Security and international relations - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* Security: condition of possibility or impossibility */

2021-03-29T05:36:25Z

Security: condition of possibility or impossibility

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	it is possible because in the end security is linked to the "body, material existence and experiences of human beings. Security becomes a moment of opportunity for Booth in Security and Emancipation, because it allows emancipation by "liberating the people (as individuals and groups) from the physical and human constraints that stop them from doing what they would choose to do freely. [..]. Emancipation, not power or order, produces true security. Emancipation, theoretically, is security. This contrasts with a state-related definition. It is a top-down relationship in a bottom-up vision, because it is through the individual that the State will be judged in its functions.		it is possible because in the end security is linked to the "body, material existence and experiences of human beings. Security becomes a moment of opportunity for Booth in Security and Emancipation, because it allows emancipation by "liberating the people (as individuals and groups) from the physical and human constraints that stop them from doing what they would choose to do freely. [..]. Emancipation, not power or order, produces true security. Emancipation, theoretically, is security. This contrasts with a state-related definition. It is a top-down relationship in a bottom-up vision, because it is through the individual that the State will be judged in its functions.

	We must see that there is an almost paradigmatic change in what security is. Before, security within the framework of the social contract was something that the State gave. From now on, security is no longer something to which we have a right because we are citizens, but it is because as human beings we have a quality of our own that the State, which has a duty to protect us, has a duty to protect us. Before, there was an intervener who made it necessary for the State to act towards the individual. With paradigmatic change, this allows everyone, individuals or groups, to have a universal and global guarantee to be in a situation where emancipation is possible. We can enter into a form of global governance based on the notion of security, which can be positive.		We must see that there is an almost paradigmatic change in what security is. Before, security within the framework of the social contract was something that the State gave. From now on, security is no longer something to which we have a right because we are citizens, but it is because as human beings we have a quality of our own that the State, which has a duty to protect us, has a duty to protect us. Before, there was an intervener who made it necessary for the State to act towards the individual. With the paradigmatic change, this allows everyone, individuals or groups, to have a universal and global guarantee to be in a situation where emancipation is possible. We can enter into a form of global governance based on the notion of security, which can be positive.

	== Summary ==		== Summary ==

Arthur : /* The political centrality of security */

2021-03-28T22:04:13Z

The political centrality of security

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	In ''Security! What Do You Mean? From Concept to Thick Signifier''<ref>Huysmans, J. "Security! What Do You Mean?: From Concept to Thick Signifier." European Journal of International Relations 4.2 (1998): 226-55.</ref>		In ''Security! What Do You Mean? From Concept to Thick Signifier''<ref>Huysmans, J. "Security! What Do You Mean?: From Concept to Thick Signifier." European Journal of International Relations 4.2 (1998): 226-55.</ref>

	published in 1998, there are situations where it is not innocent to use the notion of security. If we analyze the American reaction to the events of September 11, it is a strong security reaction. In the 1990s, France, following a series of attacks, preferred a collective management of the threat. Choosing a specific answer is not because it is the answer that unlocks the threat, but there is a choice of rhetorical discourse and on the other hand the notion of security allows us to do things.		published in 1998, there are situations where it is not innocent to use the notion of security. If we analyze the American reaction to the events of September 11, it is a strong security reaction. In the 1990s, France, following a series of attacks, preferred a collective management of the threat. Choosing a specific answer is not because it is the answer that unlocks the threat, but there is a choice of rhetorical discourse and on the other hand, the notion of security allows us to do things.

	When you start to identify a threat, you do two things:		When you start to identify a threat, you do two things:

Arthur le 25 mai 2020 à 08:12

2020-05-25T08:12:16Z

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	\| es = Seguridad y relaciones internacionales		\| es = Seguridad y relaciones internacionales
	\| fr = Sécurité		\| fr = Sécurité
			\| it = Sicurezza e relazioni internazionali
	}}		}}

Arthur le 15 avril 2019 à 08:10

2019-04-15T08:10:00Z

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	{{Translations		{{Translations
	\| es =		\| es = Seguridad y relaciones internacionales
	\| fr =		\| fr = Sécurité
	}}		}}

Arthur le 15 avril 2019 à 08:04

2019-04-15T08:04:22Z

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	We will use the notion of security to mobilize elements from previous themes. Understanding security issues requires a number of tools beyond a more intuitive or common sense approach.		We will use the notion of security to mobilize elements from previous themes. Understanding security issues requires a number of tools beyond a more intuitive or common sense approach.

			{{Translations
			\| es =
			\| fr =
			}}

	= Security: basic concepts =		= Security: basic concepts =

Arthur le 12 avril 2019 à 12:36

2019-04-12T12:36:00Z

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			{{Infobox Lecture
			\| image =
			\| image_caption =
			\| faculté = [[Faculté des sciences de la société]]
			\| département = [[Département de science politique et relations internationales]]
			\| professeurs =
			* [[Stephan Davidshofer]]<ref>[http://unige.academia.edu/StephanDavidshofer Page de Stephan Davidshofer sur Academia.edu]</ref><ref>[https://www.gcsp.ch/News-Knowledge/Experts/Guest-Experts/Davidshofer-Dr-Stephan-Davidshofer Page personnelle de Stephan Davidshofer sur le site du Geneva Centre for Security Policy]</ref><ref>[https://twitter.com/stedavids Compte Twitter de Stephan Davidshofer]</ref>
			* [[Xavier Guillaume]]<ref>[http://edinburgh.academia.edu/XavierGuillaume Page de Xavier Guillaume sur Academia.edu]</ref><ref>[http://www.pol.ed.ac.uk/people/academic_staff/xavier_guillaume Page personnelle de Xavier Guillaume sur le site de l'Université de Édimbourg]</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencespo.fr/psia/users/xavierguillaume Page personnelle de Xavier Guillaume sur le site de Science Po Paris PSIA]</ref><ref>[http://edinburgh.academia.edu/XavierGuillaume Page de Xavier Guillaume sur Academia.edu]</ref><ref>[https://www.rug.nl/staff/x.guillaume/research Page personnelle de Xavier Guillaume sur le site de l'Université de Groningen]</ref>
			\| enregistrement =
			\| assistants =
			\| cours = [[Critical approaches to international relations]]
			\| lectures =
			*[[Introduction to critical approaches to international relations]]
			*[[Sociology of the discipline of international relations]]
			*[[Norms in international relations]]
			*[[Globalizations: definition and situation]]
			*[[Globalization: circulation between imperialism and cosmopolitan strategies]]
			*[[Otherness in international relations]]
			*[[The concept of domination in international relations]]
			*[[Humanitarian action: between action and intervention]]
			*[[The concept of development in international relations]]
			*[[Security and international relations]]
			*[[Surveillance and international relations]]
			*[[War and international relations]]
			*[[War, peace and politics in Africa since the end of the Cold War]]
			*[[Borders in international politics]]
			*[[The borders of Europe]]
			*[[Mobility and international relations]]
			*[[To conclude the course of critical approaches to international relations]]
			}}

	We will use the notion of security to mobilize elements from previous themes. Understanding security issues requires a number of tools beyond a more intuitive or common sense approach.		We will use the notion of security to mobilize elements from previous themes. Understanding security issues requires a number of tools beyond a more intuitive or common sense approach.

Arthur : /* Annexes */

2019-01-01T22:06:53Z

Annexes

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	= Annexes =		= Annexes =
			*Baylis, John. "The concept of security in international relations." Globalization and Environmental Challenges. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008. 495-502.

	= Bibliography =		= Bibliography =

Arthur : /* Les professionnels de la sécurité */

2018-12-26T20:59:44Z

Les professionnels de la sécurité

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	The logics of security professionals and practitioners are not necessarily the same as what is happening in the world. We are dealing with people whose profession is to make safety. Each profession is reflected in social considerations with issues specific to each profession. There is a gap between the social phenomena that can be studied from the social space in which these responses are produced. A security agency's response to a threat or situation is never automatic. The space is about mediation in relation to the response to problems.		The logics of security professionals and practitioners are not necessarily the same as what is happening in the world. We are dealing with people whose profession is to make safety. Each profession is reflected in social considerations with issues specific to each profession. There is a gap between the social phenomena that can be studied from the social space in which these responses are produced. A security agency's response to a threat or situation is never automatic. The space is about mediation in relation to the response to problems.

	== ~~Les professionnels de la sécurité~~ ==		== Security professionals ==
	~~Il faut s’intéresser aux~~ agents ~~et aux~~ experts ~~de la sécurité~~. ~~Cette approche met tous les acteurs qui font de la sécurité dans un espace commun~~. ~~Intervient la théorie des champs de~~ Bourdieu ~~qui est un espace~~ social ~~au sein duquel tout le monde joue un jeu commun et~~/~~ou tout le monde partage un sens du jeu et la sécurité fonctionnerait de la même manière~~.		We need to look at agents and security experts. This approach brings all actors involved in security into a common space. The theory of Bourdieu's fields intervenes, which is a social space in which everyone plays a common game and/or everyone shares a sense of the game and security would work in the same way.

	Si Bigo ~~dans ''La mondialisation de l'~~(in)~~sécurité~~ ? ~~Réflexions sur le champ des professionnels de la gestion des inquiétudes et analytique de la transnationalisation des processus d'~~(in)~~sécurisation'' se permet une si forte~~ intuition ~~c’est parce que cela est lié~~ a ~~une~~ transformation ~~des pratiques de la sécurité dans un contexte de globalisation de la sécurité~~. ~~Ce n’est pas que les phénomènes de sécurités sont objectivement globaux~~, ~~c’est plutôt de se dire qu’opère à travers des questions notamment de terrorisme~~, ~~un espèce de jeu~~ global ~~de la sécurité~~. ~~Apparaissent des guildes transnationales des professionnels de la sécurité~~. ~~La sécurité fonctionne beaucoup par métier et les gens de ce métier sont en relations entre eux~~. ~~Du moment qu’un jeu se globalise~~, ~~il va y avoir des réseaux d’acteurs de la sécurité qui vont se constituer et devenir de plus en plus~~ important ~~dans les luttes démocratiques et les façons de travailler~~.		If Bigo in The Globalization of (In)Security? Reflections on the field of professionals in the field of concern management and analysis of the transnationalization of (in)security processes allows such a strong intuition because it is linked to a transformation of security practices in a context of globalization of security. It is not that the security phenomena are objectively global, but rather that they operate through issues such as terrorism, a kind of global security game. Transnational guilds of security professionals are emerging. Security works a lot by trade and the people in that trade are in contact with each other. As soon as a game becomes global, there will be networks of security actors who will form and become increasingly important in democratic struggles and ways of working.

	~~Se constitue à terme l’espace~~ transnational ~~qui n’est pas forcément connecté à l’état réel de la menace~~. ~~L’enjeu de cet espace dans lequel on peut positionner tout le monde est d’avoir la légitimité de dire ce qui est dangereux de pouvoir affirmer ce qui est plus dangereux qu’autre chose~~. ~~Cette légitimité vient de la~~ possession ~~de certains capitaux et de certaines ressources~~. ~~Dans la logique globalisée et le champ~~ transnational ~~de la sécurité~~, ~~ceux qui vont être le plus sécurité sont ceux qui ont des ressources de connexions se basant sur un savoir~~-~~faire ou des connaissances spécifiques comme l’utilisation des données et des~~ technologies ~~qui va permettre soi-disant de gérer au mieux les problèmes d’aujourd’hui et cela et plus certains métiers que d’autres~~.		In the long term, the transnational space is constituted, which is not necessarily connected to the real state of the threat. The challenge of this space in which we can position everyone is to have the legitimacy to say what is dangerous and to be able to say what is more dangerous than anything else. This legitimacy comes from the possession of certain capital and resources. In the globalized logic and transnational field of security, those who will be the most secure are those who have connection resources based on specific know-how or knowledge such as the use of data and technologies that will supposedly allow to manage today's problems as well as possible and this and more so for some professions than others.

	~~Lorsque l’idée de~~ Schengen ~~s’est mise en~~ place, ~~il y a eu l’ambition d’instaurer la liberté de circulation pour tous les citoyens de l’Union européenne~~. ~~Se pose la~~ question ~~de la gestion des flux de circulation d’individus~~. ~~Cela va donner un rôle prépondérant à~~ Interpol ~~reflétant une~~ vision ~~bien spécifique d’un métier de la sécurité qui est celui de faire de l’échange d’information et du fichage~~. Schengen ~~a été fait par des gens dont le métier est de dire que les frontières est le monde d’avant et qu’il est plus efficace de mobiliser les~~ technologies ~~pour trier les flux qui passent~~. ~~Il y~~ a ~~une réponse qui est propre aux enjeux d’un espace~~ social ~~qui est celui de sécurité~~.		When the idea of Schengen was put in place, there was an ambition to establish freedom of movement for all citizens of the European Union. The question arises of the management of the flow of people's movements. This will give Interpol a leading role, reflecting a very specific vision of a security profession that is to exchange information and file files. Schengen was made by people whose job it is to say that borders are the world before them and that it is more effective to mobilize technologies to sort out the flows that pass. There is a response that is specific to the challenges of a social space that is that of security.

	~~Le problème est qu’il y a des effets politiques~~. ~~Le fait de décider comment hiérarchiser la menace à des résultats assez catastrophiques parce qu’on~~ a ~~constitué un~~ continuum ~~de la sécurité en liant certaines problématiques qui étaient une façon de voir de certaines personnes~~. ~~En imposant leur~~ vision ~~du métier~~, ~~ils ont contribué à instaurer une~~ situation ~~où il y~~ a ~~toute une série de menaces qui convergent sur la~~ figure ~~de l’étranger~~. ~~L’effet politique ultime est de générer de l’exclusion en mettant à l’écart une~~ population ~~pour faire qu’une certaine~~ population ~~puisse circuler librement~~. ~~Si aujourd’hui la~~ figure ~~de l'immigré est si centrale~~, ~~c’est peut être parce qu’on a une convergence avec d’autres phénomènes dont celui du processus de sécurisation~~.		The problem is that there are political effects. Deciding how to prioritize the threat to fairly catastrophic results because a security continuum was created by linking certain issues that were a way of seeing some people. By imposing their vision of the profession, they have helped to create a situation where there is a whole series of threats that converge on the figure of the foreigner. The ultimate political effect is to generate exclusion by excluding a population to ensure that a certain population can move freely. If today the figure of the immigrant is so central, it may be because we are converging with other phenomena, including the security process.

	== Summary ==		== Summary ==
	~~La sécurité est un processus~~: ~~quelque chose~~, ~~quelqu’un est sécurisé ou dé-sécurisé~~. ~~D’autre part~~, ~~la sécurité tend à dépolitiser même si elle peut avoir des effets positifs~~. ~~Cela nous amène à nous interroger sur qui produit la sécurité~~? ~~Qu’est-ce qui peut être sécurisé~~? ~~De plus~~, ~~il y~~ a ~~une universabilité du cadre analytique qui met en exergue un besoin d’étendre l’analyse aux pratiques~~ non-~~discursives~~.		Security is a process: something, someone is secure or unsecured. On the other hand, security tends to depoliticize even if it can have positive effects. This leads us to question who produces security? What can be secured? In addition, there is a universality of the analytical framework that highlights a need to extend the analysis to non-discursive practices.

	= Annexes =		= Annexes =

Arthur : /* La fusion entre la sécurité interne et externe */

2018-12-26T20:58:58Z

La fusion entre la sécurité interne et externe

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	As much as, in the theory of security, we will secure a question by taking it out of politics, here we are in a conception where security and insecurity are inextricably linked. In a Foucauldian approach, there is no one without the other. We cannot produce security without producing insecurity. From the moment we are interested in safety as a practice, we are in the constitution of the meaning of what safety is, we will look at non-discursive practices but also at agents who practice safety within a specific space that is a field of safety. There is the idea of a division of labour between those who practice and those who study it. For Balzacq, Basaran, Bigo, Olsson in Security Practices, "Securitization consists of practices which instantiate intersubjective understandings and which are framed by the habitus inherited from different social fields".		As much as, in the theory of security, we will secure a question by taking it out of politics, here we are in a conception where security and insecurity are inextricably linked. In a Foucauldian approach, there is no one without the other. We cannot produce security without producing insecurity. From the moment we are interested in safety as a practice, we are in the constitution of the meaning of what safety is, we will look at non-discursive practices but also at agents who practice safety within a specific space that is a field of safety. There is the idea of a division of labour between those who practice and those who study it. For Balzacq, Basaran, Bigo, Olsson in Security Practices, "Securitization consists of practices which instantiate intersubjective understandings and which are framed by the habitus inherited from different social fields".

	== La fusion ~~entre la sécurité interne et externe~~ ==		== The fusion between internal and external security ==
	~~Il faut s’intéresser sur la question de la fusion de la sécurité interne et externe~~. ~~Il y a une dérégulation~~, ~~de la sécurité touchant à d’autres champs de pratique que le domaine militaire comme le champ environnemental~~, ~~le développement~~, ~~l’humanitaire~~, ~~l’environnement~~. ~~Dans une approche sociologique par les acteurs soit des~~ agents ~~sociaux~~, ~~on va regarder la sécurité différemment~~. ~~Ce qui apparait comme~~ transformation ~~principale est l’idée qu’on a la remise en question de la~~ distinction ~~consécutive de la fabrique de la sécurité~~ : ~~interne policé v~~. ~~externe anarchique~~. ~~Au fil du temps~~, ~~ce sont différenciées certaines pratiques~~ : ~~les affaires intérieures c’est la~~ police ~~et les affaires extérieures c’est l’armée~~.		We must address the issue of merging internal and external security. There is deregulation, security affecting fields of practice other than the military, such as the environmental field, development, humanitarian and environmental issues. In a sociological approach by the actors, either social agents, we will look at security differently. What appears as the main transformation is the idea that we have the idea of questioning the consecutive distinction of the security factory: internal police vs. external anarchic external police. Over time, certain practices have been differentiated: internal affairs is the police and external affairs is the army.

	~~L’observation que~~ Bigo ~~qu’a fait est d’observer qu’à terme~~, ~~depuis les années 1970 et surtout depuis la fin de la Guerre froide~~, ~~il y~~ a ~~une logique de dédifférenciation~~ de ~~ces pratiques~~. ~~Il y~~ a ~~une logique de dérégulation~~. ~~C’est l’observation d’un phénomène qui~~ a ~~débuté il y~~ a ~~un certain temps, mais surtout c’est une vue de l’esprit qui n’a jamais été hermétique~~. ~~Il est intéressant~~ de ~~parler en termes de dédifférenciation parce que c’est une~~ distinction ~~qui s’érode~~.		Bigo's observation is that in the long term, since the 1970s and especially since the end of the Cold War, there has been a logic of de-differentiation of these practices. There is a logic of deregulation. It is the observation of a phenomenon that began some time ago, but above all it is a view of the mind that has never been hermetic. It is interesting to talk in terms of de-differentiation because it is a distinction that is being eroded.

	~~Le terrorisme est un lieu de ce mélange des~~ genres. ~~À partir du~~ moment ~~où le terrorisme s’est posé comme un objet à gérer~~, ~~les gens en~~ charge ~~se le sont approprié~~. Au 11 ~~septembre~~, ~~la réponse américaine a été militaire alors que la réponse européenne fut policière~~. ~~Dans les pays om les événements sont arrivés les réponses vont être différente~~. ~~Autour de la question du terrorisme vont se déployer différents savoir-faire~~, ~~différentes personnes qui proposent leur façon de lutter contre ces menaces qui sont des définitions transnationales~~. ~~Il y~~ a ~~un rôle joué par la transnationalisation des pratiques de gestion de la menace~~. ~~Les pratiques contre~~-~~interactionnelle soulèvent un cadre d’analyse~~. ~~Les pratiques contre~~-~~interactionnelle suite au~~ 11 ~~septembre vont revenir en interne~~. ~~Si on pratique la contrinsurrection en matière de terrorisme en~~ Afghanistan, ~~il n’y a aucune raison de ne pas les réimporter sur le territoire national~~.		Terrorism is a place of this mix of genres. From the moment terrorism became an object to be managed, the people in charge took it over. On September 11, the American response was military while the European response was police. In countries where events have occurred, the answers will be different. Around the issue of terrorism, different skills will be deployed, different people will propose their way of fighting these threats, which are transnational definitions. There is a role played by the transnationalization of threat management practices. Counter-interaction practices raise a framework for analysis. Counter-interaction practices following September 11 will return internally. If terrorism counterinsurgency is practised in Afghanistan, there is no reason not to re-import them into the country.

	~~Les logiques des professionnelles et des praticiens de la sécurité ne sont pas nécessairement les mêmes de ce qui se passe dans le monde~~. ~~On a à faire à des gens dont la~~ profession ~~est de faire de la sécurité~~. ~~Chaque métier se retrouve dans des considérations sociales avec des enjeux propres à chaque métier~~. ~~Il y~~ a ~~un décalage entre les phénomènes sociaux que l’on peut étudier d’avec l’espace~~ social ~~dans lequel sont produites ces réponses~~. ~~La réaction d’une agence de sécurité à une menace ou une~~ situation ~~n’est jamais automatique~~. ~~L’espace fait de médiation par rapport à la réponse à apporter aux problèmes~~.		The logics of security professionals and practitioners are not necessarily the same as what is happening in the world. We are dealing with people whose profession is to make safety. Each profession is reflected in social considerations with issues specific to each profession. There is a gap between the social phenomena that can be studied from the social space in which these responses are produced. A security agency's response to a threat or situation is never automatic. The space is about mediation in relation to the response to problems.

	== Les professionnels de la sécurité ==		== Les professionnels de la sécurité ==

Arthur : /* Security as a practice */

2018-12-26T20:58:31Z

Security as a practice

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	== Security as a practice ==		== Security as a practice ==
	~~La sécurité occupe une place très importante dans notre quotidien que cela soit dans les médias ou même en termes de marchandise~~.		Safety is a very important part of our daily lives, whether in the media or even in terms of merchandise.

	~~Il y~~ a ~~une approche sociologique qui s’inscrit en~~ relations ~~internationales dans la sociologie politique des~~ relations ~~internationales qui~~ a ~~comme~~ point ~~d’entrée un certain désaccord~~. ~~Le fait de partir d’un autre~~ point ~~s’adresse à la~~ question ~~de la production du sens de la sécurité~~. Ce désaccord avec la théorie de la sécurisation met le focus sur le fait que d’avoir des hommes politiques qui parlent sur ce qu’est la sécurité vont produire de la sécurité est un discours trop simpliste dans le sens ou cela ne rend pas justice ~~à la complexité de ces processus de sécurisation~~.		There is a sociological approach to international relations in the political sociology of international relations that has a certain disagreement as its entry point. Starting from another point addresses the question of producing a sense of security. This disagreement with security theory focuses on the fact that having politicians talking about what security is going to produce is too simplistic in the sense that it does not do justice to the complexity of these security processes.

	Le point ~~de départ est de se demander pourquoi n’a-t-on pas une hiérarchie aussi déconnectée de la réalité~~. ~~Cela montre que les choses sont un peu plus compliquées entre des phénomènes matériels~~. ~~Quelque part~~, ~~il y~~ a ~~une médiation qui se passe entre la matérialité de ces évènements et la manière dont ils apparaissent dans les~~ agendas. ~~L’idée est de s’interroger sur comment cela marche et comment et produit le sens de la sécurité~~. ~~Il faut s’interroger sur les professionnels de la sécurité qui vont s’inscrire dans un espace~~ social ~~qui est le champ de la sécurité~~.		The starting point is to ask why we do not have such a disconnected hierarchy. This shows that things are a little more complicated between material phenomena. Somewhere along the way, there is a mediation between the materiality of these events and the way they appear in agendas. The idea is to question how it works and how and produces a sense of security. We must ask ourselves about the security professionals who will be part of a social space that is the field of security.

	~~La théorie scientifique remet en question de savoir ce qu’est une théorie de la sécurisation~~. ~~C’est en disant des choses qu’elles deviennent~~. ~~On se rend compte que si~~ on ~~veut s’intéresser aux professeurs de socialisation~~, ~~elles engagent certaines~~ parties. ~~Cela peut être simplifié lorsqu’on se rend compte que des problématiques peuvent être à la fois~~ discursive et non-discursive. ~~Par non~~-discursive ~~on entend par exemple le savoir~~-~~faire des professionnels~~. ~~L’idée est que l’on rentre dans une~~ conception ~~des pratiques qui dépasse une logique~~ discursive. ~~On entre aussi dans l’histoire~~. ~~Le fait que certains principes historiques informent des agents va aussi contribuer à déterminer ce qu’est une question de sécurité légitime~~. ~~Pour~~ Bigo ~~dans~~ Security and immigration: toward a critique of the governmentality of unease<ref>Bigo, Didier, and R. B. J. Walker. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political: Special English-language Issue of Cultures & Conflits. Boulder, Co.: Lynn Rienner, 2002. </ref>, il faut « étudier les conditions sociales permettant la performativité des énoncés d’(in)sécurisation ainsi que les pratiques quotidiennes des agents sociétaux ». Sans prendre en compte les conditions sociales, on ne peut pas prendre en compte ce qu’est un processus de sécurisation.		Scientific theory questions what a security theory is. It's by saying things that they become. We realize that if we want to focus on socialization teachers, they engage some parties. This can be simplified when it is realized that issues can be both discursive and non-discursive. Non-discursive refers, for example, to the know-how of professionals. The idea is that we enter into a conception of practices that goes beyond a discursive logic. We also make history. The fact that certain historical principles inform officers will also help to determine what a legitimate security issue is. For Bigo in Security and immigration: toward a critique of the governmentality of unease<ref>Bigo, Didier, and R. B. J. Walker. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political: Special English-language Issue of Cultures & Conflits. Boulder, Co.: Lynn Rienner, 2002. </ref>,

	~~La définition des pratiques est une forme de routinisation. Dans Toward a Theory~~ of ~~Social Practices. A Development~~ in ~~Culturalist Theorizing<ref>Reckwitz, A. "Toward a Theory~~ of ~~Social Practices: A Development in Culturalist Theorizing.~~" ~~European Journal of Social Theory 5~~.~~2 (2002): 243-63.</ref> publié en 2002, Reckwitz définit les pratiques comme « routinized [...] forms of bodily activities, forms of mental activities, ‘things’ and their use~~, a ~~background knowledge in the form of understanding, know-how, states of emotion and motivational knowledge »~~.		it is necessary to "study the social conditions allowing the performativity of (in)security statements as well as the daily practices of societal agents". Without taking into account social conditions, we cannot take into account what a security process is.

	~~Autant~~, ~~dans la théorie de la sécurisation~~, ~~on va sécuriser une~~ question ~~en la sortant du politique~~, ~~ici, on est dans une~~ conception ~~ou sécurité et insécurité sont indissociablement liées~~. ~~Dans une approche foucaldienne~~, ~~il n’y a pas l’un sans l’autre~~. ~~On ne peut pas produire de la sécurité sans produire de l’insécurité~~. Du moment ~~où on s’intéresse à la sécurité comme pratique~~, ~~on est dans la~~ constitution ~~du sens de ce qu’est la sécurité~~, ~~on va regarder des pratiques~~ non-~~discursives mais aussi regarder les~~ agents ~~qui pratiquent de la sécurité s’inscrivant dans un espace précis qui est un champ de la sécurité~~. ~~Il y~~ a ~~l’idée d’une~~ division ~~du travail entre ceux qui pratiquent et ceux qui l’étudient~~. ~~Pour~~ Balzacq, Basaran, Bigo, Olsson ~~dans~~ Security Practices, « Securitization consists of practices which instantiate intersubjective understandings and which are framed by the habitus inherited from different social fields ».		Defining practices is a form of routineization. In Toward a Theory of Social Practices. A Development in Culturalist Theorizing<ref>Reckwitz, A. "Toward a Theory of Social Practices: A Development in Culturalist Theorizing." European Journal of Social Theory 5.2 (2002): 243-63.</ref> publié en 2002, Reckwitz définit les pratiques comme « routinized [...] forms of bodily activities, forms of mental activities, ‘things’ and their use, a background knowledge in the form of understanding, know-how, states of emotion and motivational knowledge ».

			As much as, in the theory of security, we will secure a question by taking it out of politics, here we are in a conception where security and insecurity are inextricably linked. In a Foucauldian approach, there is no one without the other. We cannot produce security without producing insecurity. From the moment we are interested in safety as a practice, we are in the constitution of the meaning of what safety is, we will look at non-discursive practices but also at agents who practice safety within a specific space that is a field of safety. There is the idea of a division of labour between those who practice and those who study it. For Balzacq, Basaran, Bigo, Olsson in Security Practices, "Securitization consists of practices which instantiate intersubjective understandings and which are framed by the habitus inherited from different social fields".

	== La fusion entre la sécurité interne et externe ==		== La fusion entre la sécurité interne et externe ==

Security and international relations - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* Security: condition of possibility or impossibility */

Arthur : /* The political centrality of security */