The elements of the legal relationship

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The subject of law

Legal entities are natural persons and legal entities that have the capacity to hold rights and obligations.

Physical persons

A natural person is, in the sense of the law, a human person to whom the enjoyment of rights has been attributed.

Legal entities

Legal persons are groups of persons (corporations) or masses of property (establishments) with a certain purpose, to which the law confers the enjoyment and exercise of civil rights and whose existence is independent of the persons who create or compose them.

  • legal person under private law
    • civil: association, foundation
    • commercial: public limited company
  • legal person under public law
    • domestic public law: these are legal persons vested with competence by public law who have political bodies whose competence is limited by public law. (federal state, municipality, autonomous public institution).
    • public international law: these are the holders of rights and obligations at the international level.

The legal relationship

The legal relationship is the relationship between at least two persons, one of whom is entitled to require the other to fulfil a legal duty.

Legal act

A legal act is an expression of explicit or implicit wills that produces the legal effect corresponding to the expressed will (creation, transfer, modification or extinction of a right).

  • Unilateral act: emanation of a single will (will, acknowledgement of paternity)
  • Bilateral act: emanation of two wills (contract of sale)
  • Multilateral act: emanating from several parties (creation of an association)

The legal facts

A legal fact is a fact to which legal effects are attached. There is no foreign will to human activity (natural fact) and will lead to legal consequences creating legal relationships.

La sanction

La sanction est la conséquence attachée à la violation par une personne de l’obligation que lui impose l’ordre juridique.

La sanction civile

Astreint à une obligation sociale ou contractuelle. Elle tend lorsque la violation a été commise à rétablir la situation dans la mesure du possible.

La sanction pénale

Imposé par la puissance publique et instauré dans le but de l’intérêt général. Elle répond à l’objectif de répression de comportements prévus par la loi pénale. La sanction pénale est instaurée par la justice.

La sanction administrative

C’est le résultat de l’intervention de l’État en tant qu’administration. C’est la peine prononcée par l’État contre un administré en raison d’une violation d’une obligation de droit public. (ex-retrait du permis de conduire, respect des règles de la circulation routière).

Annexes

Références