From empire to federation: the American case - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* The European Empires */

2020-12-30T12:07:28Z

The European Empires

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	= The European Empires =		= The European Empires =

	[[Image:Council of Four Versailles.jpg\|thumb\|right\|350px\|The ''Council of Four'' at the peace conference: Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson.]]		[[Image:Council of Four Versailles.jpg\|thumb\|right\|350px\|The '''Council of Four''' at the peace conference: Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson.]]

	There is great continuity in the English model from the 17th century onwards, but from 1920 onwards. We realise that Smith is right and that the English empire is "over-extended". At the same time, the English developed and established and allowed a local elite to take power. This local elite gradually competed with the English elite on the spot. The local elites gradually became nationalists demanding their emancipation. In the United States and in England, an anthropology was set up with the discovery and valorisation of indigenous cultures. From 1910 onwards, in the English academic and intellectual world, there is a very important development of publications describing and valuing the indigenous cultures dominated by the English Empire. There is an awareness of indigenous cultures, a valorisation of their culture and a work of undermining the English imperial ideology. The British Empire gradually declined, especially after the Second World War.		There is great continuity in the English model from the 17th century onwards, but from 1920 onwards. We realise that Smith is right and that the English empire is "over-extended". At the same time, the English developed and established and allowed a local elite to take power. This local elite gradually competed with the English elite on the spot. The local elites gradually became nationalists demanding their emancipation. In the United States and in England, an anthropology was set up with the discovery and valorisation of indigenous cultures. From 1910 onwards, in the English academic and intellectual world, there is a very important development of publications describing and valuing the indigenous cultures dominated by the English Empire. There is an awareness of indigenous cultures, a valorisation of their culture and a work of undermining the English imperial ideology. The British Empire gradually declined, especially after the Second World War.

Arthur : /* The European Empires */

2020-12-30T12:07:16Z

The European Empires

← Version précédente		Version du 30 décembre 2020 à 14:07
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	= The European Empires =		= The European Empires =

	[[Image:Council of Four Versailles.jpg\|thumb\|right\|350px\|Le '''~~Conseil des Quatre~~'~~'' à la conférence de paix~~ : Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, et Woodrow Wilson.]]		[[Image:Council of Four Versailles.jpg\|thumb\|right\|350px\|The ''Council of Four'' at the peace conference: Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson.]]

	There is great continuity in the English model from the 17th century onwards, but from 1920 onwards. We realise that Smith is right and that the English empire is "over-extended". At the same time, the English developed and established and allowed a local elite to take power. This local elite gradually competed with the English elite on the spot. The local elites gradually became nationalists demanding their emancipation. In the United States and in England, an anthropology was set up with the discovery and valorisation of indigenous cultures. From 1910 onwards, in the English academic and intellectual world, there is a very important development of publications describing and valuing the indigenous cultures dominated by the English Empire. There is an awareness of indigenous cultures, a valorisation of their culture and a work of undermining the English imperial ideology. The British Empire gradually declined, especially after the Second World War.		There is great continuity in the English model from the 17th century onwards, but from 1920 onwards. We realise that Smith is right and that the English empire is "over-extended". At the same time, the English developed and established and allowed a local elite to take power. This local elite gradually competed with the English elite on the spot. The local elites gradually became nationalists demanding their emancipation. In the United States and in England, an anthropology was set up with the discovery and valorisation of indigenous cultures. From 1910 onwards, in the English academic and intellectual world, there is a very important development of publications describing and valuing the indigenous cultures dominated by the English Empire. There is an awareness of indigenous cultures, a valorisation of their culture and a work of undermining the English imperial ideology. The British Empire gradually declined, especially after the Second World War.

Arthur le 30 décembre 2020 à 12:06

2020-12-30T12:06:16Z

← Version précédente		Version du 30 décembre 2020 à 14:06
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	[[Fichier:FalloftheAlamo.jpg\|vignette\|300px\|left\|The Fall of the Alamo de Robert J. Onderdonk, 1901]]		[[Fichier:FalloftheAlamo.jpg\|vignette\|300px\|left\|The Fall of the Alamo de Robert J. Onderdonk, 1901.]]

	Texas is "ours", he asks for Texas to be attached to the United States of America. Will appear what will become the ideology of American thought.		Texas is "ours", he asks for Texas to be attached to the United States of America. Will appear what will become the ideology of American thought.

Arthur le 30 décembre 2020 à 12:05

2020-12-30T12:05:09Z

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	<gallery mode="packed" widths=200px heights=200px>		<gallery mode="packed" widths=200px heights=200px>
	Fichier:John Marshall by Henry Inman, 1832.jpg\|John Marshall in 1831, by Henry Inman.		Fichier:John Marshall by Henry Inman, 1832.jpg\|John Marshall in 1831, by Henry Inman.
	Fichier:Andrew_Jackson.jpg\|Jackson in 1824, painting by Thomas Sully		Fichier:Andrew_Jackson.jpg\|Jackson in 1824, painting by Thomas Sully.
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Arthur le 30 décembre 2020 à 08:26

2020-12-30T08:26:00Z

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	{{Translations		{{Translations
	\| fr = De l’empire à la fédération : le cas américain		\| fr = De l’empire à la fédération : le cas américain
	\| es =		\| es = Del imperio a la federación: el caso americano
	}}		}}

Arthur : /* The theory of the intervention of mankind */

2020-12-17T14:39:13Z

The theory of the intervention of mankind

← Version précédente		Version du 17 décembre 2020 à 16:39
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	The "de facto" situation becomes a "de jure" situation. Rousseau had said "force does not make law", and Rougier replied "force may not be, but it is the fact that makes law".		The "de facto" situation becomes a "de jure" situation. Rousseau had said "force does not make law", and Rougier replied "force may not be, but it is the fact that makes law".

	{{citation bloc\|We would readily see this as recognition of legitimate authority over other States, a complex authority which includes vestiges of legislation, administration and jurisdiction. It is up to the powers that say the law to supervise its execution, to look after the general interests of the international community, to ensure that each government fulfils its duties towards its nationals. In Europe, it is exclusively up to the European concert to practise humane intervention with regard to other States}}.		{{citation bloc\|We would readily see this as recognition of legitimate authority over other States, a complex authority which includes vestiges of legislation, administration and jurisdiction. It is up to the powers that say the law to supervise its execution, to look after the general interests of the international community, to ensure that each government fulfils its duties towards its nationals. In Europe, it is exclusively up to the European concert to practise humane intervention with regard to other States.}}

	This text defends that there are a certain number of civilised States, bearers and defenders of the laws of humanity, which can intervene in world affairs in the name of natural rights and justice.		This text defends that there are a certain number of civilised States, bearers and defenders of the laws of humanity, which can intervene in world affairs in the name of natural rights and justice.

Arthur : /* The theory of the intervention of mankind */

2020-12-17T14:38:47Z

The theory of the intervention of mankind

← Version précédente		Version du 17 décembre 2020 à 16:38
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	There are states that can intervene in the name of justice defined by themselves, and other states must welcome civilization and civilized states. These arguments will be found in international law books in part of the 20th century.		There are states that can intervene in the name of justice defined by themselves, and other states must welcome civilization and civilized states. These arguments will be found in international law books in part of the 20th century.

	{{citation bloc\|~~Cette tendance de la société des États à reconnaître au profit de certains de ses membres une sorte de puissance législative parait indiquer précisément une lente et~~ progressive ~~consécration juridique de leur prééminence~~ de ~~fait~~.}}		{{citation bloc\|This tendency of the society of States to recognise for the benefit of some of its members a kind of legislative power seems to indicate precisely a slow and progressive legal consecration of their de facto pre-eminence.}}

	La situation « de ~~fait » devient une~~ situation ~~« de droit »~~. Rousseau ~~avait dit «~~ force ~~ne fait pas droit »~~, et Rougier ~~lui répond « la~~ force ~~peut être pas~~, ~~mais c’est le fait qui fait le droit »~~.		The "de facto" situation becomes a "de jure" situation. Rousseau had said "force does not make law", and Rougier replied "force may not be, but it is the fact that makes law".

	{{citation bloc\|~~Nous y verrions volontiers la reconnaissance d’une légitime autorité sur les autres États~~, ~~autorité complexe qui comprend tout à la fois des~~ vestiges ~~de la législation~~, ~~d’administration et de juridiction~~. ~~Il appartient aux puissances qui disent la loi d’en surveiller l’exécution~~, ~~de veiller aux intérêts généraux de la communauté internationale~~, ~~de s’assurer si chaque gouvernement remplit ses devoirs envers ses ressortissants~~. En Europe, ~~c’est au~~ concert ~~européen exclusivement qu’il appartient de pratiquer l’intervention d’humanité vis-à-vis des autres États.~~}}		{{citation bloc\|We would readily see this as recognition of legitimate authority over other States, a complex authority which includes vestiges of legislation, administration and jurisdiction. It is up to the powers that say the law to supervise its execution, to look after the general interests of the international community, to ensure that each government fulfils its duties towards its nationals. In Europe, it is exclusively up to the European concert to practise humane intervention with regard to other States}}.

	~~Ce texte défend qu’il y ait un~~ certain ~~nombre d’États civilisés porteur et défendeur des lois d’humanité qui peuvent au nom des droits naturels et de la~~ justice ~~intervenir dans les affaires du monde~~.		This text defends that there are a certain number of civilised States, bearers and defenders of the laws of humanity, which can intervene in world affairs in the name of natural rights and justice.

	~~Lorsqu‘il dit~~ : {{citation\|La conclusion ~~qui se dégage de cette étude est qu’il est pratiquement~~ impossible ~~de sépare les mobiles humains d’intervention des mobiles politiques et d’assurer le désintéressement absolu des États intervenants~~}}. ~~Le désintéressement des États est en fait un leurre et il faut le reconnaître~~ : {{citation\|~~Nous en dirons pas~~, ~~comme~~ Phillimore (1), ~~que le~~ respect ~~du droit humain ne sera jamais qu’un motif accessoire d’intervention~~ ; ~~l’histoire~~ a ~~démontré pour l’honneur de l’humanité qu’il pouvait être un motif~~ principal, ~~comme il le fut lors de l’intervention française en Syrie~~. ~~Mais ce ne sera jamais un motif unique~~. ~~Dès l’instant que les puissances intervenantes sont juges de l’opportunité de leur~~ action, ~~elles estimeront cette opportunité au~~ point ~~de vue subjectif de leurs intérêts du~~ moment}}. ~~Ce que nous dit~~ Rougier ~~est un axiome fondamental~~, ~~certains États plus puissants que d’autres ont organisé l’ordre juridique et la politique internationale pour pouvoir intervenir pour le meilleur ou pour le pire~~.		When he says: {{citation\|The conclusion that emerges from this study is that it is virtually impossible to separate human motives for intervention from political motives and to ensure the absolute disinterestedness of intervening states}}. The disinterestedness of States is in fact an illusion and it must be recognised: {{citation\|We will not say, as Phillimore (1) did, that respect for human rights will never be more than an accessory motive for intervention; history has shown for the honour of humanity that it could be a principal motive, as it was during the French intervention in Syria. But it will never be a sole motive. As soon as the intervening powers are judges of the appropriateness of their action, they will judge this appropriateness from the subjective point of view of their interests of the moment}}. What Rougier tells us is a fundamental axiom, some states more powerful than others have organised the legal order and international politics to be able to intervene for better or for worse.

	~~Cette théorie d’intervention d’humanité est probablement un moyen de donner un fondement à ces~~ interventions, ~~mais surtout ce texte montre bien que les~~ partisans de Grotius ~~et de~~ Vattel ~~ont lu leurs classiques et le~~ moment ~~grotien est encore celui sur lequel repose l’ordre~~ international. ~~Ce texte montre toute l’ambiguïté~~, ~~toute la~~ dimension ~~impériale de ce qu’on appelle aujourd’hui le « droit d’intervention humanitaire »~~. ~~Il faut être conscient que le droit d’intervention d’humanité, le droit a la responsabilité de protégé sont des principes fondamentaux du droit~~ international, ~~mais il faut être lucide sur la~~ dimension ~~parfois un peu impériale de tels principes~~.		This theory of human intervention is probably a way of giving a foundation to these interventions, but above all this text shows that the partisans of Grotius and Vattel have read their classics and the Grotian moment is still the one on which the international order is based. This text shows all the ambiguity, all the imperial dimension of what is now called the "right of humanitarian intervention". We must be aware that the right to humanitarian intervention and the right to protect are fundamental principles of international law, but we must be lucid about the sometimes somewhat imperial dimension of such principles.

	= Annexes =		= Annexes =

Arthur : /* The theory of the intervention of mankind */

2020-12-17T14:36:19Z

The theory of the intervention of mankind

← Version précédente		Version du 17 décembre 2020 à 16:36
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	{{citation bloc\|But the concept of natural law, which is much more moral than legal, did not allow sufficient precision to be achieved in determining the acts permitted or prohibited by this supreme rule.}}		{{citation bloc\|But the concept of natural law, which is much more moral than legal, did not allow sufficient precision to be achieved in determining the acts permitted or prohibited by this supreme rule.}}

	Rougier ~~est une naturaliste~~, ~~il pense que les lois d’humanité dérivées du droit naturel doivent être défendues parce que le droit et la~~ justice ~~ne peuvent pas être totalement dissociés~~.		Rougier is a naturalist, he believes that the laws of humanity derived from natural law must be defended because law and justice cannot be totally dissociated.

	{{citation bloc\|~~Quelles sont les puissances compétentes pour intervenir auprès d’un gouvernement qui viole les lois de l’humanité~~.}}		{{citation bloc\|Which powers are competent to intervene with a government that violates the laws of humanity.}}

	~~Qui peut décider de ce qui est juste et injuste~~, ~~qui peut décider de la~~ violation ~~de droit d’humanité~~. Rougier ~~parle d’intervention individuelle et~~ collective ~~qu’il préfère parce que la légitimé est plus forte~~.		Who can decide what is just and what is unjust, who can decide the violation of the laws of humanity. Rougier speaks of individual and collective intervention, which he prefers because it is more legitimate.

	{{citation\|~~Par définition l’intervention d’humanité est désintéressée~~}}. ~~C’est pour le bien de l’humanité et de la~~ justice ~~que les États civilisés interviennent~~. ~~Il va remettre aussi en cause le principe d’égalité entre les États~~.		{{citation bloc\|By definition, the intervention of humanity is disinterested}}. It is for the good of humanity and justice that civilised states intervene. It will also call into question the principle of equality between States.

	{{citation bloc\|~~L’égalité n’est pas comme on l’a dit un droit fondamental des États~~, ~~c’est la conséquence d’une~~ situation ~~de fait~~ […] ~~Pour les États comme pour les individus~~, ~~la sauvegarde des intérêts collectifs exige qu’il y existe des dirigeants et des dirigés~~. ~~Ceux qui peuvent mettre au service de la communauté une plus grande~~ science, ~~un plus grand développement juridique et~~ social, ~~une plus grande puissance économique~~, ~~financière ou militaire, devront être investis d’une autorité légitime sur les États inférieurs qui ne peuvent que suivre une impulsion reçue~~.}}		{{citation bloc\|Equality is not, as has been said, a fundamental right of States, it is the consequence of a de facto situation [...] For States as for individuals, the safeguarding of collective interests requires that there be leaders and leaders. Those who can put greater science, greater legal and social development, greater economic, financial or military power at the service of the community will have to be vested with legitimate authority over inferior states which can only follow a received impulse. }}

	~~Il y a des cas dans lesquels on doit intervenir~~, ~~et parallèlement nous devons tous accepter qu’il y ait des États civilisés~~, ~~des États mi~~-~~civilisés et des États barbares instaurant de fait une inégalité entre les États~~. ~~Cela signifie que les États ont la puissance économique et militaire on un devoir d’intervention pour protéger les lois d’humanité~~.		There are cases in which we have to intervene, and at the same time we all have to accept that there are civilised states, semi-civilised states and barbaric states that in fact create inequality between states. This means that States have the economic and military power and a duty to intervene to protect the laws of humanity.

	{{citation bloc\|~~La plus flagrante inégalité internationale est celle qui existe entre civilisés et barbares Un Royaume nègre peut réunir tous les éléments constitutifs de l’organisation politique~~ : population, ~~territoire et gouvernement~~, ~~et mériter le titre d’État à l’égal de l’Empire de Russie~~ ; ~~mais on ne saurait sans~~ fiction ~~considère ces deux~~ nations ~~comme égales en droit~~, ~~ni admettre que leurs souverainetés soient également respectables~~.}}		{{citation bloc\|The most flagrant international inequality is that between civilised and barbaric states A Negro kingdom can bring together all the constituent elements of political organisation: population, territory and government, and deserve the title of state on a par with the Russian Empire; but it is impossible without fiction to consider these two nations as equal in law, nor to accept that their sovereignties are equally respectable.}}

	~~Il y a des États qui peuvent intervenir au nom de la~~ justice ~~définie par eux-mêmes et d’autres États doivent accueillir la civilisation et les États-civilisés~~. ~~On retrouvera ces~~ arguments ~~dans une partie du XXème siècle dans les ouvrages de droit~~ international.		There are states that can intervene in the name of justice defined by themselves, and other states must welcome civilization and civilized states. These arguments will be found in international law books in part of the 20th century.

	{{citation bloc\|Cette tendance de la société des États à reconnaître au profit de certains de ses membres une sorte de puissance législative parait indiquer précisément une lente et progressive consécration juridique de leur prééminence de fait.}}		{{citation bloc\|Cette tendance de la société des États à reconnaître au profit de certains de ses membres une sorte de puissance législative parait indiquer précisément une lente et progressive consécration juridique de leur prééminence de fait.}}

Arthur : /* The theory of the intervention of mankind */

2020-12-17T14:33:12Z

The theory of the intervention of mankind

← Version précédente		Version du 17 décembre 2020 à 16:33
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	Since the seventeenth century in law, there has been a tradition of natural law based on a number of axioms, the most important of which is that we are born as human beings with a number of natural rights that will later become what are known as fundamental rights. Somewhere attached to the human person are rights that are above the positive laws that are the laws of society. In philosophy of law, there are a number of traditions, including the naturalist tradition and the positivist tradition. The naturalistic tradition is the tradition which believes that above rights, above national legal orders, there is somewhere a natural legal order which defends the idea that to our person is attached what will become fundamental rights. Somewhere there is a part of each of us that we cannot touch. Somewhere there is something in our human person that is untouchable, something that is almost sacred and which finds its basis in the theory of natural law. Naturalists believe that there is a sacred dimension to our person that is above the laws and the different legal orders that belong to us in our own right. It is the proponents of fundamental law who are the heirs of the tradition of natural rights.		Since the seventeenth century in law, there has been a tradition of natural law based on a number of axioms, the most important of which is that we are born as human beings with a number of natural rights that will later become what are known as fundamental rights. Somewhere attached to the human person are rights that are above the positive laws that are the laws of society. In philosophy of law, there are a number of traditions, including the naturalist tradition and the positivist tradition. The naturalistic tradition is the tradition which believes that above rights, above national legal orders, there is somewhere a natural legal order which defends the idea that to our person is attached what will become fundamental rights. Somewhere there is a part of each of us that we cannot touch. Somewhere there is something in our human person that is untouchable, something that is almost sacred and which finds its basis in the theory of natural law. Naturalists believe that there is a sacred dimension to our person that is above the laws and the different legal orders that belong to us in our own right. It is the proponents of fundamental law who are the heirs of the tradition of natural rights.

	Rougier ~~est un naturaliste pensant qu’il y~~ a un certain ~~nombre de droits « fondamentaux » attaché à notre personne qui ne peuvent pas et ne doivent pas être violés~~. ~~Les lois d’humanité sont les lois qui englobent la~~ dimension ~~sacrée de l’être humain~~. Si on ~~touche à certains~~ aspects ~~de l’être humain~~, ~~on viole le droit naturel constitutif de nos ordres juridiques~~.		Rougier is a naturalist who believes that there are a certain number of "fundamental" rights attached to our person that cannot and must not be violated. The laws of humanity are the laws that encompass the sacred dimension of the human being. If we touch on certain aspects of the human being, we violate the natural law that constitutes our legal orders.

	{{citation bloc\|~~Théorie du droit humain et de pouvoir~~-~~fonction~~. ~~– À la~~ doctrine ~~s’oppose négative de l’intervention d’humanité s’oppose un groupe de théories qui reconnaissent aux États le droit de mettre leur autorité au~~ service ~~de la~~ justice ~~et d’empêcher ou de réprimer certains abus chez les États voisins~~. ~~Ces théories s’inspirent de vision de considérations souvent différentes suivant les tendances religieuses~~, ~~philosophiques ou sociales de leurs auteurs~~. ~~Parfois elles se réduisent à de simples affirmations~~, ~~Mais~~, ~~en dépit de ces divergences de forme~~, ~~toutes reposent sur trois idées essentielles qui permettent de les synthétiser en une seule et même~~ doctrine ~~que nous appellerons la théorie u droit humain et du pouvoir~~-~~fonction~~. ~~Cette théorie affirme l’existence d’une règle de droit générale s’imposant aux gouvernants comme aux gouvernés~~, ~~supérieure au droit~~ national et international ~~qui n’en sont que des~~ expressions ~~particulières.~~}}		{{citation bloc\|Theory of human law and power-function. - Against the negative doctrine of human intervention there is a group of theories that recognise the right of states to use their authority in the service of justice and to prevent or repress certain abuses in neighbouring states. These theories are based on views that often differ according to the religious, philosophical or social tendencies of their authors. Sometimes they are reduced to mere assertions, but, despite these differences in form, they are all based on three essential ideas which can be synthesised into a single doctrine which we shall call the theory of human rights and power-function. This theory affirms the existence of a general rule of law that is binding on those who govern as well as those who are governed, superior to national and international law, which are merely particular expressions of it}}.

	~~Il y a des règles de droit qui sont supérieures aux droits nationaux et au droit~~ international. ~~Ces règles de droit sont des droits naturels liés à la~~ vision ~~naturaliste de leurs auteurs~~. ~~Tous les partisans du droit naturel~~, ~~celles et ceux qui appartiennent à la~~ tradition ~~du droit naturel tentent de conserver le rapport entre droit et~~ justice, ~~en d’autres termes tentent de ne pas dissocier le droit et le moral ou le droit et la~~ justice. ~~Ils partent de l’idée qu’on ne peut pas totalement dissocier le droit et la morale~~. ~~Pour un juriste positiviste~~, ~~on peut parfaitement avoir un droit injuste~~. ~~Le droit et la morale sont deux choses différentes que certains veulent mettre ensemble d’autres veulent écarter~~. ~~Si on veut mettre ensemble le droit et la morale~~, ~~les opposants interrogent sur la morale de qui et la~~ justice ~~de qui~~ ? ~~C’est pour cela que de grands philosophes du droit ont décidé de séparer les deux~~. Rougier ~~fait partie de cette~~ tradition ~~naturaliste qui pense que le droit et la~~ justice ~~ne peuvent pas être dissociés et ceux qui doivent définir ce qui est juste ou injuste sont les États civilisés~~.		There are rules of law that are superior to national and international law. These rules of law are natural rights linked to the naturalistic vision of their authors. All supporters of natural law, those who belong to the tradition of natural law, try to maintain the relationship between law and justice, in other words try not to dissociate law and morals or law and justice. They start from the idea that law and morals cannot be totally dissociated. For a positivist jurist, it is perfectly possible to have an unjust right. Law and morals are two different things that some people want to put together and others want to discard. If one wants to put law and morals together, opponents ask whose morals and whose justice? This is why great legal philosophers have decided to separate the two. Rougier is part of this naturalist tradition which believes that law and justice cannot be dissociated, and those who have to define what is just or unjust are the civilised states.

	{{citation bloc\|~~Mais la notion de droit naturel~~, ~~beaucoup plus morale que juridique~~, ~~ne permettait pas d’arriver à une précision suffisante dans la détermination des actes que permettait ou prohibait cette règle suprême~~.}}		{{citation bloc\|But the concept of natural law, which is much more moral than legal, did not allow sufficient precision to be achieved in determining the acts permitted or prohibited by this supreme rule.}}

	Rougier est une naturaliste, il pense que les lois d’humanité dérivées du droit naturel doivent être défendues parce que le droit et la justice ne peuvent pas être totalement dissociés.		Rougier est une naturaliste, il pense que les lois d’humanité dérivées du droit naturel doivent être défendues parce que le droit et la justice ne peuvent pas être totalement dissociés.

Arthur : /* La théorie de l’intervention d’humanité */

2020-12-17T14:32:25Z

La théorie de l’intervention d’humanité

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From empire to federation: the American case - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* The European Empires */

Arthur : /* The European Empires */

Arthur le 30 décembre 2020 à 12:06

Arthur le 30 décembre 2020 à 12:05

Arthur le 30 décembre 2020 à 08:26

Arthur : /* The theory of the intervention of mankind */

Arthur : /* The theory of the intervention of mankind */

Arthur : /* The theory of the intervention of mankind */

Arthur : /* The theory of the intervention of mankind */

Arthur : /* La théorie de l’intervention d’humanité */

Arthur : /* The European Empires */

Arthur : /* The European Empires */

Arthur : /* The theory of the intervention of mankind */

Arthur : /* The theory of the intervention of mankind */

Arthur : /* The theory of the intervention of mankind */

Arthur : /* The theory of the intervention of mankind */

Arthur : /* La théorie de l’intervention d’humanité */