Functionalism and Systemism - Historique des versions

Arthur le 7 juillet 2023 à 09:40

2023-07-07T09:40:22Z

← Version précédente		Version du 7 juillet 2023 à 11:40
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	{{hidden		{{hidden
	\|[[Introduction to Political Science ]]		\|[[Introduction to Political Science]]
	\|[[~~La pensée sociale d'~~Émile Durkheim et Pierre Bourdieu]] ● [[~~Aux origines de la chute de la République de~~ Weimar]] ● [[~~La pensée sociale de~~ Max Weber et Vilfredo Pareto]] ● [[La notion ~~de «~~ concept ~~» en~~ sciences~~-sociales~~]] ● [[~~Histoire de la~~ discipline ~~de la~~ science ~~politique~~ : ~~théories et conceptions~~]] ● [[~~Marxisme et Structuralisme~~]] ● [[~~Fonctionnalisme et Systémisme~~]] ● [[~~Interactionnisme et Constructivisme~~]] ● [[~~Les théories de l’anthropologie politique~~]] ● [[~~Le débat des trois~~ I : ~~intérêts~~, institutions ~~et idées~~]] ● [[~~La théorie du choix rationnel et l'analyse des intérêts en~~ science ~~politique~~]] ● [[~~Approche analytique des~~ institutions en science ~~politique~~]] ● [[~~L'étude des idées et idéologies dans la~~ science ~~politique~~]] ● [[~~Les théories de la guerre en~~ science ~~politique~~]] ● [[~~La Guerre~~ : ~~conceptions et évolutions~~]] ● [[~~La raison d’État~~]] ● [[~~État~~, ~~souveraineté~~, ~~mondialisation, gouvernance multiniveaux~~]] ● [[~~Les théories de la~~ violence ~~en science politique~~]] ● [[Welfare State ~~et biopouvoir~~]] ● [[~~Analyse des régimes démocratiques et des processus de démocratisation~~]] ● [[~~Systèmes Électoraux~~ : ~~Mécanismes~~, ~~Enjeux et Conséquences~~]] ● [[~~Le système de gouvernement des démocraties~~]] ● [[~~Morphologie des~~ contestations]] ● [[~~L’action dans la théorie politique~~]] ● [[Introduction ~~à la politique suisse~~]] ● [[Introduction ~~au comportement politique~~]] ● [[~~Analyse des Politiques Publiques~~ : ~~définition et~~ cycle ~~d'une politique publique~~]] ● [[~~Analyse des Politiques Publiques~~ : ~~mise à l'~~agenda et formulation]] ● [[~~Analyse des Politiques Publiques~~ : ~~mise en œuvre et évaluation~~]] ● [[Introduction ~~à la sous~~-discipline ~~des~~ relations ~~internationales~~]]		\|[[Intellectual legacy of Émile Durkheim and Pierre Bourdieu in social theory]] ● [[The origins of the fall of the Weimar Republic]] ● [[Intellectual legacy of Max Weber and Vilfredo Pareto in social theory]] ● [[The notion of "concept" in social sciences]] ● [[History of the discipline of political science: theories and concepts]] ● [[Marxism and Structuralism]] ● [[Functionalism and Systemism]] ● [[Interactionism and Constructivism]] ● [[The theories of political anthropology]] ● [[The three I's debate: interests, institutions and ideas]] ● [[Rational choice theory and the analysis of interests in political science]] ● [[An analytical approach to institutions in political science]] ● [[The study of ideas and ideologies in political science]] ● [[Theories of war in political science]] ● [[The War: Concepts and Evolutions]] ● [[The reason of State]] ● [[State, sovereignty, globalization and multi-level governance]] ● [[Theories of violence in political science‎‎]] ● [[Welfare State and Biopower]] ● [[Analysis of democratic regimes and democratisation processes]] ● [[Electoral Systems: Mechanisms, Issues and Consequences]] ● [[The system of government in democracies]] ● [[Morphology of contestations]] ● [[Action in Political Theory]] ● [[Introduction to Swiss politics]] ● [[Introduction to political behaviour]] ● [[Public Policy Analysis: Definition and cycle of public policy]] ● [[Public Policy Analysis: agenda setting and formulation]] ● [[Public Policy Analysis: Implementation and Evaluation]] ● [[Introduction to the sub-discipline of international relations]] ● [[Introduction to Political Theory]]
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Arthur : /* Robert King Merton (1910 - 2003): mid-range functionalism */

2023-06-22T09:38:09Z

Robert King Merton (1910 - 2003): mid-range functionalism

← Version précédente		Version du 22 juin 2023 à 11:38
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	The concept of anomie reflects a situation in which the social norms that govern the behaviour of individuals are weakened or confused. This can occur when society is undergoing rapid and profound change or when there is a significant mismatch between the cultural aspirations of a society and the legitimate means available to achieve those aspirations. In this context, anomie can be seen as a kind of 'grey zone' between an old social order and a new order that has not yet been clearly defined or accepted. It is a potentially problematic period of transition, during which individuals may feel lost, disorientated or uncertain about how to behave. Anomie is described not only as a social structure that no longer functions but also as individuals who are waiting for a lost meaning and who, in the expectation of this lost meaning, may redefine specific behaviours, particularly violent or deviant behaviours. Deviance is behaviour that no longer corresponds to the behaviour and aspirations of society. Deviance occurs when there is a disproportion between the cultural flows considered valid and the legitimate means to which individuals can have access to achieve these goals. It should also be noted that Merton uses the concept of anomie to explain deviance and crime in society. According to him, when individuals cannot achieve their goals by legitimate means (for example, because of poverty or discrimination), they may be tempted to resort to illegitimate means, leading to deviant or criminal behaviour.		The concept of anomie reflects a situation in which the social norms that govern the behaviour of individuals are weakened or confused. This can occur when society is undergoing rapid and profound change or when there is a significant mismatch between the cultural aspirations of a society and the legitimate means available to achieve those aspirations. In this context, anomie can be seen as a kind of 'grey zone' between an old social order and a new order that has not yet been clearly defined or accepted. It is a potentially problematic period of transition, during which individuals may feel lost, disorientated or uncertain about how to behave. Anomie is described not only as a social structure that no longer functions but also as individuals who are waiting for a lost meaning and who, in the expectation of this lost meaning, may redefine specific behaviours, particularly violent or deviant behaviours. Deviance is behaviour that no longer corresponds to the behaviour and aspirations of society. Deviance occurs when there is a disproportion between the cultural flows considered valid and the legitimate means to which individuals can have access to achieve these goals. It should also be noted that Merton uses the concept of anomie to explain deviance and crime in society. According to him, when individuals cannot achieve their goals by legitimate means (for example, because of poverty or discrimination), they may be tempted to resort to illegitimate means, leading to deviant or criminal behaviour.

	~~Selon~~ Merton, ~~la déviance est un symptôme d'un dysfonctionnement ou d'une désorganisation au sein d'un système~~ social. ~~Quand il y~~ a ~~un écart entre les objectifs culturellement valorisés dans une société et les moyens socialement acceptés pour atteindre ces objectifs~~, ~~cela crée une~~ tension ~~ou une pression qui peut conduire à la déviance~~. ~~Dans le cadre de la~~ mafia, ~~si une société valorise la richesse et le succès économique~~, ~~mais que les moyens légitimes pour atteindre ces objectifs~~ (~~par exemple~~, ~~l'éducation~~, ~~le travail acharné, l'entrepreneuriat~~) ~~sont inaccessibles à certains groupes de personnes~~ (~~en raison de la pauvreté~~, ~~de la~~ discrimination, etc.), ~~alors ces personnes peuvent être tentées de recourir à des moyens illégitimes~~ (~~comme le~~ crime ~~organisé~~) ~~pour atteindre ces objectifs~~. ~~En ce sens~~, ~~la déviance peut être vue non seulement comme un symptôme d'un dysfonctionnement~~ social, ~~mais aussi comme une réponse créative ou adaptative à ce dysfonctionnement~~. ~~Cependant~~, ~~cette réponse peut en elle-même créer de nouveaux problèmes et défis~~, ~~comme la criminalité~~, la violence ~~et l'instabilité sociale~~.		According to Merton, deviance is a symptom of dysfunction or disorganisation within a social system. When there is a gap between the culturally valued goals of a society and the socially accepted means of achieving those goals, it creates a tension or pressure that can lead to deviance. In the context of the mafia, if a society values wealth and economic success, but the legitimate means of achieving these goals (e.g. education, hard work, entrepreneurship) are inaccessible to certain groups of people (due to poverty, discrimination, etc.), then these people may be tempted to resort to illegitimate means (such as organised crime) to achieve these goals. In this sense, deviance can be seen not only as a symptom of social dysfunction, but also as a creative or adaptive response to that dysfunction. However, this response can itself create new problems and challenges, such as crime, violence and social instability.

	In "Contemporary Social Problems: An Introduction to the Sociology of Deviant Behavior and Social Disorganization", Merton and Nisbet analyse how social and cultural structures can produce both compliant and deviant behaviour. Merton developed a theory called 'structural deviance theory', which analyses how a society's social and cultural structure can lead to deviance. According to this theory, when the social structure of a society establishes cultural goals but does not provide all its members with the legitimate means to achieve these goals, some individuals may resort to deviance to achieve these goals. In addition, Merton also introduced the concept of 'social disorganisation' to describe a situation where social norms and rules of behaviour are weak or non-existent, which can lead to a high level of deviant behaviour. Merton's theory has considerably influenced the sociology of deviance and remains a major reference in the field.		In "Contemporary Social Problems: An Introduction to the Sociology of Deviant Behavior and Social Disorganization", Merton and Nisbet analyse how social and cultural structures can produce both compliant and deviant behaviour. Merton developed a theory called 'structural deviance theory', which analyses how a society's social and cultural structure can lead to deviance. According to this theory, when the social structure of a society establishes cultural goals but does not provide all its members with the legitimate means to achieve these goals, some individuals may resort to deviance to achieve these goals. In addition, Merton also introduced the concept of 'social disorganisation' to describe a situation where social norms and rules of behaviour are weak or non-existent, which can lead to a high level of deviant behaviour. Merton's theory has considerably influenced the sociology of deviance and remains a major reference in the field.

Arthur : /* The limits of these two approaches */

2023-06-22T09:18:16Z

The limits of these two approaches

← Version précédente		Version du 22 juin 2023 à 11:18
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	# Reductionism: Functionalism can be accused of reductionism because it tends to see society as a well-oiled machine where each part has a specific function. This view can ignore the complexity and interdependence of social phenomena and the possibility of conflict or tension within society.		# Reductionism: Functionalism can be accused of reductionism because it tends to see society as a well-oiled machine where each part has a specific function. This view can ignore the complexity and interdependence of social phenomena and the possibility of conflict or tension within society.
	# Inability to explain social change: Functionalism is often criticised for its inability to explain social change. It often focuses on the equilibrium and stability of society, and has difficulty explaining why and how society changes.		# Inability to explain social change: Functionalism is often criticised for its inability to explain social change. It often focuses on the equilibrium and stability of society and has difficulty explaining why and how society changes.
	# Neglects individual agentivity: The functionalist approach tends to favour a macroscopic view of society, often neglecting the agentivity of individuals. It can therefore be difficult to explain how individuals can influence society and how their actions can lead to social change.		# Neglects individual agentivity: The functionalist approach tends to favour a macroscopic view of society, often neglecting the agentivity of individuals. It can therefore be difficult to explain how individuals can influence society and how their actions can lead to social change.
	# Conservatism: Functionalism has been criticised for its implicit conservatism. By focusing on maintaining balance and stability, it can appear to justify the existing social order and resist the idea of social change. This can sometimes lead to an implicit justification of social inequalities.		# Conservatism: Functionalism has been criticised for its implicit conservatism. By focusing on maintaining balance and stability, it can appear to justify the existing social order and resist the idea of social change. This can sometimes lead to an implicit justification of social inequalities.

	Despite these limitations, functionalism has played an ~~important~~ role in sociology and has made valuable contributions to our understanding of society. However, it is important to ~~take~~ these criticisms ~~into account~~ when using the functionalist approach to analyse society.		Despite these limitations, functionalism has played an essential role in sociology and has made valuable contributions to our understanding of society. However, it is important to consider these criticisms when using the functionalist approach to analyse society.

	== Limits of the systems approach ==		== Limits of the systems approach ==
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	# Comparability: The systems approach can give the impression that all political systems are comparable. This can lead to misleading generalisations and inappropriate value judgements.		# Comparability: The systems approach can give the impression that all political systems are comparable. This can lead to misleading generalisations and inappropriate value judgements.
	# Neglect of power dynamics: By focusing on systemic processes, this approach can neglect the dynamics of power, inequality and conflict that are often at the heart of political systems.		# Neglect of power dynamics: By focusing on systemic processes, this approach can neglect the dynamics of power, inequality and conflict that are often at the heart of political systems.
	# Difficulty in managing change: The systems approach may ~~find it~~ difficult to explain how political systems change and evolve over time. It is generally more effective at analysing ~~the~~ current state ~~of political systems~~ than at predicting or explaining change.		# Difficulty in managing change: The systems approach may be difficult to explain how political systems change and evolve over time. It is generally more effective at analysing political systems' current state than predicting or explaining change.

	These limitations do not mean that the systems approach is without value, ~~but~~ they do suggest that researchers ~~should~~ use it with care and ~~in combination with~~ other approaches to gain a more complete understanding of political phenomena.		These limitations do not mean that the systems approach is without value. Still, they suggest that researchers use it with care and other approaches to gain a more complete understanding of political phenomena.

	= Annexes =		= Annexes =

Arthur : /* Systemic theory */

2023-06-22T09:16:10Z

Systemic theory

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Arthur : /* Functionalism */

2023-06-22T09:09:14Z

Functionalism

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Arthur le 22 juin 2023 à 09:02

2023-06-22T09:02:23Z

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	Both theories can be used to understand power relationships, the interactions between different parts of a political system and how these contribute to stability or change in the political system.		Both theories can be used to understand power relationships, the interactions between different parts of a political system and how these contribute to stability or change in the political system.




	= Functionalism =		= Functionalism =

Arthur : /* Les limites de ces deux approches */

2023-06-22T08:26:27Z

Les limites de ces deux approches

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	The essence of political management can often be reduced to the search for the 'least bad' possible. Political decision-makers must constantly juggle limited resources, conflicting demands, uncertainties about the future and a host of other constraints and challenges. They therefore often have to make compromises, sometimes difficult ones, and choose between options that are all far from perfect. Their objective is to minimise the disadvantages and costs of these compromises, while maximising the potential benefits for society. It is in this sense that we might say that they seek to manage the 'least bad' possible. This realist perspective on political management highlights the complexity and difficulty of making political decisions in an uncertain and ever-changing world.		The essence of political management can often be reduced to the search for the 'least bad' possible. Political decision-makers must constantly juggle limited resources, conflicting demands, uncertainties about the future and a host of other constraints and challenges. They therefore often have to make compromises, sometimes difficult ones, and choose between options that are all far from perfect. Their objective is to minimise the disadvantages and costs of these compromises, while maximising the potential benefits for society. It is in this sense that we might say that they seek to manage the 'least bad' possible. This realist perspective on political management highlights the complexity and difficulty of making political decisions in an uncertain and ever-changing world.

	= ~~Les limites de ces deux approches~~ =		= The limits of these two approaches =
	== ~~Limites de l’approche fonctionnaliste~~ ==		== Limits of the functionalist approach ==
	~~L'approche fonctionnaliste~~ a ~~fait l'objet de nombreuses critiques pour diverses raisons~~. ~~Voici quelques-unes de ses limites principales~~ :		The functionalist approach has been widely criticised for a variety of reasons. Here are some of its main limitations:

	# ~~Réductionnisme~~ : ~~Le fonctionnalisme peut être accusé de réductionnisme car il tend à voir la société comme une~~ machine ~~bien huilée où chaque pièce~~ a ~~une fonction spécifique~~. ~~Cette vision peut ignorer la complexité et l'interdépendance des phénomènes sociaux et la possibilité de conflits ou de tensions au sein de la société~~.		# Reductionism: Functionalism can be accused of reductionism because it tends to see society as a well-oiled machine where each part has a specific function. This view can ignore the complexity and interdependence of social phenomena and the possibility of conflict or tension within society.
	# ~~Incapacité à expliquer le changement~~ social : ~~Le fonctionnalisme est souvent critiqué pour son incapacité à expliquer le changement~~ social. ~~Il est souvent concentré sur l'équilibre et la stabilité de la société~~, ~~et a du mal à expliquer pourquoi et comment la société change~~.		# Inability to explain social change: Functionalism is often criticised for its inability to explain social change. It often focuses on the equilibrium and stability of society, and has difficulty explaining why and how society changes.
	# ~~Néglige l'agentivité individuelle~~ : ~~L'approche fonctionnaliste tend à privilégier une vision macroscopique de la société~~, ~~négligeant souvent l'agentivité des individus~~. ~~Il peut donc avoir du mal à expliquer comment les individus peuvent influencer la société et comment leurs~~ actions ~~peuvent conduire à des changements sociaux~~.		# Neglects individual agentivity: The functionalist approach tends to favour a macroscopic view of society, often neglecting the agentivity of individuals. It can therefore be difficult to explain how individuals can influence society and how their actions can lead to social change.
	# ~~Conservatisme~~ : ~~Le fonctionnalisme a été critiqué pour son conservatisme implicite~~. ~~En se concentrant sur le maintien de l'équilibre et de la stabilité~~, ~~il peut sembler justifier l'ordre~~ social ~~existant et résister à l'idée de changement~~ social. ~~Cela peut parfois conduire à une~~ justification ~~implicite des inégalités sociales~~.		# Conservatism: Functionalism has been criticised for its implicit conservatism. By focusing on maintaining balance and stability, it can appear to justify the existing social order and resist the idea of social change. This can sometimes lead to an implicit justification of social inequalities.

	~~Malgré ces limites~~, ~~le fonctionnalisme a joué un rôle~~ important ~~dans la sociologie et a apporté de précieuses~~ contributions ~~à notre compréhension de la société~~. ~~Cependant~~, ~~il est~~ important ~~de prendre en compte ces critiques lors de l'utilisation de l'approche fonctionnaliste pour analyser la société~~.		Despite these limitations, functionalism has played an important role in sociology and has made valuable contributions to our understanding of society. However, it is important to take these criticisms into account when using the functionalist approach to analyse society.

	== ~~Limites de l’approche systémique~~ ==		== Limits of the systems approach ==
	~~L'approche systémique, bien qu'elle offre de nombreux avantages pour comprendre les~~ organisations ~~et les~~ interactions ~~politiques~~, ~~présente également certaines limites~~. ~~Voici quelques-uns de ces défis :~~		While the systems approach offers many advantages for understanding political organisations and interactions, it also has certain limitations. These include

	# ~~Sur-simplification~~ : ~~L'approche systémique peut parfois simplifier excessivement les phénomènes sociaux et politiques en les décomposant en systèmes et sous~~-~~systèmes~~. ~~La réalité est souvent beaucoup plus complexe et désordonnée que les modèles systémiques ne le suggèrent~~.		# Oversimplification: The systems approach can sometimes oversimplify social and political phenomena by breaking them down into systems and sub-systems. Reality is often much more complex and messy than systems models suggest.
	# ~~Manque de considération pour le contexte~~ : ~~Les systèmes politiques sont profondément ancrés dans des contextes sociaux~~, ~~culturels et historiques spécifiques~~. ~~L'approche systémique peut parfois négliger ces contextes en se concentrant sur l'analyse des~~ inputs ~~et des~~ outputs ~~du système~~.		# Lack of consideration for context: Political systems are deeply rooted in specific social, cultural and historical contexts. The systems approach can sometimes overlook these contexts by concentrating on analysing the inputs and outputs of the system.
	# ~~Comparabilité~~ : ~~L'approche systémique peut donner l'~~impression ~~que tous les systèmes politiques sont comparables~~. ~~Cela peut conduire à des généralisations trompeuses et à des jugements de valeur inappropriés~~.		# Comparability: The systems approach can give the impression that all political systems are comparable. This can lead to misleading generalisations and inappropriate value judgements.
	# ~~Négligence des dynamiques de pouvoir~~ : ~~En se concentrant sur les processus systémiques~~, ~~cette approche peut négliger les dynamiques de pouvoir~~, ~~d'inégalité et de conflit qui sont souvent au cœur des systèmes politiques~~.		# Neglect of power dynamics: By focusing on systemic processes, this approach can neglect the dynamics of power, inequality and conflict that are often at the heart of political systems.
	# ~~Difficulté à gérer le changement~~ : ~~L'approche systémique peut avoir du mal à expliquer comment les systèmes politiques changent et évoluent au fil du temps~~. ~~Elle est généralement plus efficace pour analyser l'état actuel des systèmes politiques que pour prévoir ou expliquer le changement~~.		# Difficulty in managing change: The systems approach may find it difficult to explain how political systems change and evolve over time. It is generally more effective at analysing the current state of political systems than at predicting or explaining change.

	~~Ces limites ne signifient pas que l'approche systémique est sans valeur~~, ~~mais elles suggèrent que les chercheurs doivent l'utiliser avec précaution et en combinaison avec d'autres approches pour obtenir une compréhension plus complète des phénomènes politiques~~.		These limitations do not mean that the systems approach is without value, but they do suggest that researchers should use it with care and in combination with other approaches to gain a more complete understanding of political phenomena.

	= Annexes =		= Annexes =

Arthur : /* La théorie systémique */

2023-06-22T08:25:42Z

La théorie systémique

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Arthur : /* Robert King Merton (1910 - 2003) : le fonctionnalisme de moyenne portée */

2023-06-22T08:23:18Z

Robert King Merton (1910 - 2003) : le fonctionnalisme de moyenne portée

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Arthur : /* Talcott Parsons: 1902 - 1979 */

2023-06-22T08:22:15Z

Talcott Parsons: 1902 - 1979

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	What is important in this perspective is that individual actions are not simply determined by the personal preferences of individuals, but are also influenced by the norms, values and objectives of the action system as a whole. In this way, individual choices are both influenced by and influence the overall system of action.		What is important in this perspective is that individual actions are not simply determined by the personal preferences of individuals, but are also influenced by the norms, values and objectives of the action system as a whole. In this way, individual choices are both influenced by and influence the overall system of action.

	Talcott Parsons ~~a conceptualisé ce qu'il a appelé la~~ "~~théorie du système d'~~action" (~~ou le~~ "~~schéma~~ AGIL" - Adaptation, Goal attainment, Integration, Latency) ~~pour expliquer comment les sociétés~~ (~~ou n'importe quel système~~ social) ~~tentent de maintenir l'équilibre et l'ordre~~ social. ~~Chacune des quatre fonctions de ce schéma est essentielle pour la survie d'un système~~ social. ~~Elles fonctionnent toutes ensemble~~, ~~et si l'une d'entre elles échoue~~, ~~le système peut être en~~ danger.		Talcott Parsons conceptualised what he called "action system theory" (or the "AGIL scheme" - Adaptation, Goal attainment, Integration, Latency) to explain how societies (or any social system) attempt to maintain social balance and order. Each of the four functions in this diagram is essential for the survival of a social system. They all work together, and if one of them fails, the system may be in danger.

	# Adaptation : ~~Cela concerne la capacité d'un système~~ social ~~à recueillir et à utiliser les ressources de son environnement pour survivre et prospérer~~. C'~~est fondamentalement la relation du système avec son environnement~~, ~~et comment il s'y adapte~~.		# Adaptation: This concerns the ability of a social system to gather and use resources from its environment in order to survive and prosper. It is fundamentally the system's relationship with its environment, and how it adapts to it.
	# Goal attainment ~~(Poursuite des buts)~~ : ~~Cela se réfère à la capacité du système à définir et à poursuivre des objectifs~~. ~~Dans une société~~, ~~cela pourrait être vu comme le rôle du gouvernement~~, ~~qui établit des objectifs politiques et met en œuvre des politiques pour les atteindre~~.		# Goal attainment: This refers to the system's ability to define and pursue goals. In a society, this could be seen as the role of government, which sets policy goals and implements policies to achieve them.
	# Integration ~~(Intégration)~~ : ~~Cette fonction est liée à la gestion des relations entre les différentes parties du système~~ social ~~pour maintenir l'ordre et éviter le conflit~~. ~~C'est l'~~aspect ~~de cohésion sociale~~, ~~comment les différentes parties d'un système travaillent ensemble pour maintenir l'unité~~.		# Integration: This function relates to the management of relationships between different parts of the social system to maintain order and avoid conflict. This is the aspect of social cohesion, how the different parts of a system work together to maintain unity.
	# Latency ~~(Latence)~~ : ~~Cette fonction concerne le maintien et le renouvellement des~~ motivations, ~~des valeurs et des normes qui sous-tendent le système~~. C'~~est en quelque sorte le "ciment" culturel qui lie les gens ensemble et maintient le système en marche~~.		# Latency: This function concerns the maintenance and renewal of the motivations, values and norms that underpin the system. It is the cultural 'glue' that binds people together and keeps the system running.

	~~Ces quatre fonctions interagissent entre elles et sont toutes nécessaires à la survie d'un système~~ social.		These four functions interact with each other and are all necessary for the survival of a social system.

	~~Dans la réalité~~, le respect ~~parfait de ces quatre fonctions est rarement atteint~~. ~~Les systèmes sociaux sont complexes et dynamiques~~, ~~et ils sont soumis à de nombreuses pressions internes et externes qui peuvent perturber leur fonctionnement~~.		In reality, perfect respect for these four functions is rarely achieved. Social systems are complex and dynamic, and are subject to many internal and external pressures that can disrupt their functioning.

	# Adaptation : ~~Les systèmes sociaux peuvent échouer à s'adapter de manière appropriée à des changements dans leur environnement~~. ~~Par exemple~~, ~~une entreprise peut ne pas être en mesure de s'adapter rapidement à une nouvelle technologie~~, ~~ce qui peut entraîner sa faillite~~. ~~De même~~, ~~une société peut avoir du mal à s'adapter à des changements rapides~~, ~~tels que ceux provoqués par la mondialisation ou le changement climatique~~.		# Adaptation: Social systems can fail to adapt appropriately to changes in their environment. For example, a company may not be able to adapt quickly to a new technology, which could lead to its bankruptcy. Similarly, a company may find it difficult to adapt to rapid changes, such as those brought about by globalisation or climate change.
	# ~~Poursuite des buts~~ : ~~Les systèmes sociaux peuvent également échouer à définir et à atteindre leurs objectifs~~. ~~Par exemple~~, ~~un gouvernement peut échouer à atteindre ses objectifs en matière de réduction de la pauvreté~~, ~~de lutte contre le chômage~~, ~~d'éducation~~, ~~de santé~~, etc.		# Pursuit of goals: Social systems can also fail to define and achieve their goals. For example, a government may fail to achieve its objectives in terms of poverty reduction, unemployment, education, health, etc.
	# ~~Intégration~~ : ~~Les tensions et les conflits peuvent survenir au sein d'un système~~ social, ~~menaçant son intégrité~~. ~~Par exemple~~, ~~les divisions sociales~~, ~~ethniques~~, ~~religieuses ou politiques peuvent menacer la stabilité d'une société~~.		# Integration: Tensions and conflicts can arise within a social system, threatening its integrity. For example, social, ethnic, religious or political divisions can threaten the stability of a society.
	# ~~Latence~~ : ~~Enfin~~, ~~les systèmes sociaux peuvent rencontrer des difficultés à maintenir et à renouveler les valeurs~~, ~~les normes et les~~ motivations ~~qui soutiennent leur~~ existence. ~~Par exemple~~, ~~une crise de valeurs peut survenir lorsque les normes traditionnelles sont remises en question ou lorsque les gens se sentent déconnectés des valeurs dominantes de la société~~.		# Latency: Finally, social systems may experience difficulties in maintaining and renewing the values, norms and motivations that sustain their existence. For example, a crisis of values can occur when traditional norms are challenged or when people feel disconnected from the dominant values of society.

	~~Ces problèmes sont souvent interconnectés et peuvent se renforcer mutuellement~~, ~~créant des défis importants pour la stabilité et la durabilité des systèmes sociaux~~. ~~Par conséquent~~, ~~comprendre ces fonctions et comment elles peuvent être soutenues et renforcées est~~ crucial ~~pour la gestion et la résolution des problèmes sociaux~~.		These problems are often interconnected and can reinforce each other, creating significant challenges for the stability and sustainability of social systems. Therefore, understanding these functions and how they can be supported and strengthened is crucial to the management and resolution of social problems.

	[[fichier:Parson_moyen_but.png\|center\|thumb\|500px]]		[[fichier:Parson_moyen_but.png\|center\|thumb\|500px]]

	~~Le paradigme fonctionnel du système d~~'action ~~selon Parsons est circulaire et dynamique~~. ~~Chaque fonction~~, ou phase, du cycle - Adaptation, ~~Poursuite des buts~~, ~~Intégration~~, ~~Latence~~ - ~~n'est pas seulement la conséquence de la~~ phase ~~précédente~~, ~~mais aussi la~~ condition ~~de la suivante~~.		Parsons' functional paradigm of the action system is circular and dynamic. Each function, or phase, of the cycle - Adaptation, Goal Pursuit, Integration, Latency - is not only the consequence of the previous phase, but also the condition for the next.

	C'~~est-à-dire que chaque fonction doit être réalisée non seulement pour répondre aux besoins immédiats du système~~, ~~mais aussi pour préparer le système à réaliser la fonction suivante~~. ~~Par exemple~~, l'Adaptation (~~la capacité du système à utiliser les ressources de l'environnement pour répondre à ses besoins~~) ~~est nécessaire non seulement pour la survie immédiate du système~~, ~~mais aussi pour lui permettre de définir et de poursuivre ses Buts~~. ~~De même~~, ~~la réalisation des Buts est une condition préalable à l'Intégration~~ (~~la coordination et la cohésion du système~~), ~~qui à son tour prépare le système à la~~ phase ~~de Latence~~ (~~la génération et la~~ conservation ~~de l'énergie ou de la~~ motivation ~~pour l'~~action).		In other words, each function must be performed not only to meet the system's immediate needs, but also to prepare the system to perform the next function. For example, Adaptation (the ability of the system to use the resources of the environment to meet its needs) is necessary not only for the immediate survival of the system, but also to enable it to define and pursue its Goals. Similarly, the achievement of Goals is a prerequisite for Integration (the co-ordination and cohesion of the system), which in turn prepares the system for the Latency phase (the generation and conservation of energy or motivation for action).

	~~Ainsi~~, ~~le système d'~~action ~~est toujours en mouvement~~, ~~passant d'une~~ phase ~~à l'autre dans une boucle continue~~. ~~Ce modèle de~~ cycle ~~dynamique reflète la complexité et l'interdépendance des processus sociaux dans les systèmes d'~~action.		In this way, the action system is always in motion, moving from one phase to another in a continuous loop. This dynamic cycle model reflects the complexity and interdependence of social processes in action systems.

	== Robert King Merton (1910 - 2003) : le fonctionnalisme de moyenne portée ==		== Robert King Merton (1910 - 2003) : le fonctionnalisme de moyenne portée ==

Functionalism and Systemism - Historique des versions

Arthur le 7 juillet 2023 à 09:40

Arthur : /* Robert King Merton (1910 - 2003): mid-range functionalism */

Arthur : /* The limits of these two approaches */

Arthur : /* Systemic theory */

Arthur : /* Functionalism */

Arthur le 22 juin 2023 à 09:02

Arthur : /* Les limites de ces deux approches */

Arthur : /* La théorie systémique */

Arthur : /* Robert King Merton (1910 - 2003) : le fonctionnalisme de moyenne portée */

Arthur : /* Talcott Parsons: 1902 - 1979 */

Arthur : /* Robert King Merton (1910 - 2003): mid-range functionalism */

Arthur : /* The limits of these two approaches */

Arthur : /* Systemic theory */

Arthur : /* Functionalism */

Arthur : /* Les limites de ces deux approches */

Arthur : /* La théorie systémique */

Arthur : /* Robert King Merton (1910 - 2003) : le fonctionnalisme de moyenne portée */

Arthur : /* Talcott Parsons: 1902 - 1979 */