Middle East Geopolitics - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* Articles */

2018-12-17T17:23:27Z

Articles

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	*"Moyen-Orient Et Pays Limitrophes Géographie." Moyen-Orient Et Pays Limitrophes Géographie. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://le-lutin-savant.com/g-moyen-orient-geographie.html>.		*"Moyen-Orient Et Pays Limitrophes Géographie." Moyen-Orient Et Pays Limitrophes Géographie. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 July 2014. <http://le-lutin-savant.com/g-moyen-orient-geographie.html>.
	*Foreign Policy,. (2015). Forget Sykes-Picot. It’s the Treaty of Sèvres That Explains the Modern Middle East.. Retrieved 11 August 2015, from https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/08/10/sykes-picot-treaty-of-sevres-modern-turkey-middle-east-borders-turkey/		*Foreign Policy,. (2015). Forget Sykes-Picot. It’s the Treaty of Sèvres That Explains the Modern Middle East.. Retrieved 11 August 2015, from https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/08/10/sykes-picot-treaty-of-sevres-modern-turkey-middle-east-borders-turkey/
			*W.P. Deac. ‘Duel for the Suez Canal.’ Military History, Vol. 18 Issue 1. Apr2001, pp. 58- 64.
			*P.H.J. Davies. 2012. Intelligence and Government in Britain and the United States, Vol. 2. ‘Ch 7: The Great Centralization, 1957-66’, pp. 163-177.
			*R.J. Aldrich. 2001. The Hidden Hand. ‘Ch 21: Defeat in the Middle East: Iran and Suez’, pp. 464-494.
			*W.S. Lucas. ‘The missing link? Patrick Dean, Chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee.’ Contemporary British History. Vol.13 No. 2. 1999, pp. 117-125.
			*P. Cradock. 2002. Know Your Enemy: How the JIC Saw the World. ‘Ch 18. Intelligence and Policy.

	= References =		= References =

Arthur : /* Conclusion : 1993 ou l’année des trois paradigmes pour l’après-guerre froide */

2018-02-12T18:00:42Z

Conclusion : 1993 ou l’année des trois paradigmes pour l’après-guerre froide

← Version précédente		Version du 12 février 2018 à 20:00
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	The overthrow of the Iraqi regime becomes a necessity which is being revived after 11 September 2001 with the ambition of destroying the Iraqi regime. The passage through September 11 is very important to understand what will happen.		The overthrow of the Iraqi regime becomes a necessity which is being revived after 11 September 2001 with the ambition of destroying the Iraqi regime. The passage through September 11 is very important to understand what will happen.

	= Conclusion : 1993 ~~ou l’année des trois paradigmes pour l’après~~-~~guerre froide~~ =		= Conclusion: 1993 or the year of the three post-Cold War paradigms =

	[[Fichier:Alain Joxe - L'Empire du chaos.png\|100px\|vignette\|droite\|Alain Joxe - L'Empire du chaos<ref>Joxe, Alain. L'empire Du Chaos:		[[Fichier:Alain Joxe - L'Empire du chaos.png\|100px\|vignette\|droite\|Alain Joxe - L'Empire du chaos<ref>Joxe, Alain. L'empire Du Chaos:

Arthur : /* The concept of pivotal State and its application to Egypt */

2018-02-12T17:13:07Z

The concept of pivotal State and its application to Egypt

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	There are two levels of interest in Egypt:		There are two levels of interest in Egypt:
	contain the Islamist wave and through it any revolutionary demands in the region. Reference to the Iran of Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution. This is based on any revolutionary ideal in counterpoint to the Iranian revolution.		* contain the Islamist wave and through it any revolutionary demands in the region. Reference to the Iran of Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution. This is based on any revolutionary ideal in counterpoint to the Iranian revolution.
	to be an anchor in diplomacy and the peace process with Israel. Without a pivotal state as a bridge state, this diplomacy would be doomed to failure.		* to be an anchor in diplomacy and the peace process with Israel. Without a pivotal state as a bridge state, this diplomacy would be doomed to failure.

	According to Daniel Pipes, Egypt is helping to counterbalance and rebalance the political balance of power in the Middle East. Egypt's entry into the regional geopolitical scene - a powerful negotiating factor with Israel - could be credited to the weakening of the Arab camp and the Palestinians.		According to Daniel Pipes, Egypt is helping to counterbalance and rebalance the political balance of power in the Middle East. Egypt's entry into the regional geopolitical scene - a powerful negotiating factor with Israel - could be credited to the weakening of the Arab camp and the Palestinians.

Arthur le 12 février 2018 à 16:36

2018-02-12T16:36:57Z

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	\| fr = Géopolitique du Moyen-Orient		\| fr = Géopolitique du Moyen-Orient
	\| es = Geopolítica de Oriente Medio		\| es = Geopolítica de Oriente Medio
			\| it = Geopolitica del Medio Oriente
			\| de = Geopolitik des Nahen Ostens
	}}		}}

Arthur le 9 février 2018 à 22:25

2018-02-09T22:25:26Z

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	{{Translations		{{Translations
	\| fr = Géopolitique du Moyen-Orient		\| fr = Géopolitique du Moyen-Orient
			\| es = Geopolítica de Oriente Medio
	}}		}}

Arthur : /* References */

2018-02-09T22:22:11Z

References

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	= References =		= References =
	<references/>		<references />

	[[Category:science~~-politique~~]]		[[Category:political science]]
	[[Category:relations ~~internationales~~]]		[[Category:international relations]]
	[[Category:Rémi Baudoui]]		[[Category:Rémi Baudoui]]
	[[Category:~~sécurité~~]]		[[Category:security]]
	[[Category:~~terrorisme~~]]		[[Category:terrorism]]
	[[Category:2011]]		[[Category:2011]]
	[[Category:2013]]		[[Category:2013]]
	[[Category:2014]]		[[Category:2014]]
	[[Category:2015]]		[[Category:2015]]
			[[Category:2016]]
			[[Category:2017]]
			[[Category:2018]]

Arthur le 8 février 2018 à 16:49

2018-02-08T16:49:02Z

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	* [[Homegrown jihadism: How to prevent terrorist catastrophe?]]		* [[Homegrown jihadism: How to prevent terrorist catastrophe?]]
	}}		}}


	We will reflect on developments in the Middle East and move on to the next phase of the analysis of radical Islamist terrorism.		We will reflect on developments in the Middle East and move on to the next phase of the analysis of radical Islamist terrorism.
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	According to some, it was the American strategist Alfred Mahan who used the word first in an article in the National Review in 1902. Admiral Mahan militates for the development of a fleet that ensures military supremacy to expand its power and capture the resources to guide a military strategy.		According to some, it was the American strategist Alfred Mahan who used the word first in an article in the National Review in 1902. Admiral Mahan militates for the development of a fleet that ensures military supremacy to expand its power and capture the resources to guide a military strategy.

			{{Translations
			\| fr = Géopolitique du Moyen-Orient
			}}

	= The Concept of the Middle East =		= The Concept of the Middle East =

Arthur le 8 février 2018 à 16:42

2018-02-08T16:42:54Z

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	* [[Combating terrorism and rebuilding transatlantic relations]]		* [[Combating terrorism and rebuilding transatlantic relations]]
	* [[Arab Spring Against Terrorism: Issues and Perspectives]]		* [[Arab Spring Against Terrorism: Issues and Perspectives]]
	* [[Homegrown jihadism ": How to prevent terrorist catastrophe?]]		* [[Homegrown jihadism: How to prevent terrorist catastrophe?]]
	}}		}}

Simon le 8 février 2018 à 13:21

2018-02-08T13:21:24Z

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	~~[[Fichier:~~Carte proche-orient + moyent-orient.jpg\|~~350px~~\|~~vignette~~\|~~droite~~\|~~Map~~ of the Middle East.]]		{{Infobox Lecture
			\| image = Carte proche-orient + moyent-orient.jpg
			\| image_caption = Map of the Middle East
			\| faculté = [[Faculté des sciences de la société]]
			\| département = [[Département de science politique et relations internationales]]
			\| professeurs = [[Rémi Baudoui]]<ref>[https://unige.ch/sciences-societe/speri/membres/remi-baudoui/ Page personnelle de Rémi Baudoui sur le site de l'Université de Genève]</ref> (2011 - )
			\| assistants =
			\| enregistrement = [https://mediaserver.unige.ch/collection/AN3-1220-2014-2015.rss 2014], [https://mediaserver.unige.ch/collection/AN3-1220-2014-2015.rss 2015]
			\| cours = [[Terrorism and international relations]]
			\| lectures =
			* [[Terrorism or terrorisms? Some epistemological considerations]]
			* [[National security and counter-terrorism: the example of Latin America]]
			* [[Internationalisation of struggles and emergence of international terrorism]]
			* [[International relations and the fight against international terrorism]]
			* [[The United States and the New International Order]]
			* [[Middle East Geopolitics]]
			* [[September 11, 2001 ruptures]]
			* [[Al-Qaida and the "geopolitics of radical terrorism"]]
			* [[Combating terrorism and rebuilding transatlantic relations]]
			* [[Arab Spring Against Terrorism: Issues and Perspectives]]
			* [[Homegrown jihadism ": How to prevent terrorist catastrophe?]]
			}}


	We will reflect on developments in the Middle East and move on to the next phase of the analysis of radical Islamist terrorism.		We will reflect on developments in the Middle East and move on to the next phase of the analysis of radical Islamist terrorism.

Arthur le 8 février 2018 à 12:25

2018-02-08T12:25:35Z

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	According to some, it was the American strategist Alfred Mahan who used the word first in an article in the National Review in 1902. Admiral Mahan militates for the development of a fleet that ensures military supremacy to expand its power and capture the resources to guide a military strategy.		According to some, it was the American strategist Alfred Mahan who used the word first in an article in the National Review in 1902. Admiral Mahan militates for the development of a fleet that ensures military supremacy to expand its power and capture the resources to guide a military strategy.

	= The ~~concept~~ of the Middle East =		= The Concept of the Middle East =
	It is a concept that contradicts the concept of the Oriental Question in the sense of a questioning of the future of the Orient. Moreover, it is opposed to the French concept of "Pays du Levant" - a geographical and political vision - which postulates a continuity between the geomorphology of Lebanon, Syria and Palestine. From the 1920s and 1930s onwards, the concept of the Middle East was to take root, in particular through the constitution of large oil companies and the constitution and consolidation of political regimes such as, for example, in Saudi Arabia, which was created by Western countries. The quarrel reflects different perspectives on the legitimacy of the policies of the major powers in the region: over time, the concept of the Middle East will supersede that of the Levant. Francophone vision will not survive decolonization.		It is a concept that contradicts the concept of the Oriental Question in the sense of a questioning of the future of the Orient. Moreover, it is opposed to the French concept of "Pays du Levant" - a geographical and political vision - which postulates a continuity between the geomorphology of Lebanon, Syria and Palestine. From the 1920s and 1930s onwards, the concept of the Middle East was to take root, in particular through the constitution of large oil companies and the constitution and consolidation of political regimes such as, for example, in Saudi Arabia, which was created by Western countries. The quarrel reflects different perspectives on the legitimacy of the policies of the major powers in the region: over time, the concept of the Middle East will supersede that of the Levant. Francophone vision will not survive decolonization.

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	Since its launch in 1964 Middle Eastern Studies has become required reading for all those with a serious concern in understanding the modern Middle East.		Since its launch in 1964 Middle Eastern Studies has become required reading for all those with a serious concern in understanding the modern Middle East.

	Middle Eastern Studies ~~provides~~ the most up-to-date academic research on the history and politics of the Arabic-speaking countries in the Middle East and North Africa as well as on Turkey, Iran and Israel, particularly during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries ".		Middle Eastern Studies provide the most up-to-date academic research on the history and politics of the Arabic-speaking countries in the Middle East and North Africa as well as on Turkey, Iran and Israel, particularly during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries ".

	The Middle East is becoming an inescapable concept, particularly with the perception of conflicts between Israel and Arab countries. Israel is an integral part of the Middle East concept, as underlined by Middle Eastern studies.		The Middle East is becoming an inescapable concept, particularly with the perception of conflicts between Israel and Arab countries. Israel is an integral part of the Middle East concept, as underlined by Middle Eastern studies.
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	The first period is a critique of French colonialism. Initially, the United States was to show a well-developed benevolence towards the decolonization political regimes that emancipated themselves from the French and British tutelage in order to move on to conditional release, as with Iraq in 1932 or Egypt in 1937.		The first period is a critique of French colonialism. Initially, the United States was to show a well-developed benevolence towards the decolonization political regimes that emancipated themselves from the French and British tutelage in order to move on to conditional release, as with Iraq in 1932 or Egypt in 1937.

	The acceleration of the American presence in the Middle East comes with the Soviet advance beyond the Black Sea. It is a question of countering the USSR by means of a strategy of ~~Containment~~, that is to say that policies will be put in place to contain the political power of the other by consolidating other states. There is an opposition within the framework of a binary world between "free world" and "communist world".		The acceleration of the American presence in the Middle East comes with the Soviet advance beyond the Black Sea. It is a question of countering the USSR by means of a strategy of containment, that is to say that policies will be put in place to contain the political power of the other by consolidating other states. There is an opposition within the framework of a binary world between "free world" and "communist world".

	== The ~~measures~~ ==		== The Measures ==
	Conventional means are the sale and control of arms sales to the Middle East by France, the United States and Great Britain. On the other hand, we must think of the military presence that will lead to the permanent parking of the Fifth Fleet in the Mediterranean to secure the transit routes for strategic supplies, but also to intimidate or react in the event of threats to its nationals. Strengthen support for Israel, which is seen as an area of stability to think of the Middle East as a powder keg. In the Arab-Israeli wars, Israel has always found strong support from the West for arms and logistics.		Conventional means are the sale and control of arms sales to the Middle East by France, the United States and Great Britain. On the other hand, we must think of the military presence that will lead to the permanent parking of the Fifth Fleet in the Mediterranean to secure the transit routes for strategic supplies, but also to intimidate or react in the event of threats to its nationals. Strengthen support for Israel, which is seen as an area of stability to think of the Middle East as a powder keg. In the Arab-Israeli wars, Israel has always found strong support from the West for arms and logistics.

	The great conflict that will arise is the conflict that will appear with Nasser. Nasser will turn to the Americans to finance the Aswan dam which will refuse to turn to the Soviets who will finance it. The Nassérien regime presents itself as socialist, but not as Marxist. Nasser will be the great charismatic leader of pan-Arabism which is the idea of the great Arab and secular nation. It is the introduction of a model that is significantly linked to the Soviet Union, but at the same time seeks to assert an original position of the non-aligned countries.		The great conflict that will arise is the conflict that will appear with Nasser. Nasser will turn to the Americans to finance the Aswan dam which will refuse to turn to the Soviets who will finance it. The Nassérien regime presents itself as socialist, but not as Marxist. Nasser will be the great charismatic leader of pan-Arabism which is the idea of the great Arab and secular nation. It is the introduction of a model that is significantly linked to the Soviet Union, but at the same time seeks to assert an original position of the non-aligned countries.

	The Middle East appears to the West as an area of uncertainty, a complex area where control and precautionary systems must be developed. There is a double paradox of the American position in the 1950s with a doctrine that aims on the one hand to support the national liberation of peoples, and on the other hand to support revolutions that are in progress, but whose outcome is unknown and which often turns against the Americans and their allies such as, for example, France in Algeria, which is rebelling against arms trafficking from Egypt for the FLN. Finally, US interference in local affairs in the name of a strategic imperative. Since this region is a strategic region in terms of resources and political management, the American position will be both to maintain historical and cultural ties with traditional European allies such as England and France and to think that interference is also necessary.		The Middle East appears to the West as an area of uncertainty, a complex area where control and precautionary systems must be developed. There is a double paradox of the American position in the 1950s with a doctrine that aims, on the one hand, to support the national liberation of peoples, and, on the other hand, to support revolutions that are in progress, but whose outcome is unknown and which often turns against the Americans and their allies such as, for example, France in Algeria, which is rebelling against arms trafficking from Egypt for the FLN. Finally, US interference in local affairs in the name of a strategic imperative. Since this region is a strategic region in terms of resources and political management, the American position will be both to maintain historical and cultural ties with traditional European allies such as England and France and to think that interference is also necessary.

	This dual position involves several possible strategies:		This dual position involves several possible strategies:
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	[[Fichier:Carte israel moyent orient.jpg\|150px\|vignette\|droite]]		[[Fichier:Carte israel moyent orient.jpg\|150px\|vignette\|droite]]

	The logic is to rely on Israel first of all because there is an awareness of the impossibility of building an anti-communist front in the Middle East. There is the fear that "Arab socialism" may spread through the export of the Egyptian model through the transition from "Arab socialism" to pan-Arabism. Israel appears to be an important lever for controlling Arab socialism.		The logic is to rely on Israel, first of all, because there is an awareness of the impossibility of building an anti-communist front in the Middle East. There is the fear that "Arab socialism" may spread through the export of the Egyptian model through the transition from "Arab socialism" to pan-Arabism. Israel appears to be an important lever for controlling Arab socialism.

	For Americans, Arab socialism appears to be dangerous. The dual purpose of "Arab nationalism" that worries the United States:		For Americans, Arab socialism appears to be dangerous. The dual purpose of "Arab nationalism" that worries the United States:
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	*'''Bandwagoning State''' : refers to the act of weaker states joining a stronger power or coalition within balance of power politics.<ref>Quincy Wright (1890-1980) in A Study of War, 1942</ref><ref>Kenneth Waltz in Theory of International Politics, 1979</ref>. This makes it possible to gain influence in the imperial system in order to bring the state back to itself.		*'''Bandwagoning State''' : refers to the act of weaker states joining a stronger power or coalition within balance of power politics.<ref>Quincy Wright (1890-1980) in A Study of War, 1942</ref><ref>Kenneth Waltz in Theory of International Politics, 1979</ref>. This makes it possible to gain influence in the imperial system in order to bring the state back to itself.
	*'''Pivotal State''' : countries whose fate determines the survival and success of the surrounding region and ultimately the stability of the international system<ref>Robert S. Chase, Emily Hill, and Paul M. Kennedy, The Pivotal State, 2000</ref>. It is a state capable of structuring a region. Managing diplomatic and economic relations is the ability to politically stabilize a region.		*'''Pivotal State''' : countries whose fate determines the survival and success of the surrounding region and ultimately the stability of the international system<ref>Robert S. Chase, Emily Hill, and Paul M. Kennedy, The Pivotal State, 2000</ref>. It is a state capable of structuring a region. Managing diplomatic and economic relations is the ability to politically stabilize a region.
	*'''Backlasch States''' : there are few « backlash states » : Cuba, North Korea, Iran, ~~Irak~~ and Libya. For now they lack the resources of a superpower, which would enable them to seriously threaten the democratic order being created around them. Nevertheless, their behavior is often aggressive ansd defiant. The ties between them are growing as they seek to thwart of quarantine themselves from a global trend to which they seem incapable of adapting<ref>Anthony Lake, Confronting Backlash States, 1994</ref>. It is a state which has no democratic dimension and which has the power to be a nuisance, particularly if it is belligerent.		*'''Backlasch States''' : there are few « backlash states » : Cuba, North Korea, Iran, Iraq and Libya. For now they lack the resources of a superpower, which would enable them to seriously threaten the democratic order being created around them. Nevertheless, their behavior is often aggressive ansd defiant. The ties between them are growing as they seek to thwart of quarantine themselves from a global trend to which they seem incapable of adapting<ref>Anthony Lake, Confronting Backlash States, 1994</ref>. It is a state which has no democratic dimension and which has the power to be a nuisance, particularly if it is belligerent.
	*'''Rogue States''' : some states considered threatening to the world's peace. This means meeting certain criteria, such as being ruled by authoritarian regimes that severely restrict human rights, sponsor terrorism, and seek to proliferate weapons of mass destruction<ref>T.D.Allman, Rogue State: America at War with the World, 2004</ref><ref>William Blum, Rogue state: a guide to the world's only superpower. 2006</ref><ref>Noam Chomsky, Rogue States : The Rule of Force in World, 2000</ref>. This is an additional level in the gradation of conflict. In this doctrine, it is States that achieve world peace through authoritarian rule, restrict human freedom and finance or use terrorism as a means of securing their power. The use of terrorism is a means of ensuring its power. It is also the one that makes nuclear proliferation and weapons of mass destruction.		*'''Rogue States''' : some states considered threatening to the world's peace. This means meeting certain criteria, such as being ruled by authoritarian regimes that severely restrict human rights, sponsor terrorism, and seek to proliferate weapons of mass destruction<ref>T.D.Allman, Rogue State: America at War with the World, 2004</ref><ref>William Blum, Rogue state: a guide to the world's only superpower. 2006</ref><ref>Noam Chomsky, Rogue States : The Rule of Force in World, 2000</ref>. This is an additional level in the gradation of conflict. In this doctrine, it is States that achieve world peace through authoritarian rule, restrict human freedom and finance or use terrorism as a means of securing their power. The use of terrorism is a means of ensuring its power. It is also the one that makes nuclear proliferation and weapons of mass destruction.

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	The Rogue State opposes not only the international order imposed by the most powerful, but also regional rules put in place by the powerful or the United States, such as Cuba.		The Rogue State opposes not only the international order imposed by the most powerful, but also regional rules put in place by the powerful or the United States, such as Cuba.

	The list of Rebel States is subject to caution, varying in space-time. It has long understood Libya, Sudan, Iran and more recently Iraq. What place for Syria? Positions evolve over time and according to regional geopolitical conditions. On the one hand, there is a complicated relationship with the West and on the other hand, an overarmed and authoritarian state.		The list of Rebel States is subject to caution, varying in space-time. It has long understood Libya, Sudan, Iran and more recently Iraq. What place for Syria? Positions evolve over time and according to regional geopolitical conditions. On the one hand, there is a complicated relationship with the West and, on the other hand, an overarmed and authoritarian state.

	The theory of backlash State logically leads to the theory of containment, which questions how to stem the development of either socialism or political Islam. The containment policy will aim at containing political Islam and will produce tools for management.		The theory of backlash State logically leads to the theory of containment, which questions how to stem the development of either socialism or political Islam. The containment policy will aim at containing political Islam and will produce tools for management.