits on the main roads who protect widows, the elderly and orphans in Épinal's books. Common definitions of terrorism in the 1970s implicitly inferred this imagination from common definitions of terrorism.		This initial representation justifies the second, which consists in believing that the terrorists themselves incorporate, paradoxically, a sort of code of honour: like the Mafia, he would urge them not to go beyond certain limits and to ban certain forms of violence, as do the bandits on the main roads who protect widows, the elderly and orphans in Épinal's books. Common definitions of terrorism in the 1970s implicitly inferred this imagination from common definitions of terrorism.

	They situate the terrorist act on the side of pure rationality linked to accumulate psychological, economic, political and cultural frustrations. Any terrorism that adopts a touch of value and honour places terrorism on the side of rationality. The "terrorist act" would not imply any nihilism. It would be part of a reasoned management of the act of destruction. Even if the terrorist risk death, it is not an end in itself, because with his own death the capacity for nuisance and action disappear.		They situate the terrorist act on the side of pure rationality linked to accumulate psychological, economic, political and cultural frustrations. Any terrorism that adopts a touch of value and honour places terrorism on the side of rationality. The "terrorist act" would not imply any nihilism. It would be part of a reasoned management of the act of destruction. Even if the terrorist risk death, it is not an end in itself, because with his own death, the capacity for nuisance and action disappear.

	September 11 reverses this analysis. Individuals thought the act of violence to the end including death. Nihilism is extremely disturbing for the reassured vision of classical terrorism. Consecrated notions of "asymmetry" or "weak weapons" have reinforced this view of a limited ability to harm terrorist action as such.		September 11 reverses this analysis. Individuals thought the act of violence to the end, including death. Nihilism is extremely disturbing for the reassured vision of classical terrorism. Consecrated notions of "asymmetry" or "weak weapons" have reinforced this view of a limited ability to harm terrorist action as such.

	== 09/11: Questioning all bias of optimism? The unthinkable terrorist violence in the city ==		== 09/11: Questioning all bias of optimism? The unthinkable terrorist violence in the city ==

Arthur : /* Annexes */

2019-03-19T21:48:07Z

Annexes

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	*Weinstein, N. (1989) Optimistic biases about personal risks. Science. [Online] 246 (4935), 1232–1233.		*Weinstein, N. (1989) Optimistic biases about personal risks. Science. [Online] 246 (4935), 1232–1233.
	*Weinstein, N. D. (1980) Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. [Online] 39 (5), 806–820.		*Weinstein, N. D. (1980) Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. [Online] 39 (5), 806–820.
			*ARTE. “Terrorisme, Raison D'État (1/2) \| ARTE.” YouTube, Arte, 12 Mar. 2019, www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6F9DShho50.
			*ARTE. “Terrorisme, Raison D'État (2/2) \| ARTE.” YouTube, YouTube, 12 Mar. 2019, www.youtube.com/watch?v=83fRNSkiIsA.

	== Bibliographie ==		== Bibliographie ==

Arthur : /* Bibliography */

2018-11-13T21:41:17Z

Bibliography

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	*Weinstein, N. D. (1980) Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. [Online] 39 (5), 806–820.		*Weinstein, N. D. (1980) Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. [Online] 39 (5), 806–820.

	== ~~Bibliography~~ ==		== Bibliographie ==
	{{colonnes\|taille= 18\|		{{colonnes\|taille= 18\|
	*Gilbert Achcar, Le choc des barbaries. Terrorismes et désordre mondial, Bruxelle, 2002		*Gilbert Achcar, Le choc des barbaries. Terrorismes et désordre mondial, Bruxelle, 2002
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	*Olivier Roy, L’échec de l’Islam politique, Paris, Seuil, 1992 ; L’Islam mondialisé, Paris, Seuil, 2002 ;		*Olivier Roy, L’échec de l’Islam politique, Paris, Seuil, 1992 ; L’Islam mondialisé, Paris, Seuil, 2002 ;
	*« Le terrorisme entre stratégie, psychiatrie et mise en scène », Critique, avril 2004.		*« Le terrorisme entre stratégie, psychiatrie et mise en scène », Critique, avril 2004.
			*J. Richards. 2010. The Art and Science of Intelligence Analysis. ‘Ch 3: From the Third Reich to Al Qaeda: Changing Intelligence Targets, Evolving Challenge’, pp. 49-71.
			*‘9/11 Commission Report. Ch 11: Foresight - and Hindsight’, pp. 339-360.
			*A. Zegart. ‘September 11 and the Adaptation Failure of U.S. Intelligence Agencies.’ International Security 29, no. 4 (Spring 2005), pp 78-111.
			*P.R. Pillar. ‘A Scapegoat is not a Solution.’ New York Times. 4 June 2004.
			*J. Rovner. ‘Why Intelligence Isn’t to Blame for 9/11.’ MIT Security Studies Program. Nov. 2005, pp. 1-3.
			*P.R. Pillar. ‘Good Literature and Bad History: The 9/11 Commission’s Tale of Strategic Intelligence.’ INS 21/6. (2006), pp. 1022-1044.
			*D. Byman. ‘Strategic Surprise and the Sept 11 Attacks.’ Annual Review of Political Science. 2005, pp. 145-170.
	}}		}}

Arthur : /* Terrorism that is effectively played out in the "entertainment society" */

2018-02-23T09:18:17Z

Terrorism that is effectively played out in the "entertainment society"

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	Terrorism specialists have devoted the notion of "Low Tech" as opposed to "High Tech" terrorism to characterize the 11/09 operating mode. The "Low Tech" also recovers the high "productivity" of this type of attack, i. e. a low "investment" cost in terms of infrastructure and logistics, approaching the hundreds of thousands of dollars for an overall amount of damage estimated today at more than seven billion dollars.		Terrorism specialists have devoted the notion of "Low Tech" as opposed to "High Tech" terrorism to characterize the 11/09 operating mode. The "Low Tech" also recovers the high "productivity" of this type of attack, i. e. a low "investment" cost in terms of infrastructure and logistics, approaching the hundreds of thousands of dollars for an overall amount of damage estimated today at more than seven billion dollars.

	== Terrorism that is effectively played out in the "~~entertainment~~ society" ==		== Terrorism that is effectively played out in the "spectacle society" ==

	Situationism is a current which says that the world has entered into such a modernity that we cannot question it because we have entered a ~~performing arts~~ society.		Situationism is a current which says that the world has entered into such a modernity that we cannot question it because we have entered a society of spectacle<ref>Ouvragde ''La société du spectacle'' de Guy Debord en libre accès sur [http://classiques.uqac.ca/ Les Classiques des Sciences Sociales] http://classiques.uqac.ca/contemporains/debord_guy/societe_du_spectacle/spectacle.html#</ref><ref>Guy Debord, un regard radical sur notre société, Nathalie Crom (Télérama) http://www.telerama.fr/livre/guy-debord-un-regard-radical-sur-notre-societe,95039.php</ref>.

	[[Fichier:Ben laden al jazeera exclusive.png\|200px\|vignette\|droite]]		[[Fichier:Ben laden al jazeera exclusive.png\|200px\|vignette\|droite]]

Arthur le 18 février 2018 à 18:54

2018-02-18T18:54:48Z

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	\| es = Las rupturas del 11 de septiembre de 2001		\| es = Las rupturas del 11 de septiembre de 2001
	\| it = Le rotture dell' 11 settembre 2001		\| it = Le rotture dell' 11 settembre 2001
			\| de = 11. September 2001 Brüche
	}}		}}

Arthur le 14 février 2018 à 20:42

2018-02-14T20:42:28Z

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	In the minutes that follow, it is the near collapse of the two towers that bears witness to the irremediable death of thousands of victims trapped in the ruins, while the cameras also film the desperate escape of passers-by in the adjacent streets. Death becomes a spectacle with all the tragedy and pathos.		In the minutes that follow, it is the near collapse of the two towers that bears witness to the irremediable death of thousands of victims trapped in the ruins, while the cameras also film the desperate escape of passers-by in the adjacent streets. Death becomes a spectacle with all the tragedy and pathos.

	<gallery>		<gallery mode="packed">
	Fichier:11 09 concept d’événement-monde1.jpg\|Carmen Taylor - DR]		Fichier:11 09 concept d’événement-monde1.jpg\|Carmen Taylor - DR]
	Fichier:11 09 concept d’événement-monde2.jpg\|		Fichier:11 09 concept d’événement-monde2.jpg\|

Arthur le 14 février 2018 à 20:21

2018-02-14T20:21:40Z

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	\| fr = Les ruptures du 11 septembre 2001		\| fr = Les ruptures du 11 septembre 2001
	\| es = Las rupturas del 11 de septiembre de 2001		\| es = Las rupturas del 11 de septiembre de 2001
			\| it = Le rotture dell' 11 settembre 2001
	}}		}}

Arthur : /* References */

2018-02-09T22:22:18Z

References

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	<references />		<references />

	[[Category:science~~-politique~~]]		[[Category:political science]]
	[[Category:relations ~~internationales~~]]		[[Category:international relations]]
	[[Category:Rémi Baudoui]]		[[Category:Rémi Baudoui]]
	[[Category:~~sécurité~~]]		[[Category:security]]
	[[Category:~~terrorisme~~]]		[[Category:terrorism]]
	[[Category:2011]]		[[Category:2011]]
	[[Category:2013]]		[[Category:2013]]
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	[[Category:2016]]		[[Category:2016]]
	[[Category:2017]]		[[Category:2017]]
			[[Category:2018]]

Arthur le 9 février 2018 à 20:41

2018-02-09T20:41:42Z

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	{{Translations		{{Translations
	\| fr = Les ruptures du 11 septembre 2001		\| fr = Les ruptures du 11 septembre 2001
			\| es = Las rupturas del 11 de septiembre de 2001
	}}		}}

September 11, 2001 ruptures - Historique des versions

Arthur le 18 juin 2021 à 10:26

Arthur : /* Terrorism: A Traditional Affair of "Optimism Bias" */

Arthur : /* Annexes */

Arthur : /* Bibliography */

Arthur : /* Terrorism that is effectively played out in the "entertainment society" */