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	<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory</id>
	<title>Introduction to Political Theory - Historique des versions</title>
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	<updated>2026-06-07T19:25:29Z</updated>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;diff=58915&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur le 7 juillet 2023 à 09:47</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;diff=58915&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-07T09:47:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 7 juillet 2023 à 11:47&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l9&quot;&gt;Ligne 9 :&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{hidden&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{hidden&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[Introduction to Political Science]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[Introduction to Political Science]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La pensée sociale d'&lt;/del&gt;Émile Durkheim &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Pierre Bourdieu]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Aux origines de la chute de la République de &lt;/del&gt;Weimar]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La pensée sociale de &lt;/del&gt;Max Weber &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Vilfredo Pareto]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La &lt;/del&gt;notion &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de « &lt;/del&gt;concept &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;» en &lt;/del&gt;sciences&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-sociales&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Histoire de la &lt;/del&gt;discipline &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;théories et conceptions&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Marxisme et Structuralisme&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Fonctionnalisme et Systémisme&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Interactionnisme et Constructivisme&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les théories de l’anthropologie politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le débat des trois &lt;/del&gt;I : &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;intérêts&lt;/del&gt;, institutions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et idées&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La théorie du choix rationnel et l'analyse des intérêts en &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Approche analytique des &lt;/del&gt;institutions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;]] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/del&gt;● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'étude des idées et idéologies dans la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les théories de la guerre en &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La Guerre &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;conceptions et évolutions&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La raison d’État&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;État&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souveraineté&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mondialisation, gouvernance multiniveaux&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les théories de la &lt;/del&gt;violence &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en science politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[Welfare State &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et biopouvoir&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analyse des régimes démocratiques et des processus de démocratisation&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Systèmes Électoraux &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Mécanismes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Enjeux et Conséquences&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le système de gouvernement des démocraties&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Morphologie des &lt;/del&gt;contestations]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L’action dans la théorie politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à la politique suisse&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;au comportement politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analyse des Politiques Publiques &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;définition et &lt;/del&gt;cycle &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'une politique publique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analyse des Politiques Publiques &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mise à l'&lt;/del&gt;agenda &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;formulation]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analyse des Politiques Publiques &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mise en œuvre et évaluation&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à la sous&lt;/del&gt;-discipline &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des &lt;/del&gt;relations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;internationales&lt;/del&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Intellectual legacy of &lt;/ins&gt;Émile Durkheim &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Pierre Bourdieu &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in social theory&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The origins of the fall of the &lt;/ins&gt;Weimar &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Republic&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Intellectual legacy of &lt;/ins&gt;Max Weber &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Vilfredo Pareto &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in social theory&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/ins&gt;notion &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of &amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;concept&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot; in social &lt;/ins&gt;sciences]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;History of the &lt;/ins&gt;discipline &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of political &lt;/ins&gt;science: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;theories and concepts&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Marxism and Structuralism&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Functionalism and Systemism&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Interactionism and Constructivism&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The theories of political anthropology&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The three &lt;/ins&gt;I&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'s debate&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;interests&lt;/ins&gt;, institutions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and ideas&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Rational choice theory and the analysis of interests in political &lt;/ins&gt;science]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;An analytical approach to &lt;/ins&gt;institutions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in political &lt;/ins&gt;science]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The study of ideas and ideologies in political &lt;/ins&gt;science]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Theories of war in political &lt;/ins&gt;science]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The War&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Concepts and Evolutions&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The reason of State&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;State&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sovereignty&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;globalization and multi-level governance&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Theories of &lt;/ins&gt;violence &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in political science‎‎&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[Welfare State &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and Biopower&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analysis of democratic regimes and democratisation processes&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Electoral Systems&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Mechanisms&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Issues and Consequences&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The system of government in democracies&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Morphology of &lt;/ins&gt;contestations]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Action in Political Theory&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to Swiss politics&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to political behaviour&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Public Policy Analysis&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Definition and &lt;/ins&gt;cycle &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of public policy&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Public Policy Analysis&lt;/ins&gt;: agenda &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;setting and &lt;/ins&gt;formulation]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Public Policy Analysis&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Implementation and Evaluation&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to the sub&lt;/ins&gt;-discipline &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of international &lt;/ins&gt;relations&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]] ● [[Introduction to Political Theory&lt;/ins&gt;]]  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;diff=58719&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur le 5 juillet 2023 à 12:57</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;diff=58719&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-05T12:57:17Z</updated>

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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 5 juillet 2023 à 14:57&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;We will examine and interpret contemporary democratic models from a normative perspective. Our aim is to understand democracy not only in terms of its institutions and practices, but also in terms of its ideal values and principles.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;We will examine and interpret contemporary democratic models from a normative perspective. Our aim is to understand democracy not only in terms of its institutions and practices, but also in terms of its ideal values and principles.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;diff=58664&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Les limites du modèle pluraliste de Dahl */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;diff=58664&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-04T16:10:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Les limites du modèle pluraliste de Dahl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;amp;diff=58664&amp;amp;oldid=58663&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;diff=58663&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* The consequences of the professionalisation of politics */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;diff=58663&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-04T16:08:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;The consequences of the professionalisation of politics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 4 juillet 2023 à 18:08&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l336&quot;&gt;Ligne 336 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 336 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== The consequences of the professionalisation of politics ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== The consequences of the professionalisation of politics ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Robert Putnam, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans son ouvrage publié en &lt;/del&gt;2000, &amp;quot;Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community&amp;quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, déplore la disparition de cette &lt;/del&gt;vision &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;idéalisée et du monde pluraliste que &lt;/del&gt;Dahl &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;avait préconisé&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Harraka, Melissa. &amp;quot;[https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/cej/article/download/983/967 Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community, by Robert D. Putnam].&amp;quot; ''Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiry and Practice'' 6.2 (2002).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il constate une tendance à la désintégration des liens sociaux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui se traduit par une baisse de la &lt;/del&gt;participation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aux &lt;/del&gt;associations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et aux groupes communautaires&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette évolution a des répercussions importantes sur le fonctionnement de la démocratie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et soulève des &lt;/del&gt;questions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quant à la viabilité du modèle pluraliste dans le contexte contemporain&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Robert Putnam, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in his &lt;/ins&gt;2000 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;book&lt;/ins&gt;, &amp;quot;Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;laments the disappearance of this idealized &lt;/ins&gt;vision &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and the pluralistic world that &lt;/ins&gt;Dahl &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;had advocated&lt;/ins&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Harraka, Melissa. &amp;quot;[https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/cej/article/download/983/967 Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community, by Robert D. Putnam].&amp;quot; ''Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiry and Practice'' 6.2 (2002).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;He notes a trend towards the disintegration of social ties&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;resulting in a decline in &lt;/ins&gt;participation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in community &lt;/ins&gt;associations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and groups&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This has important implications for the functioning of democracy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and raises &lt;/ins&gt;questions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;about the viability of the pluralist model in the contemporary context&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Robert Putnam &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;exprime une certaine nostalgie pour ce qui semble être une époque révolue&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'Amérique des années 1950&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;où la &lt;/del&gt;participation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;citoyenne était&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;selon lui&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus robuste et la société plus intégrée&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans cette &lt;/del&gt;vision &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;idéalisée&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les citoyens étaient engagés dans une myriade d'&lt;/del&gt;associations, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;formant une toile dynamique d'interactions sociales et politiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Selon lui&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cette &lt;/del&gt;participation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;active au niveau &lt;/del&gt;local &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;était un ingrédient essentiel de la démocratie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;car elle permettait aux citoyens de participer directement à la gestion de leurs communautés&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;favorisait l'apprentissage des compétences politiques et créait un sentiment d'appartenance à la communauté&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il déplore que la politique moderne ne semble plus fonctionner de cette manière&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Selon &lt;/del&gt;Putnam, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;eu un déclin marqué de l'&lt;/del&gt;engagement &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;citoyen et des &lt;/del&gt;associations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;communautaires dans la société américaine&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;entraîné une diminution de la &lt;/del&gt;participation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;citoyenne active et une &lt;/del&gt;fragmentation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sociale accrue&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela a des &lt;/del&gt;implications &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;importantes pour la démocratie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;car la &lt;/del&gt;participation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;citoyenne active est un élément essentiel de la responsabilité et de la légitimité démocratiques&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Robert Putnam &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;expresses a certain nostalgia for what seems to be a bygone era&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the America of the 1950s&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;when citizen &lt;/ins&gt;participation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;was&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in his view&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;more robust and society more integrated&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In this idealised &lt;/ins&gt;vision, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;citizens were engaged in a myriad of &lt;/ins&gt;associations, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;forming a dynamic web of social and political interaction&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In his view&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;this active &lt;/ins&gt;participation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;at &lt;/ins&gt;local &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;level was an essential ingredient of democracy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as it allowed citizens to participate directly in the management of their communities&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fostered the learning of political skills and created a sense of community&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;He deplores the fact that modern politics no longer seems to work in this way&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;According to &lt;/ins&gt;Putnam, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;there has been &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;marked decline in civic &lt;/ins&gt;engagement &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and community &lt;/ins&gt;associations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in American society&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;leading to &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;decline in active citizen &lt;/ins&gt;participation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and increased social &lt;/ins&gt;fragmentation. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This has important &lt;/ins&gt;implications &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;for democracy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as active citizen &lt;/ins&gt;participation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is an essential element of democratic accountability and legitimacy&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La politique est devenue de plus en plus professionnalisée à tous les niveaux&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce processus &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;conduit à une &lt;/del&gt;situation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;où des partis politiques et des groupes d'intérêts embauchent des &lt;/del&gt;experts &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et des &lt;/del&gt;consultants &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;professionnels pour concevoir des stratégies politiques et pour mener des campagnes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une des raisons de ce développement est la complexité croissante des questions politiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui nécessite une &lt;/del&gt;expertise &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;spécialisée&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De plus&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le paysage médiatique moderne&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;avec sa capacité à atteindre de grandes &lt;/del&gt;audiences &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et son rôle &lt;/del&gt;crucial &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans l'influence de l'&lt;/del&gt;opinion &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;publique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a également encouragé la professionnalisation de la politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela a pour conséquence une &lt;/del&gt;distance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;accrue entre les citoyens ordinaires et le processus politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui peut sembler être un écho du modèle élitiste de &lt;/del&gt;Schumpeter. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En outre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la professionnalisation de la politique a également tendance à favoriser ceux qui ont les moyens de payer pour cette &lt;/del&gt;expertise &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;professionnelle&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui peut renforcer les inégalités de pouvoir existantes dans la société et agir en &lt;/del&gt;contradiction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;avec l'idéal démocratique d'égalité politique&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Politics has become increasingly professionalised at all levels&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This process has led to &lt;/ins&gt;a situation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;where political parties and interest groups hire professional &lt;/ins&gt;experts &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;consultants &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to devise political strategies and run campaigns&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;One of the reasons for this development is the increasing complexity of political issues&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which requires specialist &lt;/ins&gt;expertise. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In addition&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the modern media landscape&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;with its ability to reach large &lt;/ins&gt;audiences &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and its &lt;/ins&gt;crucial &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;role in influencing public &lt;/ins&gt;opinion, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;has also encouraged the professionalisation of politics&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The result is an increased &lt;/ins&gt;distance &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;between ordinary citizens and the political process&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which may seem to echo &lt;/ins&gt;Schumpeter&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'s elitist model&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Moreover&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the professionalisation of politics also tends to favour those who can afford to pay for this professional &lt;/ins&gt;expertise, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which can reinforce existing inequalities of power in society and act in &lt;/ins&gt;contradiction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;with the democratic ideal of political equality&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Les limites du modèle pluraliste de Dahl ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Les limites du modèle pluraliste de Dahl ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;diff=58662&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Le rôle de la société civile en politique */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;diff=58662&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-04T16:08:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Le rôle de la société civile en politique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 4 juillet 2023 à 18:08&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l324&quot;&gt;Ligne 324 :&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The main idea here is that in a society where freedom of association is encouraged, we have the opportunity to unite with others on a multitude of issues that are important to us. This diversity of association allows individuals to come together around common interests, whether social, political, religious, etc., transcending differences of class, race or creed. This process fosters a deeper understanding and appreciation of the diversity of our society. We begin to understand that our identities are not limited to a single category, but rather are a mosaic of different affiliations and interests. This awareness leads us to recognise that our personal interests and those of others are often intertwined and interdependent, which can lead to greater tolerance and cooperation in the political sphere. Freedom of association can help to bridge societal divides, fostering the creation of a vibrant and diverse civil society capable of nurturing healthy and productive democratic debate.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The main idea here is that in a society where freedom of association is encouraged, we have the opportunity to unite with others on a multitude of issues that are important to us. This diversity of association allows individuals to come together around common interests, whether social, political, religious, etc., transcending differences of class, race or creed. This process fosters a deeper understanding and appreciation of the diversity of our society. We begin to understand that our identities are not limited to a single category, but rather are a mosaic of different affiliations and interests. This awareness leads us to recognise that our personal interests and those of others are often intertwined and interdependent, which can lead to greater tolerance and cooperation in the political sphere. Freedom of association can help to bridge societal divides, fostering the creation of a vibrant and diverse civil society capable of nurturing healthy and productive democratic debate.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le rôle de la société civile en politique &lt;/del&gt;===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The role of civil society in politics &lt;/ins&gt;===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Face à la crainte qu'éprouvait &lt;/del&gt;Schumpeter &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et nombre de politologues depuis l'instauration du &lt;/del&gt;suffrage &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;universel &lt;/del&gt;- &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;celle d'un &lt;/del&gt;vote &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se réduisant à une &lt;/del&gt;simple expression &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de classe sociale&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;avec les ouvriers votant uniquement pour leurs intérêts de classe et les propriétaires faisant de même &lt;/del&gt;- Dahl &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souligne l'&lt;/del&gt;importance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des &lt;/del&gt;associations. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Selon lui&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ces dernières révèlent que nos identités et nos intérêts ne se limitent pas à notre &lt;/del&gt;position &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;socioéconomique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En tant qu'ouvriers ou propriétaires&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nous avons également une &lt;/del&gt;multitude &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'autres intérêts qui transcendent notre classe sociale&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Que ce soit en matière d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;éducation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de &lt;/del&gt;religion, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de &lt;/del&gt;culture, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'environnement ou de loisirs&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nous avons tous des préoccupations variées qui nous amènent à nous associer de multiples façons&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette complexité et cette diversité d'intérêts peuvent et doivent se refléter dans la politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ainsi&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;loin d'être simplement une lutte entre différentes &lt;/del&gt;classes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sociales&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la politique peut être un espace où s'expriment et se négocient une &lt;/del&gt;multitude &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'intérêts et d'identités&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela peut favoriser un débat démocratique plus riche et plus inclusif&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et aider à atténuer la &lt;/del&gt;polarisation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et les conflits de classe&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In the face of the fear expressed by &lt;/ins&gt;Schumpeter &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and many political scientists since the introduction of universal &lt;/ins&gt;suffrage - &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that the &lt;/ins&gt;vote &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;would be reduced to a &lt;/ins&gt;simple expression &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of social class&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;with workers voting solely for their class interests and landlords doing the same &lt;/ins&gt;- Dahl &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;emphasises the &lt;/ins&gt;importance &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of &lt;/ins&gt;associations. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In his view&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;associations reveal that our identities and interests are not limited to our socio-economic &lt;/ins&gt;position. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;As workers or owners&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we also have a &lt;/ins&gt;multitude &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of other interests that transcend our social class&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Whether it&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s education&lt;/ins&gt;, religion, culture, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the environment or leisure&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we all have a variety of concerns that lead us to associate in many different ways&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This complexity and diversity of interests can and should be reflected in politics&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;So&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;far from being simply a struggle between different social &lt;/ins&gt;classes, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politics can be a space where a &lt;/ins&gt;multitude &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of interests and identities are expressed and negotiated&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This can encourage richer and more inclusive democratic debate&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and help to reduce &lt;/ins&gt;polarisation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and class conflict&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'idée sous-jacente est que la démocratie va bien au-delà d'un &lt;/del&gt;simple &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;système de gouvernement représentatif basé sur le &lt;/del&gt;suffrage &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;universel et majoritaire&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Elle exige aussi une société vibrante et dynamique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans laquelle les individus sont actifs&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;discutent et cherchent des partenaires avec lesquels ils peuvent s'associer pour défendre leurs intérêts&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dès lors qu'on &lt;/del&gt;envisage &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cette société bourdonnante de groupes divers et vivants&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui reflètent et défendent l'éventail complet de nos intérêts&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nous nous rapprochons d'une &lt;/del&gt;conception &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la démocratie qui est réellement libre&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En effet&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un tel modèle de démocratie reflète et respecte la diversité et la liberté des citoyens&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De plus, il favorise l'égalité en déconnectant la naissance de la destinée politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans une telle démocratie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;naître pauvre ne condamne pas à une vie de pauvreté&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Au contraire&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;être pauvre n'empêche pas de rejoindre de nombreux groupes d'&lt;/del&gt;associations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;avec d'autres individus qui ne sont pas pauvres et qui partagent des intérêts communs&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ainsi&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;malgré les inégalités économiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les citoyens peuvent bénéficier d'une certaine égalité politique et sociale grâce à leur &lt;/del&gt;participation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;active à la vie associative&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The underlying idea is that democracy goes far beyond a &lt;/ins&gt;simple &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;system of representative government based on universal and majority &lt;/ins&gt;suffrage. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It also requires a vibrant and dynamic society&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in which individuals are active&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;discuss and seek partners with whom they can associate to defend their interests&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;When we &lt;/ins&gt;envisage &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;this society buzzing with diverse and lively groups&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;reflecting and defending the full range of our interests&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we come closer to a &lt;/ins&gt;conception &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of democracy that is truly free&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Indeed&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such a model of democracy reflects and respects the diversity and freedom of its citizens&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It also promotes equality by disconnecting birth from political destiny&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In such a democracy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;being born poor is not condemned to a life of poverty&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On the contrary&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;being poor does not prevent you from joining numerous groups of &lt;/ins&gt;associations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;with other individuals who are not poor and who share common interests&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In this way&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;despite economic inequalities&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;citizens can benefit from a degree of political and social equality through their active &lt;/ins&gt;participation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in community life&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'idée est que lorsque les gens choisissent de s'engager en politique en fonction de leur &lt;/del&gt;religion, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nous avons également l'opportunité d'atténuer les différences raciales et les clivages entre les &lt;/del&gt;immigrants &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et les autochtones&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En fin de compte&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si les individus peuvent représenter leurs intérêts en tant que membres d'une même &lt;/del&gt;association &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;religieuse&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils auront des raisons de chercher le bien-être de tous les autres membres de leur &lt;/del&gt;religion, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;indépendamment de leur couleur de peau&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de leur statut d'immigrant ou de leur origine ethnique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'est l'idéal d'un monde où les gens transcendent les différences héréditaires et les &lt;/del&gt;divisions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui les séparent&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour parvenir à une politique concurrentielle où les clivages sont fluides et peuvent changer à tout moment&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il s'agit d'une politique créative et réactive, qui est directement responsable des intérêts des individus tels qu'ils se conçoivent eux-mêmes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette &lt;/del&gt;vision &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;propose une démocratie dynamique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui évolue constamment pour refléter la diversité des &lt;/del&gt;aspirations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et des identités de ses citoyens&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The idea is that when people choose to get involved in politics on the basis of their &lt;/ins&gt;religion, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we also have the opportunity to reduce racial differences and the divide between &lt;/ins&gt;immigrants &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and natives&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ultimately&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;if individuals can represent their interests as members of the same religious &lt;/ins&gt;association, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they will have reason to seek the welfare of all other members of their &lt;/ins&gt;religion, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;regardless of their skin colour&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;immigration status or ethnic origin&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is the ideal of a world where people transcend hereditary differences and the &lt;/ins&gt;divisions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that separate them&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to achieve a competitive politics where cleavages are fluid and can change at any time&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is a creative and responsive politics that is directly responsible for the interests of individuals as they see themselves&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This &lt;/ins&gt;vision &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;proposes a dynamic democracy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;constantly evolving to reflect the diverse &lt;/ins&gt;aspirations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and identities of its citizens&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour des penseurs tels que &lt;/del&gt;Dahl &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et peut-être &lt;/del&gt;Tocqueville &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans son ouvrage &lt;/del&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La Démocratie en Amérique&lt;/del&gt;&amp;quot;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une société véritablement démocratique est une mosaïque d'&lt;/del&gt;associations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;multiples et changeantes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans une telle société&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les compétences et les connaissances politiques sont accessibles à tous&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;car chaque &lt;/del&gt;association &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;doit se gérer&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se réunir et apprendre à coopérer avec les autres&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ainsi&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'individu peut apprendre les rouages de la politique en gérant une &lt;/del&gt;association, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et graduellement, la politique devient une &lt;/del&gt;extension &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de ses intérêts personnels qui le forme et lui donne les outils pour participer au niveau &lt;/del&gt;national. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette &lt;/del&gt;vision &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;positionne la politique non pas comme une &lt;/del&gt;discipline &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;éloignée et mystérieuse&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais comme un &lt;/del&gt;aspect &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la vie quotidienne&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;directement liée à nos &lt;/del&gt;aspirations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;personnelles et collectives&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Contrairement à l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;approche de Schumpeter&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui considère la politique comme un métier spécifique et &lt;/del&gt;distinct, inaccessible &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à la majorité des gens&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la &lt;/del&gt;vision &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pluraliste de Dahl la rend &lt;/del&gt;accessible &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à tous&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Selon lui&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la politique n'est pas un domaine réservé à une élite&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Au contraire&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elle est à la portée de chaque citoyen&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;faisant partie intégrante de la vie quotidienne et interagissant directement avec nos intérêts personnels et collectifs&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette &lt;/del&gt;perspective &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;démocratise véritablement la politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en encourageant l'engagement de tous&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;indépendamment de leur formation ou de leur statut &lt;/del&gt;social.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For thinkers such as &lt;/ins&gt;Dahl &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and perhaps &lt;/ins&gt;Tocqueville &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in his book &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Democracy in America&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a truly democratic society is a mosaic of multiple and changing &lt;/ins&gt;associations. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In such a society&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;political skills and knowledge are accessible to all&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as each &lt;/ins&gt;association &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;must manage itself&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;meet and learn to cooperate with others&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In this way&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the individual can learn the nuts and bolts of politics by managing an &lt;/ins&gt;association, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and gradually politics becomes an &lt;/ins&gt;extension &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of his or her personal interests that trains him or her and gives him or her the tools to participate at &lt;/ins&gt;national &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;level&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This &lt;/ins&gt;vision &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;positions politics not as a remote and mysterious &lt;/ins&gt;discipline, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but as an &lt;/ins&gt;aspect &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of everyday life&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;directly linked to our personal and collective &lt;/ins&gt;aspirations. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Unlike Schumpeter&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s approach&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which sees politics as a specific and &lt;/ins&gt;distinct &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;profession&lt;/ins&gt;, inaccessible &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to the majority of people&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dahl's pluralist &lt;/ins&gt;vision &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;makes it &lt;/ins&gt;accessible &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to everyone&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In his view&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politics is not the preserve of an elite&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On the contrary&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;it is within the reach of every citizen&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;forming an integral part of daily life and interacting directly with our personal and collective interests&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This &lt;/ins&gt;perspective &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;genuinely democratises politics&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;by encouraging everyone to get involved&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;regardless of their educational background or &lt;/ins&gt;social &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;status&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dahl &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;propose une &lt;/del&gt;vision &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;séduisante&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;donnant un nouveau sens à l'idéal d'autogouvernement dans le monde moderne et mettant en lumière l'attrait des &lt;/del&gt;associations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;démocratiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cependant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;malgré l'attrait de cette perspective dynamique&lt;/del&gt;, adaptable &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et évolutive de la politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la réalité s'avère souvent beaucoup plus complexe&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En pratique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la mise en place et le maintien d'une telle démocratie fluidique et &lt;/del&gt;responsive &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peuvent se heurter à un certain nombre de défis et d'&lt;/del&gt;obstacles &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;concrets&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dahl &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;offers a seductive &lt;/ins&gt;vision, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;giving new meaning to the ideal of self-government in the modern world and highlighting the appeal of democratic &lt;/ins&gt;associations. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;despite the appeal of this dynamic&lt;/ins&gt;, adaptable &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and evolving perspective on politics&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the reality is often far more complex&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In practice&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;establishing and maintaining such a fluid and &lt;/ins&gt;responsive &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;democracy can face a number of practical challenges and &lt;/ins&gt;obstacles.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les conséquences de la professionnalisation de la politique &lt;/del&gt;===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The consequences of the professionalisation of politics &lt;/ins&gt;===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Robert Putnam, dans son ouvrage publié en 2000, &amp;quot;Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community&amp;quot;, déplore la disparition de cette vision idéalisée et du monde pluraliste que Dahl avait préconisé.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Harraka, Melissa. &amp;quot;[https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/cej/article/download/983/967 Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community, by Robert D. Putnam].&amp;quot; ''Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiry and Practice'' 6.2 (2002).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Il constate une tendance à la désintégration des liens sociaux, ce qui se traduit par une baisse de la participation aux associations et aux groupes communautaires. Cette évolution a des répercussions importantes sur le fonctionnement de la démocratie, et soulève des questions quant à la viabilité du modèle pluraliste dans le contexte contemporain.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Robert Putnam, dans son ouvrage publié en 2000, &amp;quot;Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community&amp;quot;, déplore la disparition de cette vision idéalisée et du monde pluraliste que Dahl avait préconisé.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Harraka, Melissa. &amp;quot;[https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/cej/article/download/983/967 Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community, by Robert D. Putnam].&amp;quot; ''Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiry and Practice'' 6.2 (2002).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Il constate une tendance à la désintégration des liens sociaux, ce qui se traduit par une baisse de la participation aux associations et aux groupes communautaires. Cette évolution a des répercussions importantes sur le fonctionnement de la démocratie, et soulève des questions quant à la viabilité du modèle pluraliste dans le contexte contemporain.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;diff=58661&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* The distribution of power in pluralist democracy */</title>
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		<updated>2023-07-04T16:07:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;The distribution of power in pluralist democracy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== The distribution of power in pluralist democracy ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== The distribution of power in pluralist democracy ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le pluralisme&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tel que défendu par &lt;/del&gt;Robert Dahl &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et d'autres&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;repose sur l'idée que la santé d'une démocratie dépend de la présence de divers groupes et &lt;/del&gt;associations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;au sein de la société&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces groupes peuvent être basés sur une &lt;/del&gt;multitude &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de facteurs&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;allant des intérêts professionnels aux &lt;/del&gt;affiliations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;religieuses&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en passant par des loisirs communs ou des &lt;/del&gt;causes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'idée fondamentale du pluralisme est que la liberté d'&lt;/del&gt;association &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;permet à chaque individu de trouver un groupe ou une &lt;/del&gt;organisation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui reflète ses intérêts et ses convictions&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et de l'utiliser comme moyen de faire entendre sa voix au sein du système politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans ce contexte&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les groupes et &lt;/del&gt;associations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;agissent comme des intermédiaires entre l'individu et le gouvernement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en représentant les intérêts de leurs membres et en leur donnant une voix &lt;/del&gt;collective &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus forte&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En outre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans une société pluraliste&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aucune &lt;/del&gt;association &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;unique n'est censée dominer le paysage politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Au lieu de cela&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le pouvoir est réparti entre de nombreux groupes divers&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui peut contribuer à équilibrer les &lt;/del&gt;influences &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et à éviter la &lt;/del&gt;concentration &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;du pouvoir entre les mains d'une élite restreinte&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le pluralisme peut également favoriser un échange d'idées plus riche et plus dynamique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;car différents groupes apportent des &lt;/del&gt;perspectives &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;variées au débat &lt;/del&gt;public. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela peut aider à nourrir la créativité et l'&lt;/del&gt;innovation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tout en évitant la &lt;/del&gt;stagnation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui peut survenir lorsque le pouvoir est détenu par un groupe homogène&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'est donc en encourageant la diversité et la liberté d'&lt;/del&gt;association &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que le pluralisme cherche à éviter les problèmes associés à l'élitisme décrit par &lt;/del&gt;Schumpeter, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tout en préservant les avantages de la concurrence politique et de la représentation&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pluralism&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as advocated by &lt;/ins&gt;Robert Dahl &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and others&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is based on the idea that the health of a democracy depends on the presence of diverse groups and &lt;/ins&gt;associations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;within society&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These groups may be based on a &lt;/ins&gt;multitude &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of factors&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ranging from professional interests to religious &lt;/ins&gt;affiliations, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;shared hobbies or political &lt;/ins&gt;causes. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The fundamental idea of pluralism is that freedom of &lt;/ins&gt;association &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;allows each individual to find a group or &lt;/ins&gt;organisation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that reflects his or her interests and beliefs&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and to use it as a means of making his or her voice heard within the political system&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In this context&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;groups and &lt;/ins&gt;associations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;act as intermediaries between the individual and the government&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;representing the interests of their members and giving them a stronger &lt;/ins&gt;collective &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;voice&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Moreover&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in a pluralist society&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;no single &lt;/ins&gt;association &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is expected to dominate the political landscape&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Instead&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;power is distributed among many diverse groups&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which can help to balance &lt;/ins&gt;influences &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and avoid the &lt;/ins&gt;concentration &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of power in the hands of a narrow elite&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pluralism can also encourage a richer and more dynamic exchange of ideas&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as different groups bring different &lt;/ins&gt;perspectives &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to &lt;/ins&gt;public &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;debate&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This can help nurture creativity and &lt;/ins&gt;innovation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in politics&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;while avoiding the &lt;/ins&gt;stagnation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that can occur when power is held by a homogenous group&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is therefore by encouraging diversity and freedom of &lt;/ins&gt;association &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that pluralism seeks to avoid the problems associated with the elitism described by &lt;/ins&gt;Schumpeter, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;while preserving the benefits of political competition and representation&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La critique que &lt;/del&gt;Dahl &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;adresse à &lt;/del&gt;Schumpeter &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tient en grande partie à la &lt;/del&gt;conception &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;limitée que ce dernier a de la démocratie&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour &lt;/del&gt;Dahl, Schumpeter &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ignore un &lt;/del&gt;aspect &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fondamental de la démocratie moderne &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sa &lt;/del&gt;dimension &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sociétale&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Selon lui&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la démocratie ne se limite pas à un processus électoral où des élites politiques se font élire pour gouverner&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Elle s'inscrit aussi et surtout dans le tissu &lt;/del&gt;social &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et repose sur la libre &lt;/del&gt;association &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des individus&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Tout comme &lt;/del&gt;Tocqueville &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;avant lui&lt;/del&gt;, Dahl &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;soutient que la vitalité démocratique d'une société réside dans sa capacité à favoriser la &lt;/del&gt;formation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'&lt;/del&gt;associations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;diverses et multiples&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces &lt;/del&gt;associations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peuvent être nées de &lt;/del&gt;passions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;communes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'intérêts partagés ou simplement du plaisir de se réunir autour d'une &lt;/del&gt;cause &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou d'un objectif&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Elles jouent un rôle &lt;/del&gt;crucial &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans la vie démocratique en permettant aux citoyens de se regrouper pour défendre leurs intérêts&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;participer à la vie publique et exercer une &lt;/del&gt;influence &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sur les décisions politiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette &lt;/del&gt;vision &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus large de la démocratie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui s'étend au-delà du simple cadre institutionnel pour englober la société dans son ensemble&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est ce qui distingue l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;approche pluraliste de Dahl de celle, plus restreinte, de &lt;/del&gt;Schumpeter. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Selon &lt;/del&gt;Dahl, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c'est cette richesse associative qui donne toute sa profondeur à la démocratie et permet à celle-ci de s'épanouir véritablement&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Much of &lt;/ins&gt;Dahl&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'s criticism of &lt;/ins&gt;Schumpeter &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;stems from Schumpeter's limited &lt;/ins&gt;conception &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of democracy&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For &lt;/ins&gt;Dahl, Schumpeter &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ignores a fundamental &lt;/ins&gt;aspect &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of modern democracy&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;its societal &lt;/ins&gt;dimension. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In his view&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;democracy is not limited to an electoral process in which political elites are elected to govern&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is also, and above all, part of the &lt;/ins&gt;social &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fabric and is based on the free &lt;/ins&gt;association &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of individuals&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Like &lt;/ins&gt;Tocqueville &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;before him&lt;/ins&gt;, Dahl &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;maintains that the democratic vitality of a society lies in its ability to foster the &lt;/ins&gt;formation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of diverse and multiple &lt;/ins&gt;associations. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These &lt;/ins&gt;associations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;may be born of common &lt;/ins&gt;passions, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;shared interests or simply the pleasure of coming together around a &lt;/ins&gt;cause &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or objective&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;They play a &lt;/ins&gt;crucial &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;role in democratic life by enabling citizens to come together to defend their interests&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;participate in public life and &lt;/ins&gt;influence &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;political decisions&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This broader &lt;/ins&gt;vision &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of democracy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which extends beyond the mere institutional framework to encompass society as a whole&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is what distinguishes Dahl&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s pluralist approach from &lt;/ins&gt;Schumpeter&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'s more restricted one&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;According to &lt;/ins&gt;Dahl, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;it is this richness of association that gives democracy its depth and enables it to truly flourish&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La vision qu'ont &lt;/del&gt;Tocqueville &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et Dahl de la démocratie est enracinée dans l'idée qu&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un gouvernement démocratique moderne doit &lt;/del&gt;s'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;appuyer sur une société de citoyens qui &lt;/del&gt;s&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'organisent et s'associent de diverses façons&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;selon leurs goûts&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;leurs besoins et leurs croyances individuels&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'élément &lt;/del&gt;central &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de cette &lt;/del&gt;conception &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est la liberté d'&lt;/del&gt;association : &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les citoyens doivent pouvoir librement créer&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rejoindre ou quitter des &lt;/del&gt;associations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à leur gré&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans une telle société&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les clivages qui émergent sont souvent complexes et enchevêtrés &lt;/del&gt;- &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c'est-à-dire que les individus ne sont pas divisés selon une seule ligne de fracture sociale ou politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais peuvent appartenir à différents groupes et &lt;/del&gt;associations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;avec des intérêts parfois divergents&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette multiplicité d'appartenances et d'identités contribue à une certaine dynamique démocratique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;favorisant le débat&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le compromis et la prise de décision &lt;/del&gt;collective. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Elle aide également à éviter la &lt;/del&gt;polarisation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;excessive&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en empêchant la &lt;/del&gt;formation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de deux &lt;/del&gt;blocs &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;homogènes et antagonistes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Selon &lt;/del&gt;Tocqueville &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Dahl, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une démocratie saine et dynamique nécessite une société civile &lt;/del&gt;active &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;diverse, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;où les citoyens sont libres de s'associer en fonction de leurs intérêts et &lt;/del&gt;convictions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Tocqueville's &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and Dahl&lt;/ins&gt;'s &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vision of democracy is rooted in the idea that modern democratic government must be based on a society of citizens who organise and associate in a variety of ways&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;according to their individual tastes&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;needs and beliefs&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/ins&gt;central &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;element of this &lt;/ins&gt;conception &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is freedom of &lt;/ins&gt;association: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;citizens should be free to create&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;join or leave &lt;/ins&gt;associations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as they see fit&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In such a society&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the cleavages that emerge are often complex and intertwined &lt;/ins&gt;- &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that is, individuals are not divided along a single social or political divide&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but may belong to different groups and &lt;/ins&gt;associations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;with sometimes divergent interests&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This multiplicity of affiliations and identities contributes to a certain democratic dynamic&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;encouraging debate&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;compromise and &lt;/ins&gt;collective &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;decision-making&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It also helps to avoid excessive &lt;/ins&gt;polarisation, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;by preventing the &lt;/ins&gt;formation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of two homogenous and antagonistic &lt;/ins&gt;blocs. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;According to &lt;/ins&gt;Tocqueville &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Dahl, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a healthy and dynamic democracy requires an &lt;/ins&gt;active &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;diverse &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;civil society&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;where citizens are free to associate according to their interests and &lt;/ins&gt;convictions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'idée principale ici est que dans une société où la liberté d'&lt;/del&gt;association &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est encouragée&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nous avons la possibilité de nous unir avec d'autres sur une &lt;/del&gt;multitude &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de sujets qui nous tiennent à cœur&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette diversité d'associations permet aux individus de se rassembler autour d'intérêts communs&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qu'ils soient sociaux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;religieux&lt;/del&gt;, etc., &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transcendant ainsi les différences de classe&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de &lt;/del&gt;race &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou de croyances&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce processus favorise une compréhension plus profonde et une appréciation de la diversité de notre société&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Nous commençons à comprendre que nos identités ne se limitent pas à une seule catégorie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais sont plutôt une mosaïque de différentes &lt;/del&gt;affiliations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et intérêts&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette prise de conscience nous amène à reconnaître que nos intérêts personnels et ceux des autres sont souvent enchevêtrés et interdépendants&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui peut conduire à une plus grande tolérance et coopération dans la sphère politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La liberté d'&lt;/del&gt;association &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peut contribuer à atténuer les divisions sociétales, en favorisant la création d'une société civile dynamique et diversifiée&lt;/del&gt;, capable &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de nourrir un débat démocratique sain et productif&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The main idea here is that in a society where freedom of &lt;/ins&gt;association &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is encouraged&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we have the opportunity to unite with others on a &lt;/ins&gt;multitude &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of issues that are important to us&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This diversity of association allows individuals to come together around common interests&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;whether social&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;political&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;religious&lt;/ins&gt;, etc., &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transcending differences of class&lt;/ins&gt;, race &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or creed&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This process fosters a deeper understanding and appreciation of the diversity of our society&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;We begin to understand that our identities are not limited to a single category&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but rather are a mosaic of different &lt;/ins&gt;affiliations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and interests&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This awareness leads us to recognise that our personal interests and those of others are often intertwined and interdependent&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which can lead to greater tolerance and cooperation in the political sphere&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Freedom of &lt;/ins&gt;association &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;can help to bridge societal divides&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fostering the creation of a vibrant and diverse civil society &lt;/ins&gt;capable &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of nurturing healthy and productive democratic debate&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Le rôle de la société civile en politique ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Le rôle de la société civile en politique ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;diff=58660&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* The limits of elitism according to Schumpeter */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;diff=58660&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-04T16:07:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;The limits of elitism according to Schumpeter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;amp;diff=58660&amp;amp;oldid=58659&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;diff=58659&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* La participate politique et délégation du pouvoir selon Schumpeter */</title>
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		<updated>2023-07-04T16:05:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;La participate politique et délégation du pouvoir selon Schumpeter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;amp;diff=58659&amp;amp;oldid=58658&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;diff=58658&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Adapting the ideal of self-government to modern reality */</title>
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		<updated>2023-07-04T16:04:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Adapting the ideal of self-government to modern reality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;amp;diff=58658&amp;amp;oldid=58657&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;diff=58657&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* La division du travail en politique */</title>
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		<updated>2023-07-04T16:02:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;La division du travail en politique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Political_Theory&amp;amp;diff=58657&amp;amp;oldid=58656&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>