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2023-09-01T14:27:20Z

棉花王

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Arthur : /* 美国的 "天命论"（1845 年） */

2023-09-01T14:26:05Z

美国的 "天命论"（1845 年）

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Arthur : /* 奴隶州与自由州之间的平衡 */

2023-09-01T14:22:25Z

奴隶州与自由州之间的平衡

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Arthur le 1 septembre 2023 à 14:20

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	In 1850, America was a country beset by deep and complex divisions. On the one hand, the Northern states, mainly made up of immigrants from Europe, were in the midst of a transformation, embracing industrialisation and a philosophy of economic growth. On the other hand, the Southern states were heavily dependent on the labour of enslaved African-Americans, remaining firmly rooted in an agrarian economy. This difference between North and South was far from simply economic or demographic; it reflected a cultural and political divide that would eventually lead to the American Civil War.		1850 年，美国陷入了深刻而复杂的分裂。一方面，主要由欧洲移民组成的北方各州正处于转型期，奉行工业化和经济增长理念。另一方面，南方各州严重依赖被奴役的非洲裔美国人的劳动，仍然牢牢扎根于农业经济。南北之间的这种差异绝不仅仅是经济或人口上的，它反映了文化和政治上的鸿沟，最终导致了美国内战。

	~~Tensions were exacerbated by legislative issues, such as the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of~~ 1850. This act made aiding a fugitive slave a federal crime, widening the divide between North and South, and highlighting their moral and ideological differences. In the North, the lure of land and the promise of work had brought waves of immigrants from Ireland, Germany and other parts of Europe. These new arrivals, seeking to escape famine, persecution and poverty in their homelands, found opportunity and hope in the industrial cities of the North. The North was also more inclined to support abolition and was generally more favourable to federal government intervention in economic and social matters. By contrast, the South was deeply rooted in an agrarian tradition, where slavery was vital to the plantation economy. Southern states were more inclined to support states' rights and were generally more resistant to federal intervention, particularly in relation to the institution of slavery. The protection of this institution was seen by many as crucial to the Southern economy and way of life.		立法问题加剧了紧张局势，例如 1850 年《逃亡奴隶法》的通过。该法案将帮助逃亡奴隶定为联邦罪行，扩大了南北之间的分歧，凸显了双方在道德和意识形态上的差异。在北方，土地的诱惑和工作的承诺带来了一波又一波来自爱尔兰、德国和欧洲其他地区的移民。这些新移民为了躲避家乡的饥荒、迫害和贫困，在北方的工业城市找到了机会和希望。北方也更倾向于支持废奴，并且普遍更赞成联邦政府干预经济和社会事务。相比之下，南方的农业传统根深蒂固，奴隶制对种植园经济至关重要。南方各州更倾向于支持州权，通常更抵制联邦政府的干预，尤其是对奴隶制的干预。许多人认为保护奴隶制对南方的经济和生活方式至关重要。

	This divide between North and South was not simply a difference of economic perspective; it reflected a fundamental disagreement about the nature of freedom, justice and the role of government. Immigration and slavery were the visible symptoms of these differences, but beneath the surface, a broader confrontation was underway, shaping the nation and setting it on a course for a conflict that would redefine the United States. The 1850s saw attempts at compromise and reconciliation, but the divisions were too deep, and civil war became inevitable.		南北之间的这种分歧不仅仅是经济观点的不同，它还反映了对自由、正义和政府作用的本质的根本分歧。移民和奴隶制是这些分歧的表象，但在表象之下，一场更广泛的对抗正在进行，它塑造了美国，并使其走上了重新定义美国的冲突之路。19世纪50年代，人们试图妥协与和解，但分歧太深，内战不可避免。

	= ~~The expansion of our territory~~ =		= 扩大我们的领土 =

	== ~~Forced displacement of Amerindians~~ ==		== 美洲印第安人被迫流离失所 ==

	[[File:Bison skull pile edit.jpg\|thumb\|100px\|~~A pyramid of bison skulls used as fertiliser, in the mid-1870s.~~]]		[[File:Bison skull pile edit.jpg\|thumb\|100px\|19 世纪 70 年代中期，一座用作肥料的野牛头骨金字塔。]]

	~~The period between~~ 1820 ~~and~~ 1850 was marked by another tragic and controversial policy in the United States: the Indian Removal. While the North and South were locked in heated debates over immigration and slavery, another crisis was developing with regard to the country's indigenous populations. The American government, seeking to expand territories for settlers and exploit natural resources, passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. This law, signed by President Andrew Jackson, authorised the President to negotiate treaties to remove tribes from their ancestral lands in the eastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi River.		1820 年至 1850 年期间，美国还实施了另一项悲惨而又充满争议的政策：印第安人迁移。就在南北双方就移民和奴隶制展开激烈争论的同时，另一场关于美国土著居民的危机也在发展。美国政府为了扩大殖民者的领地和开发自然资源，于 1830 年通过了《印第安人迁移法》。这项由安德鲁-杰克逊总统签署的法律授权总统通过谈判签订条约，将印第安部落从其祖先位于美国东部的土地上迁移到密西西比河以西的土地上。

	~~The implementation of this policy from~~ 1831 to 1838 was devastating for the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw and Choctaw nations. Thousands of Native Americans were forced to leave their homes, many lives were lost along the way, and this sad chapter in American history became known as the "~~Trail of Tears~~". The removal was not just about land. It was about the destruction of Native American culture and way of life. Buffalo hunting, for example, was more than a source of food; it was an integral part of the identity and spirituality of many tribes. The destruction of the bison by white hunters, in conjunction with forced relocation, inflicted a double blow on the indigenous populations. In the wider context of the period, the Indian Removal was part of a pattern of tension and transformation that defined America at that time. Westward expansion, immigration, slavery and Native American policy were all symptoms of a nation struggling to define itself. The displacement of Native Americans is a painful reminder that growth and progress can often come at a tragic human cost, and that marginalised voices can be forgotten in struggles for power and influence.		从 1831 年到 1838 年，这一政策的实施给切罗基、克里克、塞米诺尔、奇卡索和乔克托部落带来了毁灭性的打击。成千上万的美国原住民被迫离开家园，许多人在途中丧生，美国历史上这一悲惨的篇章被称为 "泪痕之路"。迁移不仅仅是为了土地。它还破坏了美国原住民的文化和生活方式。例如，狩猎野牛不仅仅是一种食物来源，它还是许多部落身份和精神不可分割的一部分。白人猎人对野牛的破坏，再加上强迫迁移，对土著居民造成了双重打击。在当时的大背景下，印第安人迁移是当时美国紧张局势和变革模式的一部分。西进扩张、移民、奴隶制和美洲原住民政策都是一个国家在自我定义中挣扎的表现。美国原住民的流离失所痛苦地提醒我们，发展和进步往往会以惨痛的人类代价为代价，边缘化的声音可能会在权力和影响力的争夺中被遗忘。

	~~Andrew Jackson, the 7th President of the United States, was a key player in the policy of forced removal of Native American tribes. His belief in 'manifest destiny'~~ - ~~the idea that the American people were destined to spread their civilisation and democratic values across the continent~~ - ~~led him to pass the Indian Removal Act of~~ 1830. This policy was closely linked to Jackson's vision of robust economic development and the expansion of white settlement in the south-eastern region of the United States. In his eyes, the presence of Native American tribes on these rich and fertile lands was an obstacle to this growth and prosperity. Jackson believed that moving the tribes west of the Mississippi River, away from desirable farmland and economic opportunities, would give white settlers access to more land and resources. He believed this would lead to greater economic growth, and often presented the measure as a "~~humanitarian~~" ~~solution, claiming it would protect Native Americans from extinction.~~		美国第七任总统安德鲁-杰克逊是强制迁移美洲原住民部落政策的关键人物。他相信 "显而易见的命运"--美国人民注定要将他们的文明和民主价值观传播到整个美国大陆--这促使他通过了 1830 年的《印第安人迁移法案》。这一政策与杰克逊在美国东南部地区大力发展经济和扩大白人定居点的愿景密切相关。在他看来，美国原住民部落在这些富饶土地上的存在阻碍了经济增长和繁荣。杰克逊认为，将部落迁移到密西西比河以西，远离理想的农田和经济机会，可以让白人定居者获得更多的土地和资源。他相信这将带来更大的经济增长，并经常将这一措施作为 "人道主义 "解决方案，声称这将保护美国原住民免遭灭绝。

	However, the implementation of the Indian Removal Act proved to be a human tragedy. The Trail of Tears, as it came to be known, saw thousands of Native Americans forcibly removed from their ancestral lands, many losing their lives along the way to disease, hunger and exhaustion. Jackson's policy towards the Amerindians is a reflection of the times in which he lived, an era marked by expansionism, ethnocentrism and a burning desire for growth and prosperity. However, it also remains a dark and controversial chapter in American history, and the effects of these displacements continue to resonate in Native American communities today. In the wider context of 1830s America, where slavery, immigration and westward expansion were burning issues, Jackson's Indian Removal policy fits into a complex picture of conflict and change. It highlights the challenges and contradictions of a growing nation, torn between the aspiration to progress and the often cruel realities of how that progress was pursued.		然而，《印第安人迁移法》的实施被证明是一场人类悲剧。成千上万的美洲原住民被迫离开他们祖先的土地，许多人在途中因疾病、饥饿和疲惫而丧生。杰克逊对美洲印第安人的政策反映了他所处的时代，一个以扩张主义、种族中心主义和对增长与繁荣的强烈渴望为特征的时代。然而，这也仍然是美国历史上黑暗而有争议的一章，这些迁移所造成的影响至今仍在美洲原住民社区引起共鸣。在 19 世纪 30 年代美国的大背景下，奴隶制、移民和西进扩张都是亟待解决的问题，杰克逊的印第安人迁移政策与这一复杂的冲突和变革背景相得益彰。它凸显了一个成长中的国家所面临的挑战和矛盾，一方面是对进步的渴望，另一方面则是追求进步的残酷现实。

	<youtube>Zadq5dl2G8Q</youtube>		<youtube>Zadq5dl2G8Q</youtube>

	== ~~The balance between slave states and free states~~ ==		== 奴隶州与自由州之间的平衡 ==

	[[Fichier:Texas Declaration of Independence.jpg\|thumb\|right\|150px\|~~The text of the Texas Declaration of Independence.~~]]		[[Fichier:Texas Declaration of Independence.jpg\|thumb\|right\|150px\|德克萨斯州独立宣言》全文。]]

	In the 1850s, the question of the balance between slave states and free states in the United States became a central political issue, reflecting the growing tensions between North and South. Westward and southward expansion, with the addition of new territories and the formation of new states, exacerbated these tensions and threatened to upset the delicate balance established by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The Missouri Compromise had been conceived as a short-term solution to maintain a balance in the Senate between slave and non-slave states. With the admission of Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state, the compromise succeeded in temporarily easing tensions. But it was only a temporary solution to a persistent problem. With the discovery of gold in California in 1848 and the ensuing gold rush, the issue of slavery resurfaced with renewed urgency. The question of whether California would be admitted as a free or slave state became a major point of contention, reflecting the deep national divisions over slavery. In response, the Compromise of 1850 was adopted, a complex set of measures designed to maintain the balance between slave and non-slave states and avoid an imminent civil war. The compromise included the admission of California as a free state, the establishment of the territories of New Mexico and Utah without restrictions on slavery, and the adoption of a stricter law on fugitive slaves. The latter in particular exacerbated tensions between North and South, as it made it more difficult for slaves to escape and criminalised aiding runaway slaves. The Compromise of 1850 managed to ease tensions temporarily, but it did not solve the underlying problems. Instead, it laid the foundations for new divisions and conflicts. The contradictions inherent in a nation both devoted to the ideals of freedom and equality and deeply rooted in an economy dependent on slavery would eventually erupt, leading to the American Civil War. The period leading up to the Compromise of 1850 represents a crucial stage in American history, a time when cracks in the union became chasms. Efforts to navigate these troubled waters reveal the complexity of the political, economic and social issues of the time, and offer a glimpse of the challenges inherent in governing such a vast and diverse nation.		In the 1850s, the question of the balance between slave states and free states in the United States became a central political issue, reflecting the growing tensions between North and South. Westward and southward expansion, with the addition of new territories and the formation of new states, exacerbated these tensions and threatened to upset the delicate balance established by the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The Missouri Compromise had been conceived as a short-term solution to maintain a balance in the Senate between slave and non-slave states. With the admission of Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state, the compromise succeeded in temporarily easing tensions. But it was only a temporary solution to a persistent problem. With the discovery of gold in California in 1848 and the ensuing gold rush, the issue of slavery resurfaced with renewed urgency. The question of whether California would be admitted as a free or slave state became a major point of contention, reflecting the deep national divisions over slavery. In response, the Compromise of 1850 was adopted, a complex set of measures designed to maintain the balance between slave and non-slave states and avoid an imminent civil war. The compromise included the admission of California as a free state, the establishment of the territories of New Mexico and Utah without restrictions on slavery, and the adoption of a stricter law on fugitive slaves. The latter in particular exacerbated tensions between North and South, as it made it more difficult for slaves to escape and criminalised aiding runaway slaves. The Compromise of 1850 managed to ease tensions temporarily, but it did not solve the underlying problems. Instead, it laid the foundations for new divisions and conflicts. The contradictions inherent in a nation both devoted to the ideals of freedom and equality and deeply rooted in an economy dependent on slavery would eventually erupt, leading to the American Civil War. The period leading up to the Compromise of 1850 represents a crucial stage in American history, a time when cracks in the union became chasms. Efforts to navigate these troubled waters reveal the complexity of the political, economic and social issues of the time, and offer a glimpse of the challenges inherent in governing such a vast and diverse nation.

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1850年前后的美国南北部：移民与奴隶制 - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* 棉花王 */

Arthur : /* 美国的 "天命论"（1845 年） */

Arthur : /* 奴隶州与自由州之间的平衡 */

Arthur le 1 septembre 2023 à 14:20

Arthur : /* 棉花王 */

Arthur : /* 美国的 "天命论"（1845 年） */

Arthur : /* 奴隶州与自由州之间的平衡 */