Arthur : /* 法律的一般原则 */

2023-12-12T09:43:04Z

法律的一般原则

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	以下格言是法律格言的经典范例，在理解和适用法律方面发挥着至关重要的作用。每一句拉丁格言都以简明易记的方式表达了一个基本的法律原则：		以下格言是法律格言的经典范例，在理解和适用法律方面发挥着至关重要的作用。每一句拉丁格言都以简明易记的方式表达了一个基本的法律原则：
	* Audiatur et altera ~~pars: This principle means that both parties must be heard. It underlines the importance of fair justice and the right to a fair trial, where each party has the opportunity to present its case.~~		* Audiatur et altera pars：这一原则意味着必须听取双方的意见。它强调了公正司法的重要性和获得公正审判的权利，即每一方都有机会陈述案情。
	* Iura novit ~~curia: The court knows the law. This maxim indicates that the courts are expected to know the law and apply it correctly, even if the disputing parties do not know or fully understand it.~~		* Iura novit curia：法院了解法律。这一格言表明，即使争议各方不了解或不完全理解法律，法院也应了解法律并正确适用。
	* In dubio pro ~~reo: In case of doubt, the benefit goes to the accused. This principle is at the heart of criminal law and means that where there is doubt about guilt, the decision should favour the accused.~~		* In dubio pro reo：在有疑问的情况下，利益归于法院：在有疑问的情况下，利益归于被告。这一原则是刑法的核心，意味着如果对是否有罪存在疑问，判决应有利于被告。
	* Iustitia est constans et perpetua voluntas jus suum cuique tribuendi: Justice is the constant and perpetual will to give everyone his due. This principle highlights the fundamental aim of justice, which is to ensure that everyone receives what is justly due to them.		* Iustitia est constans et perpetua voluntas jus suum cuique tribuendi：正义是给予每个人应有权利的恒久不变的意愿。这一原则强调了司法的根本目的，即确保每个人都能得到其应得的公正待遇。一罪不二审：该原则是指一个人不能因同一罪行被审判两次。它是刑法的重要组成部分，可防止双重起诉或双重惩罚。法无明文不为罪：没有法律就没有犯罪。该原则规定，只有在行为发生前已被法律界定为犯罪的行为才能被视为犯罪。
	* Nonbis in idem: This principle means that a person cannot be tried twice for the same offence. It is a key component of criminal law, preventing double prosecution or double punishment.		*Lex posterior derogat priori（后法优于前法）：最新的法律优于以前的法律。该原则用于解决连续法律之间的冲突，优先考虑最新规定。
	* Nullum crimen sine lege: No crime without law. This principle states that an action can only be considered criminal if it was defined as such by the law before it was committed.		*Lex specialis derogat generali：特殊规则优先于一般规则。该原则适用于一般规则与特殊规则发生冲突时，在这种情况下，特殊规则优先。
	* Lex posterior derogat ~~priori: The most recent law prevails over previous laws. This principle is used to resolve conflicts between successive laws, giving priority to the most recent provisions.~~		*Pacta sunt servanda（条约必须遵守）：协议必须得到遵守。该原则是合同法的基本原则，强调当事人有义务遵守他们所达成的协议。
	* Lex specialis derogat generali: The special rule prevails over the general rule. This principle is applied when there is a conflict between a general rule and a specific rule, in which case the specific rule takes precedence.
	* Pacta sunt ~~servanda : Agreements must be respected. This principle, which is fundamental to contract law, emphasises that the parties are obliged to respect the agreements they have made.~~

	These adages summarise complex legal concepts in an accessible way and are a testament to the wisdom and insight of the jurists and legislators who have shaped the law over the centuries. They continue to be relevant in contemporary legal practice, guiding the interpretation and application of the law.		这些格言以通俗易懂的方式概括了复杂的法律概念，证明了几个世纪以来制定法律的法学家和立法者的智慧和洞察力。这些格言在当代法律实践中仍具有现实意义，指导着法律的解释和适用。

	Brocades are a form of adage, but they tend to be presented in a more accessible and popular form. Whereas legal adages are often formulated in Latin and can sometimes be obscure to non-specialists, brocades are generally designed to be more easily understood by a wider audience. Brocades retain the concise and memorable character of adages, but their presentation and language tend to be less formal and closer to popular expression. They aim to make legal principles more accessible to the general public, without the use of complex legal terminology or Latin formulations. These expressions play an important role in democratising knowledge of the law, by making legal concepts more accessible and understandable to those who are not legal experts. Thus, while sharing the function of traditional adages of summarising legal principles, brocades do so in a way that is often more rooted in everyday language and culture.		箴言也是格言的一种，但它们往往以更通俗易懂的形式呈现。法律格言通常用拉丁语表述，有时会让非专业人士感到晦涩难懂，而锦囊的设计通常更容易让更多人理解。锦囊保留了格言简明易记的特点，但其表现形式和语言往往不那么正式，更接近通俗的表达方式。它们旨在使法律原则更容易为大众所理解，而无需使用复杂的法律术语或拉丁文表述。这些表达方式在法律知识民主化方面发挥着重要作用，使法律概念更容易为非法律专家的人所接受和理解。因此，虽然锦囊具有传统格言总结法律原则的功能，但其表达方式往往更植根于日常语言和文化。

	~~The following brocades are examples that illustrate legal principles in a concise and memorable way:~~		下面的锦囊就是以简明易记的方式说明法律原则的例子：
	* This brocade highlights an important principle of contract law. It means that if performance of a contract becomes impossible for reasons beyond the control of the parties, the contract may be annulled or considered null and void. This principle is fundamental to ensuring fairness in contractual obligations, recognising that parties cannot be held liable for unforeseeable or uncontrollable events that make performance of the contract impossible.		* 这幅锦缎突出了合同法的一项重要原则。这意味着，如果合同的履行因超出当事人控制范围的原因而变得不可能，那么合同可能会被废止或视为无效。这一原则对于确保合同义务的公平性至关重要，它承认当事人不能因无法预见或无法控制的事件导致合同无法履行而承担责任。
	* The dead seize the living: This brocade applies in the context of inheritance law. It expresses the idea that when a person dies, his heirs or legal successors are immediately vested with his estate. This means that the property, rights and obligations of the deceased are transferred to his or her heirs without interruption.		* 死人抓住活人：这一锦囊适用于继承法。它表达的意思是，当一个人死亡时，其继承人或法定继承人立即获得其遗产。这意味着死者的财产、权利和义务将不间断地转移给其继承人。
	* Le Roy est mort, vive le Roy: This brocade, which comes from the monarchical tradition, illustrates the principle of the continuity of the crown. It indicates that on the death of the king, his successor immediately becomes king. This principle ensures a smooth transition without a power vacuum, underlining the continuity and stability of the monarchical system.		* 罗伊已逝，罗伊万岁：这幅来自君主制传统的锦缎说明了王冠的连续性原则。它表示国王去世后，其继任者立即成为国王。这一原则确保了平稳过渡，不会出现权力真空，强调了君主制的连续性和稳定性。

	~~These adages and brocades summarise legal concepts in an accessible way and are used to communicate fundamental legal principles to a wider audience, making the law easier to understand.~~		这些格言和锦囊以通俗易懂的方式概括了法律概念，用于向更广泛的受众传达基本法律原则，使法律更易于理解。

	General principles of law play an essential role in organising and understanding the law, particularly in systems where positive rules (i.e. specific laws and regulations) can be numerous, complex and sometimes even contradictory. The general principles of law serve as a basis for interpreting and applying positive rules. They provide a conceptual framework for understanding how different rules interact and apply. These principles include, for example, concepts such as justice, fairness, good faith and respect for fundamental rights. By relying on these principles, judges and lawyers can navigate the potential 'mess' of positive rules to find legal solutions that are not only legally valid, but also ethically and morally justified. In addition, general principles of law help to fill gaps where specific laws are silent or ambiguous. In such situations, general principles provide a basis on which judicial decisions can be made, ensuring that these decisions are consistent with the fundamental values of the legal system. General principles of law are essential to maintaining the integrity, coherence and justice of the legal system. They ensure that the law remains rooted in fundamental values and is able to adapt and respond to the complex and constantly changing situations facing modern society.		法律的一般原则在组织和理解法律方面起着至关重要的作用，尤其是在积极规则（即具体法律法规）可能繁多、复杂，有时甚至相互矛盾的体系中。法律的一般原则是解释和适用实在规则的基础。它们为理解不同规则如何相互作用和适用提供了一个概念框架。例如，这些原则包括正义、公平、诚信和尊重基本权利等概念。依靠这些原则，法官和律师可以在积极规则可能出现的 "混乱 "中找到不仅在法律上有效，而且在伦理道德上合理的法律解决方案。此外，一般法律原则还有助于填补具体法律没有规定或含糊不清的空白。在这种情况下，一般原则为司法裁决提供了依据，确保这些裁决符合法律体系的基本价值观。法律的一般原则对于维护法律体系的完整性、一致性和公正性至关重要。它们确保法律始终植根于基本价值观，并能够适应和应对现代社会面临的复杂和不断变化的情况。

	These principles embody fundamental philosophical and ethical values that form the basis of these legal systems. They act as a guide to the interpretation of the law and play a crucial role in filling legislative gaps. The general principles of law, such as justice, equity, good faith and respect for human rights, serve to interpret and give meaning to written laws, ensuring that their application is consistent with the fundamental values of the legal system. They also help judges and lawyers to make informed decisions in cases where the written law is vague, incomplete or non-existent. However, these principles, in themselves, do not constitute direct forms of binding law, except in cases where they are explicitly enshrined in formal legal documents such as the Constitution. When they are enshrined in the Constitution, these principles acquire a legal force and authority that place them at the top of the hierarchy of legal norms. In such cases, they not only serve as a guide for the interpretation of laws, but also become sources of legally binding rights and obligations. General principles of law are essential elements that contribute to the justice, coherence and fairness of Western legal systems. Although they are not always directly binding, their influence on the interpretation and development of the law is profound and essential to ensure that legislation and legal practice remain rooted in universal fundamental values.		这些原则体现了构成这些法律体系基础的基本哲学和道德价值观。它们是法律解释的指南，在填补立法空白方面发挥着至关重要的作用。法律的一般原则，如正义、公平、诚信和尊重人权，有助于解释成文法并赋予其意义，确保其适用符合法律体系的基本价值观。它们还有助于法官和律师在成文法模糊、不完整或不存在的情况下做出明智的决定。然而，这些原则本身并不构成具有约束力的直接法律形式，除非它们被明确载入宪法等正式法律文件。当这些原则被载入《宪法》时，它们就获得了法律效力和权威，并被置于法律规范的顶层。在这种情况下，这些原则不仅是解释法律的指南，而且还成为具有法律约束力的权利和义务的来源。法律的一般原则是促进西方法律体系公正、一致和公平的基本要素。尽管这些原则并不总是具有直接约束力，但它们对法律的解释和发展具有深远的影响，对于确保立法和法律实践始终植根于普遍的基本价值观至关重要。

	International law is based on fundamental principles that define relations between states and provide a framework for peaceful and orderly coexistence. Among these principles, equality between states, the independence of states and the principle of non-intervention are particularly crucial. The principle of equality between states is a key concept in international law. It states that all states, regardless of their size or power, have equal rights in international relations. This means that every state has the same right to participate in international negotiations and international organisations, as well as in the formation of international law. At UN assemblies, for example, every member country, large or small, has an equal vote in the deliberations. The independence of states, another pillar of international law, emphasises that each state has complete sovereignty over its territory. This means that a state has complete control over its internal and external affairs, unless it has agreed to specific restrictions through treaties or agreements. A concrete example of this voluntarily limited independence can be seen in cross-border cooperation agreements, such as the one between France and Switzerland, which allows police collaboration in specific border areas. The principle of non-intervention stems from the principles of equality and independence. It prohibits states from intervening in the internal affairs of other states, including political, economic or military interference. This principle is essential for preserving the national sovereignty and territorial integrity of States. For example, UN resolutions condemning intervention in the internal affairs of a state are based on this principle. These principles play a vital role in maintaining order and stability in international relations. They facilitate peaceful coexistence between states, enable the non-violent resolution of conflicts and support international cooperation, thus forming the bedrock of the contemporary international legal system.

	Nation-states generally have well-structured legal and political systems with a clear separation of powers between the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. These systems enable the effective application and enforcement of the law within the state, as well as the resolution of disputes by established judicial institutions. In a nation-state context, if a dispute arises over the interpretation or application of a law, it is the judiciary that is responsible for adjudicating. National courts have the authority to interpret laws, resolve disputes and ensure that justice is applied fairly. In addition, the existence of an executive force enables judicial decisions and laws to be enforced effectively, thereby strengthening public security and peace. The international legal order, on the other hand, operates differently. The organisation of the international order often lacks the hierarchical structure and centralised enforcement mechanisms that characterise nation states. Although international institutions, such as the International Court of Justice, exist to resolve disputes between states, their ability to enforce their decisions is limited. In the absence of a global executive, the enforcement of international decisions depends largely on the will and cooperation of individual states. This structural difference poses unique challenges for the application and enforcement of international law. States are largely responsible for implementing international law at the national level, and the effectiveness of this system relies on their commitment to respect and implement international obligations. This contrasts with the more direct and coercive system available within nation states to enforce their domestic law.		国际法以基本原则为基础，这些原则界定了国家之间的关系，并为和平有序的共存提供了框架。在这些原则中，国家间平等、国家独立和不干涉原则尤为重要。国家间平等原则是国际法中的一个重要概念。它规定，所有国家，无论大小强弱，在国际关系中都享有平等的权利。这意味着每个国家都有同等的权利参与国际谈判和国际组织，以及国际法的制定。例如，在联合国大会上，每个成员国，无论大小，都有平等的投票权。国家独立是国际法的另一个支柱，它强调每个国家对其领土拥有完全主权。这意味着一个国家对其内部和外部事务拥有完全的控制权，除非它通过条约或协议同意特定的限制。这种自愿限制的独立性的一个具体例子是跨境合作协议，如法国和瑞士之间的协议，该协议允许在特定的边境地区进行警务合作。不干涉原则源于平等和独立原则。它禁止国家干涉他国内政，包括政治、经济或军事干涉。这一原则对于维护国家主权和领土完整至关重要。例如，联合国谴责干涉他国内政的决议就是基于这一原则。这些原则在维护国际关系的秩序和稳定方面发挥着至关重要的作用。这些原则有利于国家间的和平共处，以非暴力方式解决冲突，支持国际合作，从而构成了当代国际法律体系的基石。

	= ~~Annexes~~ =		民族国家一般都拥有结构合理的法律和政治制度，行政、立法和司法三权分立。这些制度使法律能够在国内得到有效适用和执行，并由既定的司法机构解决争端。在民族国家背景下，如果在法律解释或适用方面出现争议，则由司法机构负责裁决。国家法院有权解释法律、解决争端并确保司法公正。此外，行政力量的存在使司法裁决和法律得到有效执行，从而加强了公共安全与和平。另一方面，国际法律秩序的运作方式有所不同。国际秩序的组织往往缺乏民族国家所特有的等级结构和集中执行机制。虽然国际法院等国际机构可以解决国家间的争端，但它们执行裁决的能力有限。在缺乏全球执行机构的情况下，国际决定的执行在很大程度上取决于各个国家的意愿与合作。这种结构上的差异给国际法的适用和执行带来了独特的挑战。各国主要负责在国家层面实施国际法，而这一体系的有效性取决于各国对尊重和履行国际义务的承诺。这与民族国家内部执行国内法的更直接、更具强制性的制度形成了鲜明对比。

			= 附件 =
	*Université de Genève. “Introduction Aux Droits De L'Homme.” Coursera, https://www.coursera.org/learn/droits-de-lhomme.		*Université de Genève. “Introduction Aux Droits De L'Homme.” Coursera, https://www.coursera.org/learn/droits-de-lhomme.

	= ~~References~~ =		= 参考资料 =
	<references />		<references />

	[[Category:droit]]		[[Category:droit]]
	[[Category:Victor Monnier]]		[[Category:Victor Monnier]]

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Arthur : /* 法律的一般原则 */

Arthur : /* The case law */

Arthur : /* The law */

Arthur le 12 décembre 2023 à 09:37

Arthur : /* 法律的一般原则 */

Arthur : /* The case law */

Arthur : /* The law */