International Organizations - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* Definition and role of international organizations */

2021-04-01T17:56:48Z

Definition and role of international organizations

← Version précédente		Version du 1 avril 2021 à 19:56
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	=== International body ===		=== International body ===
	The body is not an organization in the sense that there is no representation of Member States in the body. In an international organisation, we have Member States represented in an assembly, a body is a service body, experts are appointed. Thus the International Court of Justice is an international body, it is sometimes said because it is in Article 7 and repeated in Article 92 that the International Court of Justice and the Supreme Court. At the International Court of Justice there are no representatives of the Member States,		The body is not an organization in the sense that there is no representation of Member States in the body. In an international organisation, we have Member States represented in an assembly, a body is a service body, experts are appointed. Thus the International Court of Justice is an international body, it is sometimes said because it is in Article 7 and repeated in Article 92 that the International Court of Justice and the Supreme Court. At the International Court of Justice, there are no representatives of the Member States,

	=== Non-governmental organizations ===		=== Non-governmental organizations ===

Arthur : /* The United Nations contribution to law-making */

2018-10-19T23:23:32Z

The United Nations contribution to law-making

← Version précédente		Version du 20 octobre 2018 à 01:23
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	The Charter, in essence, in its provisions, organizes colonialism, it establishes certain obligations of the colonial powers, but "soft"; based on the practice of the United Nations, it has transformed the scope of these provisions, in resolution 1514 we have the full right to decolonization, the United Nations Organization sets itself the objective of organizing decolonization.		The Charter, in essence, in its provisions, organizes colonialism, it establishes certain obligations of the colonial powers, but "soft"; based on the practice of the United Nations, it has transformed the scope of these provisions, in resolution 1514 we have the full right to decolonization, the United Nations Organization sets itself the objective of organizing decolonization.

	This is a very considerable innovation and contrary to the letter of the Charter, but it is the evolution of the Charter through a resolution on international law ~~to affirm~~ that there is the right to independence and including secession~~, which~~ concerns the territorial basis, which is a political issue, but also the law.		This is a very considerable innovation and contrary to the letter of the Charter, but it is the evolution of the Charter through a resolution on international law because affirming that there is the right to independence and including secession concerns the territorial basis, which is a political issue, but also the law.

	Resolution 2625 of 1970 is a kind of work product of the 1960s on peaceful coexistence, in 1962 following a rapprochement between the USSR and the United Nations there was a thaw in international relations.		Resolution 2625 of 1970 is a kind of work product of the 1960s on peaceful coexistence, in 1962 following a rapprochement between the USSR and the United Nations there was a thaw in international relations.
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	For example, Security Council Resolution 1373 contains a whole series of rules that the Security Council enjoins States to adopt and apply in order to combat terrorism, and in particular these rules concern financial flows, the aim being to ensure that terrorist organisations can no longer finance their activities.		For example, Security Council Resolution 1373 contains a whole series of rules that the Security Council enjoins States to adopt and apply in order to combat terrorism, and in particular these rules concern financial flows, the aim being to ensure that terrorist organisations can no longer finance their activities.

	This resolution largely reflects the content of the 1999 Convention to Combat ~~Terrorist~~ Financing. This resolution reiterates what is in the 1999 Convention.		This resolution largely reflects the content of the 1999 Convention to Combat the Financing of Terrorism. This resolution reiterates what is in the 1999 Convention.

	This is interesting from a legal point of view because it means that what was in a convention has now been taken up by the Security Council in a Chapter VII resolution of the Charter and becomes binding on all UN Member States.		This is interesting from a legal point of view because it means that what was in a convention has now been taken up by the Security Council in a Chapter VII resolution of the Charter and becomes binding on all UN Member States.

	We do not see ~~any body~~ less well armed than the Security Council, we wanted the power to be represented ~~there~~ so that it can[[Fichier:CHARTE DES NATIONS UNIES - article 103.png\|vignette\|center\|700px\|[https://www.un.org/fr/documents/charter/pdf/charter.pdf Charte des Nations Unies] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/20012770/index.html#a103 article 103]]]		We do not see an organ less well armed than the Security Council, we wanted the power to be represented so that it can act with credibility, whereas when we legislate we need everyone to be consulted, but the Security Council can adopt effective resolutions.

			The Security Council has more than once in the last decade crossed the line towards international legislation, so far it has done so in an area where Member States have followed it, there have been no objections in principle to such resolutions, objections have come to sanctions, but not against the very principle that the Security Council should elaborate such rules.

			There are normative functions in the international organization, when the Council adopts them and makes them binding, the impact on the international system is significant because in principle they have priority over the rules contained in other conventions.

			[[Fichier:CHARTE DES NATIONS UNIES - article 103.png\|vignette\|center\|700px\|[https://www.un.org/fr/documents/charter/pdf/charter.pdf Charte des Nations Unies] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/20012770/index.html#a103 article 103]]]

	= Specificity of treaties establishing international organizations =		= Specificity of treaties establishing international organizations =

Arthur : /* Powers: competences of international organisations */

2018-10-19T23:02:02Z

Powers: competences of international organisations

← Version précédente		Version du 20 octobre 2018 à 01:02
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	There are three fundamental principles on the powers of international organizations, they are alternative in the sense that each of them can form the basis for power, a capacity for action.		There are three fundamental principles on the powers of international organizations, they are alternative in the sense that each of them can form the basis for power, a capacity for action.

	If each of these ~~princeps~~ is alternative in the sense that they ~~are based on~~ the ~~provision~~ of action, each has its own specificity and each pulls in a direction ~~that is specific to it~~.		While each of these principles is alternative in the sense that they underpin the power of action, each has its own specificity and each pulls in its own direction.
	#'''principle of specialisation of competences/principle of allocation of competences'''		#'''principle of specialisation of competences/principle of allocation of competences'''
	#'''implicit/involvement powers'''		#'''implicit/involvement powers'''

Arthur : /* When do we use objective argumentation? */

2018-10-19T22:27:20Z

When do we use objective argumentation?

Arthur : /* Hiérarchie */

2018-09-24T14:15:20Z

Hiérarchie

← Version précédente		Version du 24 septembre 2018 à 16:15
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	Both from the point of view of formal changes there are particular rules and there is a tendency for informal changes, institutional treaties look like constitutions here.		Both from the point of view of formal changes there are particular rules and there is a tendency for informal changes, institutional treaties look like constitutions here.

	== ~~Hiérarchie~~ ==		== Hierarchy ==
	~~En dernier lieu~~, ~~les traités des organisations internationales et plus généralement les organisations internationales sont basés sur une hiérarchie des~~ sources ; ~~le traité constitutif des organisations se trouve au sommet des~~ sources ~~au sein des organisations~~, ~~c’est le texte juridique fondateur et supérieur aux autres~~ sources ~~de l’organisation.~~		Finally, the treaties of international organizations and more generally international organizations are based on a hierarchy of sources; the constitutive treaty of organizations is at the top of the sources within organizations, it is the founding legal text and superior to the other sources of the organization.

	~~Supérieur veut dire qu’une résolution est adoptée en vertu du traité constitutif, elle doit donc se conformer au traité constitutif.~~

	Le traité est au sommet parce que c’est l’expression de la volonté des États membres qui sont le législateur suprême ; le traité constitutif par lequel les États manifestent leur volonté est la règle suprême.

	~~Les traités et la coutume sont généralement placés sur un pied d’égalité, ni le traité, ni la coutume n’est supérieure l’un ou l’autre~~.

	= ~~Développements récents~~ : ~~la responsabilité des organisations internationales~~ =		Superior means that a resolution is adopted under the constitutive treaty, so it must comply with the constitutive treaty.

			The Treaty is at the top because it is the expression of the will of the Member States who are the supreme legislator; the constitutive treaty by which the States express their will is the supreme rule.

			Treaties and custom are generally placed on an equal footing, neither the treaty nor custom is superior to either.

			= Recent developments: the responsibility of international organizations =

	= Annexes =		= Annexes =

Arthur : /* Spécificité des traités instituant des Organisations internationales */

2018-09-24T14:14:46Z

Spécificité des traités instituant des Organisations internationales

Voir les modifications

Arthur : /* Principe de la spécialité */

2018-09-24T14:12:53Z

Principe de la spécialité

Voir les modifications

Arthur : /* Si les Nations-Unies n’avaient pas la personnalité juridique que se passe-t-il et quelle est la conséquence en matière de responsabilité ? Si une organisation X n’a pas de personnalité et qu’un acte illicite est commis vis-à-vis d’un memb

2018-09-24T14:07:13Z

/* Si les Nations-Unies n’avaient pas la personnalité juridique que se passe-t-il et quelle est la conséquence en matière de responsabilité ? Si une organisation X n’a pas de personnalité et qu’un acte illicite est commis vis-à-vis d’un memb

Voir les modifications

Arthur : /* Quelle est la définition de l’organisation internationale ? */

2018-09-24T14:04:54Z

Quelle est la définition de l’organisation internationale ?

← Version précédente		Version du 24 septembre 2018 à 16:04
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	With regard to sanctions since Resolution 1267 and 1273, if we look at this type of regime, we have acts of execution by Member States that challenge the measures of execution of such a treaty contrary to other resolutions. It has happened that Security Council decisions have not been implemented as in the case of Libya in the 1980s because there was this power not to be obliged to implement.		With regard to sanctions since Resolution 1267 and 1273, if we look at this type of regime, we have acts of execution by Member States that challenge the measures of execution of such a treaty contrary to other resolutions. It has happened that Security Council decisions have not been implemented as in the case of Libya in the 1980s because there was this power not to be obliged to implement.

	== ~~Quelle est la définition de l’organisation internationale~~ ? ==		== What is the definition of an international organization? ==
	~~Il y a quatre éléments chacun est nécessaire pour avoir une organisation~~, ~~ce sont quatre éléments cumulatifs~~, ~~le dernier plutôt dans le droit moderne et pas dans le droit de~~ 1945.		There are four elements each necessary to have an organization, they are four cumulative elements, the last one rather in modern law and not in the law of 1945.

	:1) '''~~L’organisation internationale est toujours basée sur un traité~~'''		:1) '''The international organization is always based on a treaty'''
	~~L’Organisation des~~ Nations ~~Unies du~~ point ~~de vue juridique est basée sur la Charte des~~ Nations ~~Unies~~. ~~Il n’existe pas d’organisation à ce jour qui ne soit pas fondé sur des traités~~.		The United Nations from a legal point of view is based on the Charter of the United Nations. There is no organization to date that is not treaty-based.
	:2) '''~~L’organisation internationale est une~~ association ~~d’États~~'''		:2) '''The international organization is an association of States'''
	~~C’est l’élément interétatique~~, ~~les membres de l’organisation sont des États~~, ~~cela ne veut pas dire que les organisations ne peuvent pas s’ouvrir à d’autres entités~~.		This is the interstate element, the members of the organization are States, this does not mean that organizations cannot open up to other entities.

			It is possible that, depending on their status, a particular entity may be a member, but the essential thing is that the organization is an organization of States, the other entities may be national liberation movements. These States are always represented in an assembly, in all international organizations there is a plenary body.

			Chapter II of the Charter in Articles 3 and 4 deals with members. Each time it is a question of States. In the United Nations, they are only States, the process of creating a State can be gradual in some cases.
			:3) '''The international organization has its own organizational structure'''
			From the point of view of its organs, the organization has its own existence, it is organized, which distinguishes it from a conference of States. In an international organization, certain tasks are delegated, which gives it an organizational structure.

	Il est possible que selon leur statut telle ou telle autre entité puisse être membre, mais l’essentiel est que l’organisation soit une organisation d’États, les autres entités peuvent être des mouvements de libération nationale. Ces États sont toujours représentés dans une assemblée, dans toutes les organisations internationales il y a un organe plénier.		:4) '''the legal personality'''
			It is now considered that an international organization has its own legal personality, is subject to international law and has rights and duties under international law.
	Le chapitre II de la Charte aux articles 3 et 4 traite des membres. À chaque fois il s’agit d’États. Aux Nations Unies, ce sont seulement des États, le processus de création d’un État peut être graduel dans certains cas.
			An international organization could not be liable if it was not subject to law.
	~~:3) '''L’organisation internationale a une structure organisationnelle propre'''~~
	L’organisation a du point de vue de ses organes une existence propre, elle est organisée ce qui la distingue d’une conférence des États. Dans une organisation internationale, certaines tâches sont déléguées, ce qui lui confère une structure organisationnelle.		Without legal personality, one cannot commit an unlawful act.

	:4) '''~~la personnalité juridique~~'''
	~~On estime aujourd’hui qu’une organisation internationale à une personnalité juridique propre~~, ~~elle est sujette du droit~~ international ~~et possède des droits et des devoirs en vertu du droit~~ international.

	~~Une organisation internationale ne pourrait pas être responsable si elle n’était pas sujette de droit~~.

	~~Sans personnalité juridique~~, ~~on ne peut pas commettre un acte illicite~~.

	== Si les Nations-Unies n’avaient pas la personnalité juridique que se passe-t-il et quelle est la conséquence en matière de responsabilité ? Si une organisation X n’a pas de personnalité et qu’un acte illicite est commis vis-à-vis d’un membre ou d’un État tiers ? ==		== Si les Nations-Unies n’avaient pas la personnalité juridique que se passe-t-il et quelle est la conséquence en matière de responsabilité ? Si une organisation X n’a pas de personnalité et qu’un acte illicite est commis vis-à-vis d’un membre ou d’un État tiers ? ==

Arthur : /* Quel a été l’impact sur le droit international de la naissance des organisations que nous envisageons ? */

2018-09-24T14:03:12Z

Quel a été l’impact sur le droit international de la naissance des organisations que nous envisageons ?

@@ Ligne 30 : / Ligne 30 : @@
 There is an explosion of international and intergovernmental organizations, there are now around 400 of them, whereas at the time of the League of Nations they were only about ten; probably we are now reaching a certain saturation point.
-== Quel a été l’impact sur le droit international de la naissance des organisations que nous envisageons ? ==
+== What has been the impact on international law of the birth of the organizations we are considering? ==
-L’impact est important, car le droit international classique est basé essentiellement sur la régulation des souverainetés entre États afin que les États puissent coexister, le droit international organise cette coexistence sans avoir beaucoup d‘ambitions.
+=== Non-governmental organizations ===
+There are a large number of non-governmental organizations, they may be lobbies, pressure groups, but non-governmental organizations have this particularity because they do not represent States, but they involve private persons in the legal sense, they are entities, foundations and sometimes in non-governmental organizations there may be participation with a State, the State is not represented in assemblies and therefore we do not have an international organization; sometimes we speak of international organizations as intergovernmental relations.
-Le droit international moderne est basé sur la coopération entre les États. À cette coopération internationale, les organisations ont apporté une contribution absolument fondamentale.
+Non-governmental organizations are not subjects of international law with the exception of the International Committee of the Red Cross, which has a series of international powers that it can exercise as a subject of law, otherwise non-governmental organizations have a status in domestic law and are only relevant to international law in certain cases where they may have observer status or when granted the right to speak.
-Même si l’Assemblée générale des Nations-Unies ne peut que débattre, elle est très utile, car elle permet des rencontres. Même là où rien n’est décidé le fait de se rencontrer apporte une dimension nouvelle aux relations internationales.
+=== Supranational organizations ===
-En termes très courts, la base essentielle du droit de coopération qui est l’une des racines du droit international moderne est nourrie par les organisations internationales qui fondent l’infrastructure nécessaire de la coopération. Pour n’importe quelle question il faut se concerter et coopérer tant bien que mal. En tout cas, c’est une base de coopération dont on ne peut plus se passer.
+There is a distinction with international organizations, a supranational organization is always an international organization, but with a plus, it is a strengthened international organization.
-Il faut distinguer les organisations internationales d’autres phénomènes plus ou moins proches d’abord d’une conférence, ensuite d’un organe international, ensuite d’une organisation non gouvernementale et enfin d’une organisation supranationale, car tous ces termes ont leur propre signification et nous les distinguons bien consciencieusement.
+What is more important is that integration, which is more advanced, and the fundamental key from a legal point of view is that the supranational organisation has the power to take decisions and regulations that are directly applicable in the law of the Member States. A decision is directly applicable, there is no screen between supranational organisations and state law. That is why supranational organisations are integration organisations, they are inevitably federations of states, the European Union is an organisation of this type unlike the United Nations. Sometimes it is a mistake to think that they are by mentioning Chapter VII with the Security Council, which can take binding decisions, but the decisions are not directly applicable in the Member States, the Member States must receive them in national law.
-=== Conférence ===
+With regard to sanctions since Resolution 1267 and 1273, if we look at this type of regime, we have acts of execution by Member States that challenge the measures of execution of such a treaty contrary to other resolutions. It has happened that Security Council decisions have not been implemented as in the case of Libya in the 1980s because there was this power not to be obliged to implement.
 == Quelle est la définition de l’organisation internationale ? ==

← Version précédente		Version du 20 octobre 2018 à 00:27
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	The United Nations Charter does not contain any provision expressly stating that the organization has international legal personality, there is none, there are also no other texts that could enlighten it.		The United Nations Charter does not contain any provision expressly stating that the organization has international legal personality, there is none, there are also no other texts that could enlighten it.

	From the very first years, the United Nations sent a special envoy, a UN agent on mission, ~~the~~ Bernadotte ~~account~~ of the Swedish ~~royal family~~, to Palestine, who was murdered.		From the very first years, the United Nations sent a special envoy, a United Nations agent on mission, Count Bernadotte of the Swedish Royal Family, to Palestine, who was murdered.

	The question was whether the United Nations could make a claim for compensation, can the United Nations make a claim because its agent was murdered?		The question was whether the United Nations could make a claim for compensation, can the United Nations make a claim because its agent was murdered?
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	This is a situation where it is necessary to determine whether the United Nations has a legal personality, because on the basis of this it could be decided whether or not the claim can be presented.		This is a situation where it is necessary to determine whether the United Nations has a legal personality, because on the basis of this it could be decided whether or not the claim can be presented.

	The question as explained was raised in the previous context and was referred to the International Court of Justice in the ~~Advisory Opinion~~ on ~~the repartition of~~ damage suffered in the service of the United Nations in 1949.		The question as explained was raised in the previous context and was referred to the International Court of Justice in the advisory opinion on compensation for damage suffered in the service of the United Nations in 1949.

	The Court's reasoning remains to ~~this day~~ the most complete reasoning in terms of legal personality.		The Court's reasoning remains to date the most complete reasoning in terms of legal personality.

	The Court notes that there is no basis for the Charter, but a whole other series of provisions presupposes the existence of a legal personality.		The Court notes that there is no basis for the Charter, but a whole other series of provisions presupposes the existence of a legal personality.
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	Concluding agreements that are treaties in this case, the organization concludes agreements with member States, if an organization is given the competence to conclude treaties, it is clearly because implicitly it is given a legal personality, because in the absence of a legal personality, the organization could not conclude under article 43.		Concluding agreements that are treaties in this case, the organization concludes agreements with member States, if an organization is given the competence to conclude treaties, it is clearly because implicitly it is given a legal personality, because in the absence of a legal personality, the organization could not conclude under article 43.

	We return to the will of the Member States, the reasoning is very simple, the Court may say that, although the Member States wanted the organisation to conclude agreements, they implicitly wanted it to have legal personality, because they cannot ask it for something without giving it the means to do so; it cannot want the agreement without the condition that makes the agreement possible, namely legal personality.		We return to the will of the Member States, the reasoning is very simple, the Court may say that, although the Member States wanted the organisation to conclude agreements, they implicitly wanted it to have legal personality, because they cannot ask for something from it without giving it the means to do so; it cannot want the agreement without the condition that makes the agreement possible, namely legal personality.

	The two most famous sentences of this Court's opinion can be found on page 179 of the 1949 Reports; in the Court's view, "the organization was intended to exercise functions and enjoy rights - and it has done so - that can only be explained if the Organization has a high degree of international personality and the capacity to act internationally (....) it must be recognized that its Members, by assigning it certain functions, with the duties and responsibilities that accompany them, have given it the necessary competence to enable it to carry out its functions effectively".		The two most famous sentences of this Court's opinion can be found on page 179 of the 1949 Reports; in the Court's view, "the organization was intended to exercise functions and enjoy rights - and it has done so - that can only be explained if the Organization has a high degree of international personality and the capacity to act internationally (....) it must be recognized that its Members, by assigning it certain functions, with the duties and responsibilities that accompany them, have given it the necessary competence to enable it to carry out its functions effectively".

	The legal personality appears here as a ~~watermark~~ of functions and competences.		The legal personality appears here as a filigree of functions and competences.

	The Court says "has a large measure of international personality," this suggests that one may have more or less international legal personality and that therefore the question of legal personality may be gradual.		The Court says "has a large measure of international personality," this suggests that one may have more or less international legal personality and that therefore the question of legal personality may be gradual.

International Organizations - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* Definition and role of international organizations */

Arthur : /* The United Nations contribution to law-making */

Arthur : /* Powers: competences of international organisations */

Arthur : /* When do we use objective argumentation? */

Arthur : /* Hiérarchie */

Arthur : /* Spécificité des traités instituant des Organisations internationales */

Arthur : /* Principe de la spécialité */

Arthur : /* Si les Nations-Unies n’avaient pas la personnalité juridique que se passe-t-il et quelle est la conséquence en matière de responsabilité ? Si une organisation X n’a pas de personnalité et qu’un acte illicite est commis vis-à-vis d’un memb

Arthur : /* Quelle est la définition de l’organisation internationale ? */

Arthur : /* Quel a été l’impact sur le droit international de la naissance des organisations que nous envisageons ? */

Arthur : /* Definition and role of international organizations */

Arthur : /* The United Nations contribution to law-making */

Arthur : /* Powers: competences of international organisations */

Arthur : /* When do we use objective argumentation? */

Arthur : /* Hiérarchie */

Arthur : /* Spécificité des traités instituant des Organisations internationales */

Arthur : /* Principe de la spécialité */

Arthur : /* Si les Nations-Unies n’avaient pas la personnalité juridique que se passe-t-il et quelle est la conséquence en matière de responsabilité ? Si une organisation X n’a pas de personnalité et qu’un acte illicite est commis vis-à-vis d’un memb

Arthur : /* Quelle est la définition de l’organisation internationale ? */

Arthur : /* Quel a été l’impact sur le droit international de la naissance des organisations que nous envisageons ? */