Globalizations: definition and situation - Historique des versions

Arthur le 26 octobre 2020 à 06:43

2020-10-26T06:43:15Z

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	==Skeptics vs. globalist==		==Skeptics vs. globalist==
	This type of distinction is only there to clarify an entry into the debate. For some, globalization is not a very original phenomenon, as it is for Hirst and Thompson in ''Globalization in question: the international economy and the possibilities of governance''<ref>Sklair, Leslie, Paul Hirst, Grahame Thompson, Tony Spybey, and Steven Yearley. "Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance." The British Journal of Sociology 48.2 (1997): 333. </ref>, we should be talking about internationalization. For them, globalization is really a myth that justifies and legitimizes the advent of a ~~neo-liberal~~ project, as it is for Hirst in ''From Statism to Pluralism''<ref>Hirst, Paul Q. From Statism to Pluralism: Democracy, Civil Society, and Global Politics. London: UCL, 1997.</ref> published in 1997 et Gordon dans ''The Global Economy: New Edifice or Crumbling Foundations''<ref>Gordon, David M. "New Left Review - David Gordon: The Global Economy: New Edifice or Crumbling Foundations?" New Left Review - David Gordon: The Global Economy: New Edifice or Crumbling Foundations?</ref> p		This type of distinction is only there to clarify an entry into the debate. For some, globalization is not a very original phenomenon, as it is for Hirst and Thompson in ''Globalization in question: the international economy and the possibilities of governance''<ref>Sklair, Leslie, Paul Hirst, Grahame Thompson, Tony Spybey, and Steven Yearley. "Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance." The British Journal of Sociology 48.2 (1997): 333. </ref>, we should be talking about internationalization. For them, globalization is really a myth that justifies and legitimizes the advent of a neoliberal project, as it is for Hirst in ''From Statism to Pluralism''<ref>Hirst, Paul Q. From Statism to Pluralism: Democracy, Civil Society, and Global Politics. London: UCL, 1997.</ref> published in 1997 et Gordon dans ''The Global Economy: New Edifice or Crumbling Foundations''<ref>Gordon, David M. "New Left Review - David Gordon: The Global Economy: New Edifice or Crumbling Foundations?" New Left Review - David Gordon: The Global Economy: New Edifice or Crumbling Foundations?</ref> p

	established in 1988, following the example of the Washington Consensus, deregulation, privatization, structural adjustment programs, etc.		established in 1988, following the example of the Washington Consensus, deregulation, privatization, structural adjustment programs, etc.

Arthur : /* Emergence of the term globalization */

2020-05-18T13:15:59Z

Emergence of the term globalization

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Arthur le 17 mai 2020 à 22:45

2020-05-17T22:45:41Z

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	\| es = Las mundializaciones: definición y situación		\| es = Las mundializaciones: definición y situación
	\| fr = Globalisations : définition et situation		\| fr = Globalisations : définition et situation
			\| it = Globalizzazione: definizione e situazione
	}}		}}

Arthur le 22 février 2020 à 11:16

2020-02-22T11:16:43Z

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	== Disciplinary issues: the case of international relations ==		== Disciplinary issues: the case of international relations ==
	[[Image:Enjeux disciplinaires.png\|thumb\|400px\|center]]It is a classification of disciplines according to their publication. International relations painfully rank seventh, ahead of economics, geography, sociology and even political science. On the other hand, it is not researchers in international relations who are debating the issue. International relations is not the discipline that has been most interested in globalization, unlike economics, sociology and political science.		[[Image:Enjeux disciplinaires.png\|thumb\|400px\|center]]It is a classification of disciplines according to their publication. International relations painfully rank seventh, ahead of economics, geography, sociology and even political science. On the other hand, it is not researchers in international relations who are debating the issue. International relations is not the discipline that has been most interested in globalization, unlike economics, sociology, and political science.

	In Globalization: An Analytical Framework, Walker highlights the dependence of international relations on the state, which cannot escape the double intellectual and territorial compartmentalization around the question of the state.		In Globalization: An Analytical Framework, Walker highlights the dependence of international relations on the state, which cannot escape the double intellectual and territorial compartmentalization around the question of the state.

Arthur le 15 avril 2019 à 08:07

2019-04-15T08:07:11Z

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	{{Translations		{{Translations
	\| es =		\| es = Las mundializaciones: definición y situación
	\| fr =		\| fr = Globalisations : définition et situation
	}}		}}

Arthur le 15 avril 2019 à 08:03

2019-04-15T08:03:38Z

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	*[[Mobility and international relations]]		*[[Mobility and international relations]]
	*[[To conclude the course of critical approaches to international relations]]		*[[To conclude the course of critical approaches to international relations]]
			}}

			{{Translations
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			\| fr =
	}}		}}

Arthur le 12 avril 2019 à 12:34

2019-04-12T12:34:58Z

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			{{Infobox Lecture
			\| image =
			\| image_caption =
			\| faculté = [[Faculté des sciences de la société]]
			\| département = [[Département de science politique et relations internationales]]
			\| professeurs =
			* [[Stephan Davidshofer]]<ref>[http://unige.academia.edu/StephanDavidshofer Page de Stephan Davidshofer sur Academia.edu]</ref><ref>[https://www.gcsp.ch/News-Knowledge/Experts/Guest-Experts/Davidshofer-Dr-Stephan-Davidshofer Page personnelle de Stephan Davidshofer sur le site du Geneva Centre for Security Policy]</ref><ref>[https://twitter.com/stedavids Compte Twitter de Stephan Davidshofer]</ref>
			* [[Xavier Guillaume]]<ref>[http://edinburgh.academia.edu/XavierGuillaume Page de Xavier Guillaume sur Academia.edu]</ref><ref>[http://www.pol.ed.ac.uk/people/academic_staff/xavier_guillaume Page personnelle de Xavier Guillaume sur le site de l'Université de Édimbourg]</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencespo.fr/psia/users/xavierguillaume Page personnelle de Xavier Guillaume sur le site de Science Po Paris PSIA]</ref><ref>[http://edinburgh.academia.edu/XavierGuillaume Page de Xavier Guillaume sur Academia.edu]</ref><ref>[https://www.rug.nl/staff/x.guillaume/research Page personnelle de Xavier Guillaume sur le site de l'Université de Groningen]</ref>
			\| enregistrement =
			\| assistants =
			\| cours = [[Critical approaches to international relations]]
			\| lectures =
			*[[Introduction to critical approaches to international relations]]
			*[[Sociology of the discipline of international relations]]
			*[[Norms in international relations]]
			*[[Globalizations: definition and situation]]
			*[[Globalization: circulation between imperialism and cosmopolitan strategies]]
			*[[Otherness in international relations]]
			*[[The concept of domination in international relations]]
			*[[Humanitarian action: between action and intervention]]
			*[[The concept of development in international relations]]
			*[[Security and international relations]]
			*[[Surveillance and international relations]]
			*[[War and international relations]]
			*[[War, peace and politics in Africa since the end of the Cold War]]
			*[[Borders in international politics]]
			*[[The borders of Europe]]
			*[[Mobility and international relations]]
			*[[To conclude the course of critical approaches to international relations]]
			}}

	= What is globalization? =		= What is globalization? =

Arthur : /* Mobilité globale */

2018-12-18T11:08:32Z

Mobilité globale

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	Global cities are cities to be differentiated from global cities, because these cities have in common that from the moment the economy has become globalized, they become very important hubs and nodes, making global cities intrinsically linked to each other.		Global cities are cities to be differentiated from global cities, because these cities have in common that from the moment the economy has become globalized, they become very important hubs and nodes, making global cities intrinsically linked to each other.

	= ~~Mobilité globale~~ =		= Global mobility =
	~~La mobilité est devenue impérative~~, ~~devenant un moyen pour circuler~~, ~~mais qui n’est pas donnée à tout le monde~~, ~~générant des inégalités~~. ~~Le cosmopolitisme concerne avant tout une grange favorisée de l’humanité~~. ~~Mais il existe d’autres mondialisations compartimentées~~.		Mobility has become imperative, becoming a means of movement, but not given to everyone, generating inequalities. Cosmopolitanism concerns above all a favoured barn of humanity. But there are other compartmentalized globalizations.

	== ~~Touristes et vagabonds~~ ==		== Tourists and wanderers ==
	~~Dans~~ ''Le coût humain de la mondialisation''<ref>Zygmunt Bauman, Le coût humain de la mondialisation, Hachette, 1999</ref>, Zygmunt Bauman ~~montre comment la globalisation par l’impératif de mobilité va avoir quelque chose de clivant au sein de l’humanité~~. ~~On assisterait à un nouveau clivage relevant de l’accès à la mobilité~~. ~~La mobilité devient un facteur de~~ stratification ~~sociale~~. ~~Il est très intéressant aujourd’hui de s’interroger entre le lien sur la mobilité nationale et la mobilité globale~~.		In ''Le coût humain de la mondialisation''<ref>Zygmunt Bauman, Le coût humain de la mondialisation, Hachette, 1999</ref>, Zygmunt Bauman shows how globalization through the imperative of mobility will have something cleavable within humanity. There would be a new divide in terms of access to mobility. Mobility is becoming a factor of social stratification. It is very interesting today to question the link between national mobility and global mobility.

	== ~~Cosmopolitisme~~ ==		== Cosmopolitanism ==
	~~C’est une approche plutôt perçue comme étant~~ positive ~~avec une idée tout à fait~~ noble. Ulrich Beck ~~voit dans le cosmopolitisme l’apanage d’une société globale déterritorialisée~~, ~~mais qui est avant tout l’apanage des~~ classes ~~supérieures~~, ~~car les~~ classes ~~inférieures vont avoir du mal à participer au mouvement~~ global. ~~Il y aurait une souveraineté cosmopolite pour apprivoiser la globalisation~~. ~~Apparaît une~~ tension ~~autour d’une~~ notion ~~très positive~~, ~~mais qui se doit d’être discutée autour de la~~ notion de stratification ~~qui est la~~ question ~~de la société civile globale~~.		It is a rather positive approach with a very noble idea. Ulrich Beck sees cosmopolitanism as the prerogative of a deterritorialized global society, but which is above all the prerogative of the upper classes, because the lower classes will have difficulty participating in the global movement. There would be a cosmopolitan sovereignty to tame globalization. There is a tension around a very positive notion, but one that must be discussed around the notion of stratification, which is the question of global civil society.

	~~Toute une série de travaux s’intéresse et promeut l’idée~~. Sikking et Keck ~~dans ''~~Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics~~''<ref>Keck, Margaret E.~~, ~~and Kathryn Sikkink. Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks~~ in ~~International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1998.</ref>, se sont intéressées aux~~ advocacy ~~network~~ ; ~~dans ''~~Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination~~''<ref>Haas, Peter M. Knowledge, Power, and International Policy Coordination. Columbia, SC: U of South Carolina, 1997. </ref>~~, Haas ~~s’est intéressé à la~~ notion ~~de communauté épistémique~~. ~~Une communauté épistémique est un ensemble des scientifiques avec une autorité reconnue au niveau international~~, ~~par exemple dans le domaine d’environnement~~. ~~Les advocacy~~ networks ~~s’inscrivent dans la littérature des normes en~~ relations ~~internationales où l’idée est de pouvoir faire avancer des idées au niveau~~ global ~~sur une scène qui dépasse les frontières étatiques~~, ~~donc la capacité de pouvoir parler à une arène globale~~, ~~afin de rendre ces idées plus pertinentes et plus fortes~~.		A whole series of works are interested and promote the idea. Sikking and Keck in Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics, were interested in advocacy network; in Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination, Haas was interested in the notion of epistemic community. An epistemic community is a group of scientists with an internationally recognized authority, for example in the field of the environment. Advocacy networks are part of the literature of norms in international relations where the idea is to be able to advance ideas at the global level on a scene that goes beyond state borders, thus the ability to speak to a global arena, in order to make these ideas more relevant and stronger.

	Ce type ~~de littérature nous amène à nous interroger sur les mouvements sociaux transnationaux~~. ~~Lorsqu’on regarde de plus près~~, ~~l’activisme~~ transnational ~~garde un enracinement national~~. ~~Si on ne s’interroge pas sur les~~ conditions ~~spécifiques de chaque pays~~, ~~on risque d’avoir une analyse assez simpliste en faisant un raccourci selon lequel les intérêts dans un monde cosmopolite sont les mêmes~~. ~~C’est une~~ contradiction ~~avec des mouvements progressistes~~, ~~mais venant de catégories supérieures déconnectées des~~ populations ~~auxquelles ils s’adressent~~. ~~Ainsi~~, ~~c’est un projet cosmopolitiste socialement situé au niveau des~~ classes ~~les plus favorisées comme le remarque~~ Gobille ~~dans~~ ''Les altermondialistes : des activistes transnationaux ?''<ref>Gobille Boris, « Les altermondialistes : des activistes transnationaux ? », Critique internationale 2/ 2005 (no 27), p. 131-145</ref> ~~Si on prend le projet cosmopolite comme un projet élitiste, alors, on peut s’interroger sur savoir s’il faut posséder un capital cosmopolite pour pouvoir accéder à ces mouvements.~~		This type of literature leads us to question transnational social movements. When we look more closely, transnational activism remains nationally rooted. If we do not question the specific conditions of each country, we risk having a rather simplistic analysis by making a shortcut according to which the interests in a cosmopolitan world are the same. This is a contradiction with progressive movements, but coming from higher categories disconnected from the populations they are addressing. Thus, it is a cosmopolitan project socially located at the level of the most privileged classes, as Gobille notes in ''Les altermondialistes : des activistes transnationaux ?''<ref>Gobille Boris, « Les altermondialistes : des activistes transnationaux ? », Critique internationale 2/ 2005 (no 27), p. 131-145</ref>

	On peut avoir l’impression que ces idées de rapport au monde et au global positif sont répandues dans notre société. Il faut faire attention à ne pas différencier ce que certains comme Skrbis et Woodward appellent le « cosmopolitisme ordinaire » dans ''The Ambivalence of Ordinary Cosmopolitanism : Investigating the ~~Limits of Cosmopolitan Openness''<ref>Skrbis~~, Zlatko, and Ian Woodward. "The Ambivalence of Ordinary Cosmopolitanism: Investigating the Limits of Cosmopolitan Openness." The Sociological Review 55.4 (2007): 730-47.</ref>. Dans les pays occidentaux, on aurait tendance à valoriser les rapports à l’étranger à la culture, mais de rejeter la figure de l’étranger et du monde à partir du moment où l’étranger touche l’immigration et la culture nationale. L’adhésion aux thèses cosmopolites ne sont pas si données que ça et ne touchent pas tout le monde.		If we take the cosmopolitan project as an elitist project, then we can question whether we need cosmopolitan capital to be able to access these movements.

	~~== Mobilité par le bas ==~~		We may have the impression that these ideas of a relationship to the world and to the positive global are widespread in our society. Care must be taken not to differentiate between what some such as Skrbis and Woodward call "ordinary cosmopolitanism" in ''The Ambivalence of Ordinary Cosmopolitanism : Investigating the Limits of Cosmopolitan Openness''<ref>Skrbis, Zlatko, and Ian Woodward. "The Ambivalence of Ordinary Cosmopolitanism: Investigating the Limits of Cosmopolitan Openness." The Sociological Review 55.4 (2007): 730-47.</ref>. In Western countries, one would tend to value relationships abroad with culture, but to reject the figure of the foreigner and the world from the moment the foreigner touches immigration and national culture. Adherence to cosmopolitan theses is not that easy and does not affect everyone.

	~~La mobilité par le bas serait le fruit d’une compartimentation de la mobilité qui va générer les inégalités du monde d’aujourd’hui~~. ~~L’idée de la construction européenne est l’établissement d’un certain nombre de libertés~~, ~~dont la liberté de circuler~~. ~~L’idée de cet accord, est justement de donner une contrepartie sécuritaire à la libre-circulation des personnes avec une~~ multiplication ~~des murs physiques et électroniques~~. ~~Il y aurait même un~~ apartheid ~~fonctionnel qui révèle un rapport paradoxal à la mobilité qui~~ a ~~des effets politiques et éthiques~~.		== Mobility from below ==
			Mobility from below would be the result of a compartmentalization of mobility that will generate the inequalities of today's world. The idea of European integration is the establishment of a number of freedoms, including the freedom to move. The idea of this agreement is precisely to give a secure counterpart to the free movement of people with a multiplication of physical and electronic walls. There is even a functional apartheid that reveals a paradoxical relationship to mobility that has political and ethical effects.

	~~Les laissés pour compte de la mondialisation et de la mobilité~~, ~~vont, soit être bloqués, soit vont pouvoir bouger en suivant des couloirs notamment au niveau des trajets migratoires~~. ~~Le cas des~~ remittances ~~révèle qu’on a longtemps sous-estimé l’argent qui est renvoyé par les travailleurs pauvres de la globalisation dans leur pays d’origine~~, ~~ainsi il y a des pays ou les~~ remittances ~~représentent~~ 10 % ~~des PIB voire plus que leurs propres recettes~~. ~~C’est d’ailleurs quelque chose de très présent~~. ~~On se retrouve dans cette~~ stratification ~~générée par la mobilité dans la globalisation~~.		Those left behind by globalisation and mobility will either be blocked or will be able to move along corridors, particularly in terms of migration routes. The case of remittances reveals that the money sent back by the poor workers of globalization to their countries of origin has long been underestimated, so there are countries where remittances represent 10% of GDP or even more than their own revenues. It is also something very present. We find ourselves in this stratification generated by mobility in globalization.

	~~Les diasporas qui au-delà des gouvernements qui s’y intéressent de plus en plus~~, ~~nous avons à faire de plus en plus à la possibilité pour les~~ diasporas ~~de communiquer avec leur pays d’origine~~. ~~C’est un flux qui n’est pas forcément des « gagnants » de la globalisation~~. ~~Les~~ entrepreneurs ~~transnationaux représentent un flux particulier d’entrepreneurs qui s’inscrivent dans les logiques binationales~~ ? Dans ''Le Gouvernement du monde. Une Critique politique de la globalisation''<ref>Schlichte, Klaus. "Jean-François Bayart: Le Gouvernement Du Monde. Une Critique Politique De La Globalisation." Politische Vierteljahresschrift 47.2 (2006): 329-30.</ref>, Bayard va parler de classe moyenne transnationale. Ce sont des gens qui par leur socialisation aux nouvelles règles économiques globales, ont un point commun faisant partie d’une classe moyenne transnationale.		Diasporas that beyond governments that are increasingly interested in them, we have to do more and more to the possibility for diasporas to communicate with their countries of origin. It is a flow that is not necessarily a "winner" of globalization. Transnational entrepreneurs represent a particular flow of entrepreneurs who are part of the bi-national logic? Dans ''Le Gouvernement du monde. Une Critique politique de la globalisation''<ref>Schlichte, Klaus. "Jean-François Bayart: Le Gouvernement Du Monde. Une Critique Politique De La Globalisation." Politische Vierteljahresschrift 47.2 (2006): 329-30.</ref>,

	~~Avec la mobilité~~, ~~il y~~ a ~~un phénomène~~ transnational ~~qui se passe par le haut~~, ~~pour les autres la mobilité et soit~~ transnational ~~soit compartimenté~~.		Bayard will talk about a transnational middle class. These are people who, through their socialization to the new global economic rules, have one thing in common as part of a transnational middle class.

			With mobility, there is a transnational phenomenon that occurs from above, for others mobility and either transnational or compartmentalized.

	= Annexes =		= Annexes =

Arthur : /* Articulation d’échelles */

2018-12-18T11:06:27Z

Articulation d’échelles

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	For Appadurai, the flows are disjointed, they circulate in different landscapes, either ethnic, media, technical, financial or ideological. The design of the local will evolve according to these different landscapes, there is an interaction and articulation between the local and the global, it is a mediation between the global and the local. Robertson is in the same logic. Globalisation is an indissoluble mixture of the global and the local, i.e. globalisation is not necessarily a homogenisation. The relationship to the territory is a permanent dialogue between the local and the global that will be interpreted.		For Appadurai, the flows are disjointed, they circulate in different landscapes, either ethnic, media, technical, financial or ideological. The design of the local will evolve according to these different landscapes, there is an interaction and articulation between the local and the global, it is a mediation between the global and the local. Robertson is in the same logic. Globalisation is an indissoluble mixture of the global and the local, i.e. globalisation is not necessarily a homogenisation. The relationship to the territory is a permanent dialogue between the local and the global that will be interpreted.

	== Articulation ~~d’échelles~~ ==		== Articulation of scales ==
	~~Il faut se poser la question de comment articuler différentes échelles géographiques~~, ~~car nous sommes dans un antagonisme entre flux et localité~~. ~~Il y~~ a ~~un besoin des outils pour articuler toutes ces échelles~~. ~~En d’autres termes~~, ~~comme le préconise~~ Dicken ~~dans~~ ''Location in space : a theoretical approach to economic geography''<ref>Lloyd, Peter E., and Peter Dicken. Location in Space: A Theoretical Approach to Economic Geography. New York: Harper & Row, 1972.</ref>, ~~il faut penser une approche en termes de réseaux situés~~. ~~Apparaît l’idée que la globalisation est un phénomène qui est à la fois multiscalaire et topologique ayant des~~ applications ~~à différents endroits en fonction de ces échelles~~.		We must ask ourselves how to articulate different geographical scales, because we are in an antagonism between flow and locality. There is a need for the tools to articulate all these scales. In other words, as recommended by Dicken in ''Location in space : a theoretical approach to economic geography''<ref>Lloyd, Peter E., and Peter Dicken. Location in Space: A Theoretical Approach to Economic Geography. New York: Harper & Row, 1972.</ref>, it is necessary to think of an approach in terms of located networks. The idea that globalization is a phenomenon that is both multiscalar and topological with applications at different places according to these scales is emerging.

	== ~~Changement d’échelles~~ ==		== Changing scales ==
	~~Les~~ formations ~~et les processus globaux peuvent être et sont une cause de déstabilisation de la hiérarchie des échelles fondées sur l’État~~ national. Le global ~~se constitue en partie grâce à la dénationalisation d’éléments particuliers qui avaient été intégrés dans les domaines institutionnels du~~ national.		Global formations and processes can and do destabilize the hierarchy of scales based on the national state. The global is constituted in part by the denationalization of particular elements that had been integrated into the institutional domains of the national.

	~~L’histoire de l’État moderne peut être lue comme un~~ effort ~~pour rendre nationaux tous les~~ aspects ~~essentiels de la société~~. ~~La modification des hiérarchies ne veut pas dire disparition des anciennes au profit des nouvelles~~, ~~mais que de nouvelles surgissent à côté des anciennes~~. ~~Il faut être attentif~~, ~~car cela veut aussi dire que certains États n’ont jamais été complètement souverains en pratique~~.		The history of the modern state can be read as an effort to make all essential aspects of society national. Changing hierarchies does not mean that the old ones disappear in favour of the new ones, but that new ones emerge alongside the old ones. We must be careful, because it also means that some States have never been completely sovereign in practice.

	== ~~Les villes comme mondialisation située~~ ==		== Cities as located globalization ==
	Sassen parle des villes comme mondialisation située utilisant l’image et le rôle des villes parce qu’aujourd’hui apparaissent des villes polarisées avec une polarisation de l’activité économique mondiale. ~~Il y~~ a ~~une~~ dispersion ~~des moyens de~~ production ~~qui favorise la~~ concentration, ~~la gestion et la~~ coordination.		Sassen speaks of cities as globalization located using the image and role of cities because today polarized cities are emerging with a polarization of global economic activity. There is a dispersion of means of production that favours concentration, management and coordination.

	~~Les villes globales sont des villes à différencier des villes mondiales~~, ~~car ces villes ont en commun qu’à partir du~~ moment ~~où l’économie s’est mondialisée~~, ~~elles deviennent des~~ hubs ~~et des nœuds très importants faisant que les villes globales sont intrinsèquement liées entre elles~~.		Global cities are cities to be differentiated from global cities, because these cities have in common that from the moment the economy has become globalized, they become very important hubs and nodes, making global cities intrinsically linked to each other.

	= Mobilité globale =		= Mobilité globale =

Arthur : /* Dating */

2018-12-18T11:05:10Z

Dating