<?xml version="1.0"?>
<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xml:lang="fr">
	<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Public_Policy_Analysis%3A_Implementation_and_Evaluation</id>
	<title>Public Policy Analysis: Implementation and Evaluation - Historique des versions</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Public_Policy_Analysis%3A_Implementation_and_Evaluation"/>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;action=history"/>
	<updated>2026-04-20T13:52:18Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Historique des versions pour cette page sur le wiki</subtitle>
	<generator>MediaWiki 1.38.6</generator>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=58922&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur le 7 juillet 2023 à 09:49</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=58922&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-07T09:49:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 7 juillet 2023 à 11:49&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l9&quot;&gt;Ligne 9 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 9 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{hidden&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{hidden&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[Introduction to Political Science]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[Introduction to Political Science]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La pensée sociale d'&lt;/del&gt;Émile Durkheim &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Pierre Bourdieu]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Aux origines de la chute de la République de &lt;/del&gt;Weimar]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La pensée sociale de &lt;/del&gt;Max Weber &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Vilfredo Pareto]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La &lt;/del&gt;notion &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de « &lt;/del&gt;concept &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;» en &lt;/del&gt;sciences&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-sociales&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Histoire de la &lt;/del&gt;discipline &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;théories et conceptions&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Marxisme et Structuralisme&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Fonctionnalisme et Systémisme&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Interactionnisme et Constructivisme&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les théories de l’anthropologie politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le débat des trois &lt;/del&gt;I : &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;intérêts&lt;/del&gt;, institutions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et idées&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La théorie du choix rationnel et l'analyse des intérêts en &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Approche analytique des &lt;/del&gt;institutions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;]] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/del&gt;● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'étude des idées et idéologies dans la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les théories de la guerre en &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La Guerre &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;conceptions et évolutions&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La raison d’État&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;État&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souveraineté&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mondialisation, gouvernance multiniveaux&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les théories de la &lt;/del&gt;violence &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en science politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[Welfare State &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et biopouvoir&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analyse des régimes démocratiques et des processus de démocratisation&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Systèmes Électoraux &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Mécanismes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Enjeux et Conséquences&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le système de gouvernement des démocraties&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Morphologie des &lt;/del&gt;contestations]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L’action dans la théorie politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à la politique suisse&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;au comportement politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analyse des Politiques Publiques &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;définition et &lt;/del&gt;cycle &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'une politique publique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analyse des Politiques Publiques &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mise à l'&lt;/del&gt;agenda &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;formulation]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analyse des Politiques Publiques &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mise en œuvre et évaluation&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à la sous&lt;/del&gt;-discipline &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des &lt;/del&gt;relations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;internationales&lt;/del&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Intellectual legacy of &lt;/ins&gt;Émile Durkheim &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Pierre Bourdieu &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in social theory&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The origins of the fall of the &lt;/ins&gt;Weimar &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Republic&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Intellectual legacy of &lt;/ins&gt;Max Weber &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Vilfredo Pareto &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in social theory&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/ins&gt;notion &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of &amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;concept&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot; in social &lt;/ins&gt;sciences]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;History of the &lt;/ins&gt;discipline &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of political &lt;/ins&gt;science: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;theories and concepts&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Marxism and Structuralism&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Functionalism and Systemism&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Interactionism and Constructivism&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The theories of political anthropology&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The three &lt;/ins&gt;I&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'s debate&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;interests&lt;/ins&gt;, institutions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and ideas&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Rational choice theory and the analysis of interests in political &lt;/ins&gt;science]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;An analytical approach to &lt;/ins&gt;institutions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in political &lt;/ins&gt;science]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The study of ideas and ideologies in political &lt;/ins&gt;science]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Theories of war in political &lt;/ins&gt;science]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The War&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Concepts and Evolutions&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The reason of State&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;State&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sovereignty&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;globalization and multi-level governance&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Theories of &lt;/ins&gt;violence &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in political science‎‎&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[Welfare State &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and Biopower&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analysis of democratic regimes and democratisation processes&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Electoral Systems&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Mechanisms&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Issues and Consequences&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The system of government in democracies&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Morphology of &lt;/ins&gt;contestations]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Action in Political Theory&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to Swiss politics&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to political behaviour&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Public Policy Analysis&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Definition and &lt;/ins&gt;cycle &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of public policy&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Public Policy Analysis&lt;/ins&gt;: agenda &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;setting and &lt;/ins&gt;formulation]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Public Policy Analysis&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Implementation and Evaluation&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to the sub&lt;/ins&gt;-discipline &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of international &lt;/ins&gt;relations&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]] ● [[Introduction to Political Theory&lt;/ins&gt;]]  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|headerstyle=background:#ffffff&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|headerstyle=background:#ffffff&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|style=text-align:center;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|style=text-align:center;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=58397&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Cas d'application d'une réforme de la politique sociale en Californie (Référence : étude Meyer et al., 1998) */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=58397&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-06-30T13:17:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Cas d&amp;#039;application d&amp;#039;une réforme de la politique sociale en Californie (Référence : étude Meyer et al., 1998)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;amp;diff=58397&amp;amp;oldid=58396&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=58396&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Concept and definition */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=58396&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-06-30T13:16:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Concept and definition&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 30 juin 2023 à 15:16&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l123&quot;&gt;Ligne 123 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 123 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;When drawing up a public policy, decision-makers need to bear in mind that, during the implementation phase, they may come up against resistance from the bureaucrats on the ground, i.e. those responsible for putting the policy into practice on the ground. These field bureaucrats, whether they are police officers, teachers, social workers or other civil servants in direct contact with the public, have a discretionary margin of manoeuvre in the application of policies. They have the power to interpret the rules and decide how to apply them in specific situations. This latitude can be used to shape, modify or even thwart the original intentions of the policy. For example, in education, a teacher may choose to interpret and apply curriculum guidelines in a way that reflects his or her own beliefs or the specific reality of the classroom. Similarly, a police officer may choose to enforce the law selectively or on the basis of his or her own interpretation of the rules. Furthermore, resistance to enforcement can also be a form of bottom-up feedback. Bureaucrats on the ground, faced with the day-to-day reality of policy implementation, may identify unforeseen problems or obstacles that were not apparent when the policy was formulated. Their reactions can therefore offer valuable lessons for improving future policies. It is therefore crucial for decision-makers to take this dynamic into account when formulating public policy. A good understanding of the reality on the ground, the mechanisms of implementation and the potential for resistance can greatly contribute to the success of the policy. To achieve this, it can be beneficial to involve stakeholders on the ground from the policy development phase onwards, and to put in place monitoring and feedback mechanisms to adapt the policy in real time and guarantee its effectiveness.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;When drawing up a public policy, decision-makers need to bear in mind that, during the implementation phase, they may come up against resistance from the bureaucrats on the ground, i.e. those responsible for putting the policy into practice on the ground. These field bureaucrats, whether they are police officers, teachers, social workers or other civil servants in direct contact with the public, have a discretionary margin of manoeuvre in the application of policies. They have the power to interpret the rules and decide how to apply them in specific situations. This latitude can be used to shape, modify or even thwart the original intentions of the policy. For example, in education, a teacher may choose to interpret and apply curriculum guidelines in a way that reflects his or her own beliefs or the specific reality of the classroom. Similarly, a police officer may choose to enforce the law selectively or on the basis of his or her own interpretation of the rules. Furthermore, resistance to enforcement can also be a form of bottom-up feedback. Bureaucrats on the ground, faced with the day-to-day reality of policy implementation, may identify unforeseen problems or obstacles that were not apparent when the policy was formulated. Their reactions can therefore offer valuable lessons for improving future policies. It is therefore crucial for decision-makers to take this dynamic into account when formulating public policy. A good understanding of the reality on the ground, the mechanisms of implementation and the potential for resistance can greatly contribute to the success of the policy. To achieve this, it can be beneficial to involve stakeholders on the ground from the policy development phase onwards, and to put in place monitoring and feedback mechanisms to adapt the policy in real time and guarantee its effectiveness.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Michael Lipsky&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans son ouvrage &amp;quot;Street&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Service&amp;quot;&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;publié en 1980&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a mis en évidence le rôle crucial que jouent les bureaucrates de terrain dans la mise en œuvre effective des politiques publiques.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;LIPSKY&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;MICHAEL&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;''Street Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas &lt;/del&gt;of the &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Individual in Public Services''&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Russell Sage Foundation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;1980. ''JSTOR'', &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610447713&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Selon lui, les décisions prises par ces acteurs, les routines qu'ils établissent et les stratégies qu'ils développent pour faire &lt;/del&gt;face &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aux incertitudes et aux pressions du travail deviennent, en réalité, les politiques publiques qu&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils mettent en œuvre : « I argue that &lt;/del&gt;the &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;decisions &lt;/del&gt;of &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;street-level bureaucrats, the routines they establish, and the devices they invent &lt;/del&gt;to &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cope with uncertainties and work pressures, effectively become the public policies they carry out&lt;/del&gt;. I argue that public policy is not best understood as made in legislatures or top-floor suites of high-ranking administrators, because in important ways it is actually made in the crowded offices and daily encounters of street-level &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;workers »&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Applying the attributes mentioned above - regular and direct interaction with citizens&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;power of interpretation and discretion &lt;/ins&gt;- &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;leads us to understand that many public servants play a decisive role. They include teachers, university lecturers&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;police officers&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;social workers&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;judges and healthcare workers&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These field bureaucrats are often faced with a multitude &lt;/ins&gt;of &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;situations for which &lt;/ins&gt;the &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;public policy guidelines they implement cannot anticipate every detail&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The concrete&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;individual situations they &lt;/ins&gt;face &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;are so varied that it&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s up to them to assess in real time &lt;/ins&gt;the &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;best course &lt;/ins&gt;of &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;action &lt;/ins&gt;to &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;take&lt;/ins&gt;. I argue that public policy is not best understood as made in legislatures or top-floor suites of high-ranking administrators, because in important ways it is actually made in the crowded offices and daily encounters of street-level &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;workers&amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Lipsky &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;soutient que pour comprendre réellement la politique publique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il ne faut pas uniquement se concentrer sur les décisions prises dans les législatures ou par les hauts fonctionnaires&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Au contraire&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il souligne que la politique publique est en grande partie façonnée dans les bureaux bondés et les &lt;/del&gt;interactions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quotidiennes des travailleurs de première ligne&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette idée remet en question la vision traditionnelle de la formulation des politiques publiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui suppose généralement que les décisions prises par les législateurs et les administrateurs de haut niveau sont directement traduites en &lt;/del&gt;action &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sur le terrain&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Au lieu de cela&lt;/del&gt;, Lipsky &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souligne l'&lt;/del&gt;importance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de reconnaître l'autonomie et le pouvoir discrétionnaire des bureaucrates de terrain&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui jouent un rôle actif et décisif dans la mise en œuvre des politiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La reconnaissance de ce phénomène a des &lt;/del&gt;implications &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;importantes pour la conception et la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela implique que les décideurs doivent non seulement prendre en compte les &lt;/del&gt;intentions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et les objectifs de la politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais aussi la manière dont ils seront interprétés et mis en œuvre par les acteurs de terrain&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette perspective souligne l'importance d'impliquer ces acteurs dès le début du processus de formulation des politiques et de mettre en place des mécanismes pour recueillir leurs retours et adapter la politique en conséquence&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Lipsky &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;argues that to really understand public policy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we should not focus solely on the decisions made in legislatures or by senior civil servants&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Instead&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;he points out that public policy is largely shaped in the crowded offices and day-to-day &lt;/ins&gt;interactions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of frontline workers&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This idea challenges the traditional view of public policymaking&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which generally assumes that decisions made by legislators and high-level administrators are directly translated into &lt;/ins&gt;action &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on the ground&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Instead&lt;/ins&gt;, Lipsky &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;stresses the &lt;/ins&gt;importance &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of recognising the autonomy and discretion of field bureaucrats&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;who play an active and decisive role in policy implementation&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Recognition of this phenomenon has important &lt;/ins&gt;implications &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;for the design and implementation of public policy&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It means that decision-makers must take into account not only the &lt;/ins&gt;intentions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and objectives of the policy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but also the way in which they will be interpreted and implemented by the actors on the ground&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Lipsky argues that to really understand public policy, we should not focus solely on the decisions made in legislatures or by senior civil servants&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les interactions entre les bureaucrates de terrain et les citoyens sont au cœur de la mise en œuvre &lt;/del&gt;effective &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des politiques publiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces &lt;/del&gt;interactions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sont le moment où les politiques publiques sont interprétées&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;appliquées et ajustées en fonction des &lt;/del&gt;situations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;individuelles&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces bureaucrates de terrain ont non seulement un &lt;/del&gt;contact &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;direct avec les citoyens&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais ils ont aussi une compréhension détaillée et nuancée des contextes locaux et des problèmes spécifiques que les politiques publiques visent à résoudre&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ils sont souvent en mesure de voir les effets des politiques publiques sur le terrain et de comprendre comment elles peuvent être adaptées pour mieux répondre aux besoins des citoyens&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les interactions entre les bureaucrates de terrain et les citoyens peuvent également avoir un &lt;/del&gt;impact &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;significatif sur la perception qu'ont les citoyens des politiques publiques et de l&lt;/del&gt;'administration &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;publique en général&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Leur attitude&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;leur comportement et la manière dont ils appliquent les politiques publiques peuvent influencer la confiance des citoyens dans les &lt;/del&gt;institutions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;publiques et leur volonté de se conformer aux politiques publiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En fin de compte&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si nous voulons comprendre comment les politiques publiques sont réellement mises en œuvre et comment elles pourraient être améliorées&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il est &lt;/del&gt;crucial &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de se concentrer sur ces &lt;/del&gt;interactions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;au niveau de la rue&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela nécessite une approche plus décentralisée et participative de la politique publique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui prend en compte le rôle actif que jouent les bureaucrates de terrain dans la mise en œuvre des politiques&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Interactions between bureaucrats on the ground and citizens are at the heart of the &lt;/ins&gt;effective &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;implementation of public policy&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These &lt;/ins&gt;interactions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;are where public policy is interpreted&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;applied and adjusted to suit individual &lt;/ins&gt;situations. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These field bureaucrats not only have direct &lt;/ins&gt;contact &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;with citizens&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they also have a detailed and nuanced understanding of local contexts and the specific problems that public policy aims to solve&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;They are often able to see the effects of public policies on the ground and understand how they can be adapted to better meet citizens' needs&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Interactions between field bureaucrats and citizens can also have a significant &lt;/ins&gt;impact &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on citizens&lt;/ins&gt;' &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;perceptions of public policy and public &lt;/ins&gt;administration &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in general&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Their attitudes&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;behaviour and how they apply public policy can influence citizens' trust in public &lt;/ins&gt;institutions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and their willingness to comply with public policy&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ultimately&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;if we want to understand how public policies are actually implemented and how they might be improved&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;it is &lt;/ins&gt;crucial &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to focus on these &lt;/ins&gt;interactions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;at street level&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This requires a more decentralised and participatory approach to public policy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which takes into account the active role that grassroots bureaucrats play in policy implementation&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les bureaucrates de terrain, ou &amp;quot;street&lt;/del&gt;-level bureaucrats&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;, jouent un rôle &lt;/del&gt;crucial &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Leurs &lt;/del&gt;actions, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;leurs décisions&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les &lt;/del&gt;routines &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et les stratégies qu'ils mettent en place peuvent avoir un &lt;/del&gt;impact &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;significatif sur la façon dont les politiques sont appliquées et interprétées&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un travailleur &lt;/del&gt;social &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui interprète et applique les directives relatives à l'aide sociale va influencer directement la manière dont ces aides sont distribuées&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à qui elles sont attribuées&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et comment elles sont perçues par les bénéficiaires&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De la même façon&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un enseignant va décider de la meilleure manière d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;appliquer un programme scolaire et son interprétation et son application vont directement affecter les expériences éducatives des élèves&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par conséquent&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ces bureaucrates de terrain sont en fait des acteurs essentiels de la politique publique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ils sont ceux qui &amp;quot;font&amp;quot; réellement la politique sur le terrain&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Leur rôle va donc bien au&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;delà de la simple exécution des politiques telles qu'elles ont été conçues par les décideurs à un niveau supérieur&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ils sont des &lt;/del&gt;agents &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;actifs dans le processus de mise en œuvre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;façonnant et influençant la politique à travers leurs &lt;/del&gt;interactions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quotidiennes avec les citoyens&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette &lt;/del&gt;perspective &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souligne l'&lt;/del&gt;importance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de considérer les acteurs de terrain lors de la conception et de l'évaluation des politiques publiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il est essentiel de comprendre leurs &lt;/del&gt;perspectives, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;leurs défis et leurs stratégies pour mettre en œuvre efficacement les politiques publiques&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Street&lt;/ins&gt;-level bureaucrats &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;play a &lt;/ins&gt;crucial &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;role in the implementation of public policy&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Their &lt;/ins&gt;actions, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;decisions&lt;/ins&gt;, routines &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and strategies can significantly &lt;/ins&gt;impact &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;how policies are applied and interpreted&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a &lt;/ins&gt;social &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;worker who interprets and applies welfare guidelines will directly influence how welfare is distributed&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to whom it is allocated&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and how recipients perceive it&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In the same way&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a teacher will decide how best to apply a curriculum and his or her interpretation and application will directly affect pupils&lt;/ins&gt;' &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;educational experiences&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;As a result&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;these field bureaucrats are in fact key players in public policy&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;They are the ones who actually 'make' policy on the ground&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Their role therefore goes well beyond the mere execution of policies as conceived by decision&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;makers at a higher level&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;They are active &lt;/ins&gt;agents &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in the implementation process&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;shaping and influencing policy through their day-to-day &lt;/ins&gt;interactions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;with citizens&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This &lt;/ins&gt;perspective &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;underlines the &lt;/ins&gt;importance &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of considering stakeholders on the ground when designing and evaluating public policies&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is essential to understand their &lt;/ins&gt;perspectives, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;challenges and strategies if public policies are to be implemented effectively&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Cas d'application d'une réforme de la politique sociale en Californie (Référence : étude Meyer et al., 1998) ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Cas d'application d'une réforme de la politique sociale en Californie (Référence : étude Meyer et al., 1998) ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=58395&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Concept and definition */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=58395&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-06-30T13:15:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Concept and definition&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 30 juin 2023 à 15:15&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l119&quot;&gt;Ligne 119 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 119 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Field&amp;quot; bureaucrats are civil servants who interact directly and frequently with citizens. They are responsible for granting authorisations or providing services. However, a key element of their role is their discretion, which allows them to tailor the implementation of policies to specific situations. The guidelines and rules they are charged with implementing are often not detailed enough to cover all possible situations. As a result, these bureaucrats have the freedom to interpret and apply these rules flexibly, according to their personal judgement. Moreover, these officials often enjoy a degree of autonomy from their superiors, reinforcing their discretionary power. This means that they have the freedom to make decisions without having to obtain prior approval from their superiors. It is this combination of discretionary power and autonomy that enables these field bureaucrats to have a significant influence on the way policies are implemented.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Field&amp;quot; bureaucrats are civil servants who interact directly and frequently with citizens. They are responsible for granting authorisations or providing services. However, a key element of their role is their discretion, which allows them to tailor the implementation of policies to specific situations. The guidelines and rules they are charged with implementing are often not detailed enough to cover all possible situations. As a result, these bureaucrats have the freedom to interpret and apply these rules flexibly, according to their personal judgement. Moreover, these officials often enjoy a degree of autonomy from their superiors, reinforcing their discretionary power. This means that they have the freedom to make decisions without having to obtain prior approval from their superiors. It is this combination of discretionary power and autonomy that enables these field bureaucrats to have a significant influence on the way policies are implemented.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Appliquer les attributs précédemment mentionnés &lt;/del&gt;- interaction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;régulière et directe avec les citoyens&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pouvoir d'interprétation et discrétion &lt;/del&gt;- &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nous mène à comprendre que de nombreux fonctionnaires jouent un rôle déterminant&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Parmi eux, on compte les enseignants, les professeurs d'université&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les policiers&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les travailleurs sociaux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les juges&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et le personnel soignant&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces bureaucrates de terrain se retrouvent souvent face à une &lt;/del&gt;multitude &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de &lt;/del&gt;situations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour lesquelles les directives de la politique publique qu'ils mettent en œuvre ne peuvent pas prévoir chaque détail&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les &lt;/del&gt;situations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;concrètes et individuelles auxquelles ils sont confrontés sont si variées que c&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est à eux d'évaluer en temps réel les meilleures actions à entreprendre&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela peut aller de la décision d'imposer ou non une &lt;/del&gt;sanction, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de fournir ou de refuser un soin&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de sélectionner un sujet particulier à discuter ou non&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et ainsi de suite&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ainsi, il leur revient de prendre des décisions instantanées selon les &lt;/del&gt;situations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rencontrées &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;déterminer s'il faut appliquer une &lt;/del&gt;sanction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou pas&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;décider de prodiguer des soins ou non&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;opter pour un sujet particulier à traiter ou le mettre de côté&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et ainsi de suite&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Applying the attributes mentioned above &lt;/ins&gt;- &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;regular and direct &lt;/ins&gt;interaction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;with citizens&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;power of interpretation and discretion &lt;/ins&gt;- &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;leads us to understand that many public servants play a decisive role&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;They include teachers&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;university lecturers&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;police officers&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;social workers&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;judges and healthcare workers&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These field bureaucrats are often faced with a &lt;/ins&gt;multitude &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of &lt;/ins&gt;situations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;for which the public policy guidelines they implement cannot anticipate every detail&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The concrete, individual &lt;/ins&gt;situations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they face are so varied that it&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s up to them to assess in real time the best course of action to take&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This can range from deciding whether or not to impose a &lt;/ins&gt;sanction, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to providing or refusing care&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to selecting a particular subject to discuss or not&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and so on&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;So it's up to them to make instant decisions based on the &lt;/ins&gt;situations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they encounter&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;deciding whether or not to apply a &lt;/ins&gt;sanction, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;deciding whether or not to provide care&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;choosing a particular subject to discuss or setting it aside&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and so on&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Lors de l'élaboration d'une politique publique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les décideurs doivent prendre en compte le fait que&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pendant la &lt;/del&gt;phase &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de mise en œuvre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils pourraient se heurter à la résistance des bureaucrates de terrain&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c'est-à-dire ceux qui sont chargés de mettre en pratique la politique sur le terrain&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces bureaucrates de terrain&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qu'il s'agisse de policiers&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'enseignants&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de travailleurs sociaux ou d'autres fonctionnaires en &lt;/del&gt;contact &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;direct avec le &lt;/del&gt;public, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;possèdent une marge de manœuvre discrétionnaire dans l'&lt;/del&gt;application &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des politiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ils ont le pouvoir d'interpréter les règles et de décider comment les appliquer dans des &lt;/del&gt;situations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;spécifiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette &lt;/del&gt;latitude &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peut être utilisée pour façonner&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;modifier ou même contrecarrer les &lt;/del&gt;intentions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;initiales de la politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans le domaine de l'éducation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un enseignant peut choisir d'interpréter et d'appliquer les directives du programme d'une manière qui reflète ses propres convictions ou la réalité spécifique de sa classe&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De même&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un policier peut choisir d'appliquer la loi de manière sélective ou à partir de sa propre interprétation des règles&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De plus&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la résistance à la mise en œuvre peut également être une forme de rétroaction de la base vers le sommet&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les bureaucrates de terrain&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;confrontés à la réalité quotidienne de la mise en œuvre des politiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peuvent identifier des problèmes ou des &lt;/del&gt;obstacles &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;imprévus qui n'étaient pas apparents lors de la formulation de la politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Leurs réactions peuvent donc offrir des enseignements précieux pour l'amélioration des politiques futures&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il est donc &lt;/del&gt;crucial &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour les décideurs de prendre en compte cette dynamique lors de l'élaboration des politiques publiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une bonne compréhension de la réalité de terrain&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des mécanismes de mise en œuvre et des potentiels de résistance peuvent grandement contribuer à la réussite de la politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour ce faire&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il peut être bénéfique d'impliquer les acteurs de terrain dès la &lt;/del&gt;phase &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'élaboration des politiques et de mettre en &lt;/del&gt;place &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des mécanismes de suivi et de &lt;/del&gt;feedback &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;afin d'adapter la politique en temps réel et de garantir son efficacité&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;When drawing up a public policy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;decision-makers need to bear in mind that&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;during the implementation &lt;/ins&gt;phase, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they may come up against resistance from the bureaucrats on the ground&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;i.e. those responsible for putting the policy into practice on the ground&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These field bureaucrats&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;whether they are police officers&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;teachers&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;social workers or other civil servants in direct &lt;/ins&gt;contact &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;with the &lt;/ins&gt;public, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;have a discretionary margin of manoeuvre in the &lt;/ins&gt;application &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of policies&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;They have the power to interpret the rules and decide how to apply them in specific &lt;/ins&gt;situations. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This &lt;/ins&gt;latitude &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;can be used to shape&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;modify or even thwart the original &lt;/ins&gt;intentions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of the policy&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in education&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a teacher may choose to interpret and apply curriculum guidelines in a way that reflects his or her own beliefs or the specific reality of the classroom&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Similarly&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a police officer may choose to enforce the law selectively or on the basis of his or her own interpretation of the rules&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Furthermore&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;resistance to enforcement can also be a form of bottom-up feedback&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Bureaucrats on the ground&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;faced with the day-to-day reality of policy implementation&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;may identify unforeseen problems or &lt;/ins&gt;obstacles &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that were not apparent when the policy was formulated&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Their reactions can therefore offer valuable lessons for improving future policies&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is therefore &lt;/ins&gt;crucial &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;for decision-makers to take this dynamic into account when formulating public policy&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A good understanding of the reality on the ground&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the mechanisms of implementation and the potential for resistance can greatly contribute to the success of the policy&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;To achieve this&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;it can be beneficial to involve stakeholders on the ground from the policy development &lt;/ins&gt;phase &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;onwards, and to put in &lt;/ins&gt;place &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;monitoring and &lt;/ins&gt;feedback &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mechanisms to adapt the policy in real time and guarantee its effectiveness&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Michael Lipsky, dans son ouvrage &amp;quot;Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Service&amp;quot;, publié en 1980, a mis en évidence le rôle crucial que jouent les bureaucrates de terrain dans la mise en œuvre effective des politiques publiques.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;LIPSKY, MICHAEL. ''Street Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services''. Russell Sage Foundation, 1980. ''JSTOR'', &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610447713&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Selon lui, les décisions prises par ces acteurs, les routines qu'ils établissent et les stratégies qu'ils développent pour faire face aux incertitudes et aux pressions du travail deviennent, en réalité, les politiques publiques qu'ils mettent en œuvre : « I argue that the decisions of street-level bureaucrats, the routines they establish, and the devices they invent to cope with uncertainties and work pressures, effectively become the public policies they carry out. I argue that public policy is not best understood as made in legislatures or top-floor suites of high-ranking administrators, because in important ways it is actually made in the crowded offices and daily encounters of street-level workers ».&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Michael Lipsky, dans son ouvrage &amp;quot;Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Service&amp;quot;, publié en 1980, a mis en évidence le rôle crucial que jouent les bureaucrates de terrain dans la mise en œuvre effective des politiques publiques.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;LIPSKY, MICHAEL. ''Street Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services''. Russell Sage Foundation, 1980. ''JSTOR'', &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610447713&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Selon lui, les décisions prises par ces acteurs, les routines qu'ils établissent et les stratégies qu'ils développent pour faire face aux incertitudes et aux pressions du travail deviennent, en réalité, les politiques publiques qu'ils mettent en œuvre : « I argue that the decisions of street-level bureaucrats, the routines they establish, and the devices they invent to cope with uncertainties and work pressures, effectively become the public policies they carry out. I argue that public policy is not best understood as made in legislatures or top-floor suites of high-ranking administrators, because in important ways it is actually made in the crowded offices and daily encounters of street-level workers ».&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=58394&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Bureaucracy &quot;on the ground&quot; */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=58394&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-06-30T13:15:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Bureaucracy &amp;quot;on the ground&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 30 juin 2023 à 15:15&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l113&quot;&gt;Ligne 113 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 113 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= Bureaucracy &amp;quot;on the ground&amp;quot; =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= Bureaucracy &amp;quot;on the ground&amp;quot; =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{{Article détaillé|Administration et mise en œuvre des politiques publiques{{!}}La théorie de la Street-Level Bureaucracy (SLB)}}&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Concept &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et définition &lt;/del&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Concept &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and definition &lt;/ins&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En plus du fédéralisme d’exécution&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un autre facteur explicatif des difficultés liées à la mise en œuvre des politiques est le rôle des &lt;/del&gt;&amp;quot;street-level bureaucrats&amp;quot; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou des &lt;/del&gt;agents &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de première ligne&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;également connus sous le nom d'&lt;/del&gt;agents &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;au guichet&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce sont les individus qui travaillent quotidiennement avec les bénéficiaires des politiques publiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et ils ont souvent une large discrétion dans la façon dont ils appliquent les &lt;/del&gt;directives &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et les réglementations&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces &lt;/del&gt;agents &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de première ligne peuvent inclure divers professionnels tels que les travailleurs sociaux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les enseignants&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les policiers, et bien d'autres&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Leur &lt;/del&gt;interaction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quotidienne avec les citoyens leur donne une &lt;/del&gt;perspective &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;unique sur les effets des politiques sur le terrain&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par conséquent, ils peuvent jouer un rôle décisif dans la façon dont les politiques sont mises en œuvre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souvent en adaptant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en interprétant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou même en modifiant les &lt;/del&gt;directives &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour répondre aux besoins spécifiques des individus avec lesquels ils travaillent&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In addition to executive federalism&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;another factor explaining the difficulties associated with policy implementation is the role of the &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot;street-level bureaucrats&amp;quot; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or front-line &lt;/ins&gt;agents, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;also known as front-office &lt;/ins&gt;agents. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These are the individuals who work on a daily basis with the beneficiaries of public policies&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and they often have a wide discretion in the way they apply &lt;/ins&gt;directives &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and regulations&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These front-line &lt;/ins&gt;agents &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;can include a variety of professionals such as social workers&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;teachers&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;police officers and many others&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Their day-to-day &lt;/ins&gt;interaction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;with citizens gives them a unique &lt;/ins&gt;perspective &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on the effects of policies on the ground&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;As a result&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they can play a decisive role in implementing policies&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;often by adapting&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;interpreting or even modifying &lt;/ins&gt;directives &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to meet the specific needs of the people they work with&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les bureaucrates &lt;/del&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de terrain&amp;quot; sont des fonctionnaires qui interagissent directement et fréquemment avec les citoyens&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ils sont responsables de l'octroi d'autorisations ou de la fourniture de &lt;/del&gt;services. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cependant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un élément clé de leur rôle est leur pouvoir discrétionnaire&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui leur permet d'adapter la mise en œuvre des politiques à des &lt;/del&gt;situations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;spécifiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les directives et les règles qu'ils sont chargés de mettre en œuvre ne sont souvent pas suffisamment détaillées pour couvrir toutes les &lt;/del&gt;situations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;possibles&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par conséquent&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ces bureaucrates ont la liberté d'interpréter et d'appliquer ces règles de manière flexible&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en fonction de leur jugement personnel&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De plus&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ces fonctionnaires bénéficient souvent d'une certaine autonomie par rapport à leur hiérarchie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui renforce leur pouvoir discrétionnaire&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela signifie qu'ils ont la liberté de prendre des décisions sans avoir à obtenir l'approbation préalable de leurs supérieurs&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'est cette combinaison de pouvoir discrétionnaire et d'autonomie qui permet à ces bureaucrates de terrain d'avoir une &lt;/del&gt;influence &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;significative sur la façon dont les politiques sont mises en œuvre&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Field&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;bureaucrats are civil servants who interact directly and frequently with citizens&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;They are responsible for granting authorisations or providing &lt;/ins&gt;services. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a key element of their role is their discretion&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which allows them to tailor the implementation of policies to specific &lt;/ins&gt;situations. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The guidelines and rules they are charged with implementing are often not detailed enough to cover all possible &lt;/ins&gt;situations. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;As a result&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;these bureaucrats have the freedom to interpret and apply these rules flexibly&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;according to their personal judgement&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Moreover&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;these officials often enjoy a degree of autonomy from their superiors&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;reinforcing their discretionary power&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This means that they have the freedom to make decisions without having to obtain prior approval from their superiors&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is this combination of discretionary power and autonomy that enables these field bureaucrats to have a significant &lt;/ins&gt;influence &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on the way policies are implemented&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Appliquer les attributs précédemment mentionnés - interaction régulière et directe avec les citoyens, pouvoir d'interprétation et discrétion - nous mène à comprendre que de nombreux fonctionnaires jouent un rôle déterminant. Parmi eux, on compte les enseignants, les professeurs d'université, les policiers, les travailleurs sociaux, les juges, et le personnel soignant. Ces bureaucrates de terrain se retrouvent souvent face à une multitude de situations pour lesquelles les directives de la politique publique qu'ils mettent en œuvre ne peuvent pas prévoir chaque détail. Les situations concrètes et individuelles auxquelles ils sont confrontés sont si variées que c'est à eux d'évaluer en temps réel les meilleures actions à entreprendre. Cela peut aller de la décision d'imposer ou non une sanction, de fournir ou de refuser un soin, de sélectionner un sujet particulier à discuter ou non, et ainsi de suite. Ainsi, il leur revient de prendre des décisions instantanées selon les situations rencontrées : déterminer s'il faut appliquer une sanction ou pas, décider de prodiguer des soins ou non, opter pour un sujet particulier à traiter ou le mettre de côté, et ainsi de suite.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Appliquer les attributs précédemment mentionnés - interaction régulière et directe avec les citoyens, pouvoir d'interprétation et discrétion - nous mène à comprendre que de nombreux fonctionnaires jouent un rôle déterminant. Parmi eux, on compte les enseignants, les professeurs d'université, les policiers, les travailleurs sociaux, les juges, et le personnel soignant. Ces bureaucrates de terrain se retrouvent souvent face à une multitude de situations pour lesquelles les directives de la politique publique qu'ils mettent en œuvre ne peuvent pas prévoir chaque détail. Les situations concrètes et individuelles auxquelles ils sont confrontés sont si variées que c'est à eux d'évaluer en temps réel les meilleures actions à entreprendre. Cela peut aller de la décision d'imposer ou non une sanction, de fournir ou de refuser un soin, de sélectionner un sujet particulier à discuter ou non, et ainsi de suite. Ainsi, il leur revient de prendre des décisions instantanées selon les situations rencontrées : déterminer s'il faut appliquer une sanction ou pas, décider de prodiguer des soins ou non, opter pour un sujet particulier à traiter ou le mettre de côté, et ainsi de suite.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=58393&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Fédéralisme d'exécution - diversité et déficits dans les cantons */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=58393&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-06-30T13:14:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Fédéralisme d&amp;#039;exécution - diversité et déficits dans les cantons&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;amp;diff=58393&amp;amp;oldid=58392&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=58392&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Implementation: an open and complex process */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=58392&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-06-30T12:27:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Implementation: an open and complex process&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 30 juin 2023 à 14:27&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l19&quot;&gt;Ligne 19 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 19 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= Implementation: an open and complex process =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= Implementation: an open and complex process =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les études de mise en œuvre ont commencé à prendre forme en tant que &lt;/del&gt;discipline &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;distincte au sein des sciences politiques aux États-Unis dans les années 1970 et 1980&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Elles ont été inspirées par une série de travaux académiques visant à comprendre pourquoi certaines politiques publiques ne produisaient pas les résultats escomptés une fois mises en œuvre&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est la &amp;quot;école de la mise en œuvre&amp;quot; qui &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;réellement formalisé le sujet comme une branche distincte d'étude&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les chercheurs de cette école ont commencé à examiner le processus de mise en œuvre non plus comme une simple exécution des &lt;/del&gt;directives &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais comme une &lt;/del&gt;phase &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;complexe et multidimensionnelle du processus politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;impliquant de multiples acteurs&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;niveaux de gouvernement et dynamiques de pouvoir&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Des chercheurs comme &lt;/del&gt;Jeffrey Pressman, Aaron Wildavsky &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;James Q. Wilson &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ont contribué à la théorie de la mise en œuvre avec des travaux influents&lt;/del&gt;. Pressman &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Wildavsky, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ont écrit &lt;/del&gt;&amp;quot;Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington Are Dashed in Oakland&amp;quot; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en &lt;/del&gt;1973, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un ouvrage souvent cité comme le premier livre majeur sur le sujet&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Derthick, M. (1974). Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington are Dashed in Oakland; Or, Why It's Amazing that Federal Programs Work at All, This Being a Saga of the Economic Development Administration as Told by Two Sympathetic Observers Who Seek to Build Morals on a Foundation of Ruined Hopes. By Jeffrey L. Pressman and Aaron Wildavsky&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/del&gt;(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pp&lt;/del&gt;. xviii, 182. $7.50.). ''American Political Science Review,'' ''68''(3), 1336-1337. doi:10.2307/1959201&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces travaux ont ouvert la voie à une compréhension plus nuancée de la mise en œuvre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en reconnaissant que la &lt;/del&gt;phase &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de mise en œuvre est en soi un processus politique complexe&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souvent marqué par des conflits&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des négociations et des compromis&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Implementation studies began to take shape as a distinct &lt;/ins&gt;discipline &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;within political science in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It was inspired by a series of academic works aimed at understanding why certain public policies did not produce the expected results once they had been implemented&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It was the 'implementation school&lt;/ins&gt;' &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that really formalised the subject as &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;distinct branch of study&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Researchers in this school began to examine the implementation process not simply as the execution of policy &lt;/ins&gt;directives, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but as a complex and multidimensional &lt;/ins&gt;phase &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of the policy process&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;involving multiple actors&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;levels of government and power dynamics&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Researchers such as &lt;/ins&gt;Jeffrey Pressman, Aaron Wildavsky &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;James Q. Wilson &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;have contributed influential work to implementation theory&lt;/ins&gt;. Pressman &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Wildavsky, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;for example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;wrote &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot;Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington Are Dashed in Oakland&amp;quot; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in &lt;/ins&gt;1973, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a work often cited as the first major book on the subject&lt;/ins&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Derthick, M. (1974). Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington are Dashed in Oakland; Or, Why It's Amazing that Federal Programs Work at All, This Being a Saga of the Economic Development Administration as Told by Two Sympathetic Observers Who Seek to Build Morals on a Foundation of Ruined Hopes. By Jeffrey L. Pressman and Aaron Wildavsky (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pp&lt;/ins&gt;. xviii, 182. $7.50.). ''American Political Science Review,'' ''68''(3), 1336-1337. doi:10.2307/1959201&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This work has paved the way for a more nuanced understanding of implementation&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;recognizing that the implementation &lt;/ins&gt;phase &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is itself a complex political process&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;often marked by conflict&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;negotiation, and compromise&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington Are Dashed in Oakland; Or, Why It's Amazing that Federal Programs Work at All, This Being a Saga ... Morals on a Foundation&amp;quot; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est une œuvre fondatrice qui &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;véritablement lancé le domaine d'étude de la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Écrit par &lt;/del&gt;Jeffrey L. Pressman &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Aaron Wildavsky &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en &lt;/del&gt;1973, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce livre expose les défis complexes et souvent surprenants que présentent la mise en œuvre de politiques publiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le sous-titre du livre soulève une &lt;/del&gt;question &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;centrale &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comment les grandes attentes formulées à &lt;/del&gt;Washington &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peuvent se heurter à la réalité sur le terrain à &lt;/del&gt;Oakland. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il met en lumière le décalage potentiel entre la &lt;/del&gt;formulation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'une politique &lt;/del&gt;(&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'&lt;/del&gt;intention) &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et sa mise en œuvre effective &lt;/del&gt;(&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la réalité&lt;/del&gt;). &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela pose des &lt;/del&gt;questions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sur l'efficacité des &lt;/del&gt;programmes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fédéraux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;étant donné la complexité du processus de mise en œuvre&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En révélant cette complexité&lt;/del&gt;, Pressman &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Wildavsky &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ont ouvert la voie à une &lt;/del&gt;multitude &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'études sur la mise en œuvre&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces travaux ont cherché à comprendre les nombreux rouages nécessaires à une mise en œuvre réussie et à mettre en lumière les nombreux &lt;/del&gt;obstacles &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pouvant entraver ce processus&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En faisant cela&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils ont contribué à une compréhension plus nuancée de la politique publique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui reconnaît la mise en œuvre comme une &lt;/del&gt;phase &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;essentielle et distincte du processus politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plutôt que comme une simple formalité une fois la décision politique prise&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington Are Dashed in Oakland; Or, Why It's Amazing that Federal Programs Work at All, This Being a Saga ... Morals on a Foundation&amp;quot; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;seminal work that truly launched the field of study of public policy implementation&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Written by &lt;/ins&gt;Jeffrey L. Pressman &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Aaron Wildavsky &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in &lt;/ins&gt;1973, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the book exposes the complex and often surprising challenges of implementing public policy&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The book's subtitle raises a central &lt;/ins&gt;question: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;how the high expectations formulated in &lt;/ins&gt;Washington &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;can clash with the reality on the ground in &lt;/ins&gt;Oakland. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It highlights the potential gap between the &lt;/ins&gt;formulation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of a policy &lt;/ins&gt;(&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the &lt;/ins&gt;intention) &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and its actual implementation &lt;/ins&gt;(&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the reality&lt;/ins&gt;). &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This raises &lt;/ins&gt;questions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;about the effectiveness of federal &lt;/ins&gt;programmes, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;given the complexity of the implementation process&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;By revealing this complexity&lt;/ins&gt;, Pressman &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Wildavsky &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;paved the way for a &lt;/ins&gt;multitude &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of studies on implementation&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These studies have sought to understand the many nuts and bolts of successful implementation and to highlight the many &lt;/ins&gt;obstacles &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that can impede the process&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In doing so&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they have contributed to a more nuanced understanding of public policy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;one that recognises implementation as an essential and distinct &lt;/ins&gt;phase &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of the policy process&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rather than a mere formality once the policy decision has been made&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La définition presque canonique de la mise en œuvre est un processus &lt;/del&gt;social &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;au cours duquel les acteurs font valoir leurs intérêts&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;leurs pouvoirs et leurs possibilités d’influence&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette définition  éclaire bien la complexité et la dynamique de ce processus&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En effet&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la mise en œuvre est souvent perçue comme un processus &lt;/del&gt;social &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;impliquant divers acteurs qui cherchent à promouvoir leurs intérêts&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à exercer leur pouvoir et à utiliser leurs moyens d'&lt;/del&gt;influence. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les lois&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les ordonnances et autres &lt;/del&gt;prescriptions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ne sont pas simplement des règles figées à appliquer &lt;/del&gt;; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elles constituent plutôt des offres normatives que les différents acteurs peuvent interpréter et utiliser de diverses manières pour atteindre leurs objectifs&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;autres termes, ces &amp;quot;offres&amp;quot; servent de ressources que les acteurs sur le terrain peuvent exploiter&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;modifier&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;adapter ou même contester&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en fonction de leurs propres intérêts et de la manière dont ils perçoivent ces offres normatives&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette &lt;/del&gt;perspective &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souligne l'&lt;/del&gt;importance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des acteurs de terrain dans la détermination du contenu réel d'une politique publique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les décisions qu'ils prennent&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les stratégies qu'ils adoptent et les interprétations qu'ils font des prescriptions légales peuvent influencer de manière significative le résultat &lt;/del&gt;final &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la mise en œuvre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et par conséquent, l'&lt;/del&gt;impact &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;effectif de la politique publique sur la société&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The almost canonical definition of implementation is a &lt;/ins&gt;social &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;process in which actors assert their interests&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;powers and opportunities for influence&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This definition highlights the complexity and dynamics of the process&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Indeed&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;implementation is often perceived as a &lt;/ins&gt;social &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;process involving various players seeking to promote their interests&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;exercise their power and use their means of &lt;/ins&gt;influence. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Laws&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ordinances and other &lt;/ins&gt;prescriptions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;are not simply fixed rules to be applied&lt;/ins&gt;; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rather, they are normative offers that different actors can interpret and use in different ways to achieve their objectives&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In other words, these 'offers&lt;/ins&gt;' &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;serve as resources that actors in the field can exploit&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;modify&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;adapt or even challenge&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;depending on their own interests and the way they perceive these normative offers&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This &lt;/ins&gt;perspective &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;underlines the &lt;/ins&gt;importance &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of actors on the ground in determining the actual content of a public policy&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The decisions they take&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the strategies they adopt and the interpretations they make of legal requirements can significantly influence the &lt;/ins&gt;final &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;outcome of implementation&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and therefore the actual &lt;/ins&gt;impact &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of public policy on society&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Décrire la mise en œuvre comme un &amp;quot;jeu d'implémentation&amp;quot; ou &lt;/del&gt;&amp;quot;implementation game&amp;quot; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souligne bien son caractère négocié&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;stratégique et interactif&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Plutôt que d'être un &lt;/del&gt;simple &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;processus d'application mécanique de la loi&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la mise en œuvre est un processus dynamique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans lequel différents acteurs interagissent&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;négocient&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;coopèrent et parfois s'opposent&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;afin de faire avancer leurs intérêts et leurs objectifs&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce &amp;quot;jeu&amp;quot; peut impliquer un large éventail d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;acteurs&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;y compris les responsables de la mise en œuvre au sein de l'&lt;/del&gt;administration &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;publique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les bénéficiaires de la politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les groupes d'intérêt&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les fournisseurs de services et d'autres parties prenantes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Chacun de ces acteurs peut avoir des intérêts&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des priorités et des &lt;/del&gt;perspectives &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;différents&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et peut utiliser des stratégies différentes pour influencer le processus de mise en œuvre et ses résultats&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette &lt;/del&gt;perspective &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;met en évidence l'aspect ouvert et complexe de la mise en œuvre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en montrant que c'est un processus qui est façonné par des &lt;/del&gt;interactions, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des négociations et des conflits continus entre différents acteurs&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Elle souligne également le caractère incertain et imprévisible de la mise en œuvre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;car le résultat du &amp;quot;jeu d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;implémentation&amp;quot; peut dépendre de nombreux facteurs&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;y compris des dynamiques de pouvoir&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des ressources disponibles&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des &lt;/del&gt;conditions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;contextuelles et des événements imprévus&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Describing implementation as an &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot;implementation game&amp;quot; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;underlines its negotiated&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;strategic and interactive nature&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Rather than being a &lt;/ins&gt;simple &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;process of mechanically applying the law&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;implementation is a dynamic process&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in which different actors interact&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;negotiate&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cooperate and sometimes oppose each other&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in order to advance their interests and objectives&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This 'game&lt;/ins&gt;' &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;can involve a wide range of actors&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;including implementers within the public &lt;/ins&gt;administration, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;policy beneficiaries&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;interest groups&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;service providers and other stakeholders&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Each of these actors may have different interests&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;priorities and &lt;/ins&gt;perspectives, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and may use different strategies to influence the implementation process and its outcomes&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This &lt;/ins&gt;perspective &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;highlights the open and complex nature of implementation&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;showing that it is a process that is shaped by ongoing &lt;/ins&gt;interactions, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;negotiations and conflicts between different actors&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It also highlights the uncertain and unpredictable nature of implementation&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as the outcome of the 'implementation game&lt;/ins&gt;' &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;may depend on many factors&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;including power dynamics&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;available resources&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;contextual &lt;/ins&gt;conditions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and unforeseen events&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= Fédéralisme d'exécution - diversité et déficits dans les cantons =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= Fédéralisme d'exécution - diversité et déficits dans les cantons =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=58391&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur le 30 juin 2023 à 12:27</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=58391&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-06-30T12:27:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 30 juin 2023 à 14:27&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l14&quot;&gt;Ligne 14 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 14 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'objectif principal de cette analyse est d'explorer le parcours d'une loi&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;depuis sa &lt;/del&gt;formulation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;jusqu'à sa phase d'&lt;/del&gt;application &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et d'exécution&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;généralement orchestrée par les &lt;/del&gt;institutions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;publiques&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The main objective of this analysis is to explore the path taken by a law&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;from its &lt;/ins&gt;formulation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to its &lt;/ins&gt;application &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and enforcement&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;generally orchestrated by public &lt;/ins&gt;institutions.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour approfondir cette problématique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;notre étude se décline en trois &lt;/del&gt;segments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;distincts &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En premier lieu&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nous reviendrons sur la &lt;/del&gt;notion &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de mise en œuvre dans le contexte de l'analyse des politiques publiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Essentiellement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c'est un processus dynamique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souvent sujet à des &lt;/del&gt;tensions, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui a le potentiel de transformer radicalement les décisions prises lors de la création de la loi&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En deuxième lieu&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nous nous pencherons sur un &lt;/del&gt;aspect &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;particulier en nous référant à la &lt;/del&gt;situation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en Suisse&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus précisément à ce que l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on désigne sous le terme de « &lt;/del&gt;polity &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;» qui correspond à la &lt;/del&gt;structure &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;institutionnelle fédéraliste du pays&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans cette dynamique fédérale&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la Confédération élabore les lois&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais ce sont les &lt;/del&gt;cantons &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et les communes qui les mettent en pratique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette disposition singulière peut engendrer un ensemble de défis mais aussi d'avantages dans le processus d'&lt;/del&gt;application. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En dernier lieu&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nous mettrons l'accent sur l'&lt;/del&gt;importance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la prise en compte du terrain lors de l'évaluation des actions d'application&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Plus précisément&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nous examinerons le comportement des fonctionnaires sur le terrain&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que ce soit dans la rue ou derrière un comptoir&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Plutôt que de se focaliser sur des théories abstraites&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nous appuierons nos &lt;/del&gt;arguments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sur des exemples tangibles&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;To explore this issue further&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;our study is divided into three distinct &lt;/ins&gt;segments: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;First&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we will return to the &lt;/ins&gt;notion &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of implementation in the context of public policy analysis&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Essentially&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;it is a dynamic process&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;often subject to &lt;/ins&gt;tensions, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which has the potential to radically transform the decisions taken when the law was created&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Secondly&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we will look at one particular &lt;/ins&gt;aspect &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;with reference to the &lt;/ins&gt;situation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in Switzerland&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;more specifically what is known as the &lt;/ins&gt;'polity&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;', which corresponds to the country's federalist institutional &lt;/ins&gt;structure. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In this federal dynamic&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the Confederation draws up the laws&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but it is the &lt;/ins&gt;cantons &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and municipalities that put them into practice&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This unique arrangement can give rise to a number of challenges, as well as advantages, in the &lt;/ins&gt;application &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;process&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Finally&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we will emphasise the &lt;/ins&gt;importance &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of taking account of the local situation when evaluating enforcement measures&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;More specifically&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we will examine the behaviour of officials in the field&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;whether on the street or behind a counter&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Rather than focusing on abstract theories&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we will back up our &lt;/ins&gt;arguments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;with tangible examples&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La mise en œuvre &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un processus ouvert et complexe &lt;/del&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Implementation&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;an open and complex process &lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Les études de mise en œuvre ont commencé à prendre forme en tant que discipline distincte au sein des sciences politiques aux États-Unis dans les années 1970 et 1980. Elles ont été inspirées par une série de travaux académiques visant à comprendre pourquoi certaines politiques publiques ne produisaient pas les résultats escomptés une fois mises en œuvre. C'est la &amp;quot;école de la mise en œuvre&amp;quot; qui a réellement formalisé le sujet comme une branche distincte d'étude. Les chercheurs de cette école ont commencé à examiner le processus de mise en œuvre non plus comme une simple exécution des directives politiques, mais comme une phase complexe et multidimensionnelle du processus politique, impliquant de multiples acteurs, niveaux de gouvernement et dynamiques de pouvoir. Des chercheurs comme Jeffrey Pressman, Aaron Wildavsky et James Q. Wilson ont contribué à la théorie de la mise en œuvre avec des travaux influents. Pressman et Wildavsky, par exemple, ont écrit &amp;quot;Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington Are Dashed in Oakland&amp;quot; en 1973, un ouvrage souvent cité comme le premier livre majeur sur le sujet.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Derthick, M. (1974). Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington are Dashed in Oakland; Or, Why It's Amazing that Federal Programs Work at All, This Being a Saga of the Economic Development Administration as Told by Two Sympathetic Observers Who Seek to Build Morals on a Foundation of Ruined Hopes. By Jeffrey L. Pressman and Aaron Wildavsky. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. Pp. xviii, 182. $7.50.). ''American Political Science Review,'' ''68''(3), 1336-1337. doi:10.2307/1959201&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ces travaux ont ouvert la voie à une compréhension plus nuancée de la mise en œuvre, en reconnaissant que la phase de mise en œuvre est en soi un processus politique complexe, souvent marqué par des conflits, des négociations et des compromis.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Les études de mise en œuvre ont commencé à prendre forme en tant que discipline distincte au sein des sciences politiques aux États-Unis dans les années 1970 et 1980. Elles ont été inspirées par une série de travaux académiques visant à comprendre pourquoi certaines politiques publiques ne produisaient pas les résultats escomptés une fois mises en œuvre. C'est la &amp;quot;école de la mise en œuvre&amp;quot; qui a réellement formalisé le sujet comme une branche distincte d'étude. Les chercheurs de cette école ont commencé à examiner le processus de mise en œuvre non plus comme une simple exécution des directives politiques, mais comme une phase complexe et multidimensionnelle du processus politique, impliquant de multiples acteurs, niveaux de gouvernement et dynamiques de pouvoir. Des chercheurs comme Jeffrey Pressman, Aaron Wildavsky et James Q. Wilson ont contribué à la théorie de la mise en œuvre avec des travaux influents. Pressman et Wildavsky, par exemple, ont écrit &amp;quot;Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington Are Dashed in Oakland&amp;quot; en 1973, un ouvrage souvent cité comme le premier livre majeur sur le sujet.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Derthick, M. (1974). Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington are Dashed in Oakland; Or, Why It's Amazing that Federal Programs Work at All, This Being a Saga of the Economic Development Administration as Told by Two Sympathetic Observers Who Seek to Build Morals on a Foundation of Ruined Hopes. By Jeffrey L. Pressman and Aaron Wildavsky. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. Pp. xviii, 182. $7.50.). ''American Political Science Review,'' ''68''(3), 1336-1337. doi:10.2307/1959201&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ces travaux ont ouvert la voie à une compréhension plus nuancée de la mise en œuvre, en reconnaissant que la phase de mise en œuvre est en soi un processus politique complexe, souvent marqué par des conflits, des négociations et des compromis.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=58390&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur le 30 juin 2023 à 12:26</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=58390&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-06-30T12:26:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;amp;diff=58390&amp;amp;oldid=51106&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=51106&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur le 29 juillet 2021 à 09:18</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_Implementation_and_Evaluation&amp;diff=51106&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2021-07-29T09:18:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 29 juillet 2021 à 11:18&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l20&quot;&gt;Ligne 20 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 20 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The first example is a current example of how hunting is regulated in Switzerland. If we look at how hunting and wildlife are regulated, there is a fairly impressive diversity and what we call a &amp;quot;federalist laboratory&amp;quot;, which means that the cantons are experimenting with different ways of regulating hunting. Why? The federal government says in the Constitution that there is a public monopoly on the allocation of hunting rights, but it is up to the cantons to determine which hunting regime they will actually be able to implement in order to regulate who can hunt, but also with what intensity. The Confederation limits itself to certain things such as protected species, (we do not have the right to shoot anything), usable weapons, or the use of traps; when we analyse public policies, we enter very different areas. So how did the cantons decide to regulate hunting, in view of the great room for manoeuvre afforded them by the Federal Constitution, and therefore by federal policy?  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The first example is a current example of how hunting is regulated in Switzerland. If we look at how hunting and wildlife are regulated, there is a fairly impressive diversity and what we call a &amp;quot;federalist laboratory&amp;quot;, which means that the cantons are experimenting with different ways of regulating hunting. Why? The federal government says in the Constitution that there is a public monopoly on the allocation of hunting rights, but it is up to the cantons to determine which hunting regime they will actually be able to implement in order to regulate who can hunt, but also with what intensity. The Confederation limits itself to certain things such as protected species, (we do not have the right to shoot anything), usable weapons, or the use of traps; when we analyse public policies, we enter very different areas. So how did the cantons decide to regulate hunting, in view of the great room for manoeuvre afforded them by the Federal Constitution, and therefore by federal policy?  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:The &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;geopgrahical &lt;/del&gt;distribution of hunting systems in switzerland.png|400px|vignette|centré]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:The &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;geographical &lt;/ins&gt;distribution of hunting systems in switzerland.png|400px|vignette|centré]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;This map of Switzerland shows that there are three main ways of regulating hunting. There is a national exception in Geneva where hunting is prohibited. There is a system of more alpine Romanesque cantons and the two cantons of Appenzell Inner and External Rhodes in which the regulation mode is the permits, so to hunt it is necessary to have a permit, and finally the Swiss German-speaking cantons have opted for a third type of management mode which is called &amp;quot;leasing&amp;quot;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;This map of Switzerland shows that there are three main ways of regulating hunting. There is a national exception in Geneva where hunting is prohibited. There is a system of more alpine Romanesque cantons and the two cantons of Appenzell Inner and External Rhodes in which the regulation mode is the permits, so to hunt it is necessary to have a permit, and finally&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/ins&gt;the Swiss German-speaking cantons have opted for a third type of management mode which is called &amp;quot;leasing&amp;quot;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the case of the canton of Geneva, there is a ban on hunting for private individuals. Only gamekeepers who, since the adoption of this regulation in Geneva, can actually kill animals. This translates into very high costs, since game wardens must be hired to regulate wildlife. This is also reflected in the absence of perception of the hunting regal in the sense that no licences are sold, so there is no financial income; and this is also reflected in the effects that some have denounced as a poorly conducted hunting ethic. Hunting ethics brings together the main principles that hunters should respect, such as, for example, the fact that it is not necessary to shoot at night with infrared rifles. This is prohibited by law even at the federal level, but in Geneva, if we hunt during the day, there is a risk of accidents, so they shoot at night without complying with the law, but that is the price to pay to actually implement this ban on hunting.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the case of the canton of Geneva, there is a ban on hunting for private individuals. Only gamekeepers who, since the adoption of this regulation in Geneva, can actually kill animals. This translates into very high costs, since game wardens must be hired to regulate wildlife. This is also reflected in the absence of perception of the hunting regal in the sense that no licences are sold, so there is no financial income; and this is also reflected in the effects that some have denounced as a poorly conducted hunting ethic. Hunting ethics brings together the main principles that hunters should respect, such as, for example, the fact that it is not necessary to shoot at night with infrared rifles. This is prohibited by law even at the federal level, but in Geneva, if we hunt during the day, there is a risk of accidents, so they shoot at night without complying with the law, but that is the price to pay to actually implement this ban on hunting.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>