法律的适用 - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* 法律之外的差距 */

2023-12-13T09:24:37Z

法律之外的差距

← Version précédente		Version du 13 décembre 2023 à 11:24
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	== 法律之外的差距 ==		== 法律之外的差距 ==
	~~The praeter~~ legem ~~gap, or gap~~ beyond the law, represents a situation where the legislator, often unintentionally, leaves a legal vacuum by not providing any legal provision for a specific situation. This form of lacuna occurs when cases arise that were not envisaged or taken into account by the legislator when drafting the law, leading to the absence of rules or guidelines on how to deal with them. Unlike the intra legem gap, where the legislator intentionally leaves a certain degree of interpretation open, the praeter legem gap is typically unanticipated and results from a lack of foresight or recognition of future developments. Such gaps can be particularly prevalent in rapidly evolving areas, such as technology, where new situations can arise faster than the legislative process is able to regulate them.		法律空白（praeter legem gap）或法律之外的空白（gap beyond the law）是指立法者往往无意中留下了法律真空，没有为特定情况提供任何法律规定。当出现立法者在起草法律时没有设想或考虑到的情况时，就会出现这种形式的空白，导致缺乏如何处理这些情况的规则或指南。与立法内空白不同的是，立法者有意留下一定程度的解释空间，而立法前空白通常是未曾预料到的，是对未来发展缺乏预见或认识的结果。这种空白在技术等快速发展的领域尤为普遍，因为在这些领域，新情况出现的速度可能快于立法程序对其进行规范的速度。

	For example, legal issues relating to artificial intelligence, online data privacy or the implications of genome editing are areas where praeter legem gaps may be present. In these cases, there is no specific legal framework to guide the application or interpretation of the law. When a praeter legem gap is identified, judges may use various methods to fill the gap. They may rely on general principles of law, on analogies with similar situations regulated by law, or on considerations of equity and justice. In some cases, the recognition of such a gap may stimulate the legislative process, prompting the legislature to draft new laws or amend existing laws to deal explicitly with the situation in question.[[Fichier:Code civil suisse - article 1.png\|vignette\|center\|700px\|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19070042/201307010000/210.pdf Code civil suisse] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19070042/index.html#a1 article 1]]]~~Article~~ 1 of the Swiss Civil Code provides a clear illustration of how the legal system deals with situations where existing law does not cover a specific situation. This legal provision highlights the methodology and flexibility required to interpret and apply the law. According to the first paragraph of this article, the law is supposed to govern all matters that fall within the scope of its provisions, either explicitly by their letter or implicitly by their spirit. This means that the judge must first seek a solution within the framework of existing legislation, by interpreting the law not only according to its text but also according to the intention and purpose of the legislature. For example, in a contractual dispute, the judge would seek to apply the principles of contract law as set out in the Code, while taking into account the general intention of the legislature regarding contractual agreements.		例如，与人工智能、在线数据隐私或基因组编辑的影响有关的法律问题，都是可能存在 "法律至上 "空白的领域。在这些情况下，没有具体的法律框架来指导法律的适用或解释。当发现存在 "法律赞许 "漏洞时，法官可使用各种方法来弥补漏洞。他们可以依据法律的一般原则、与法律规定的类似情况的类比，或基于公平和正义的考虑。在某些情况下，承认这种空白可能会促进立法进程，促使立法机构起草新法律或修订现有法律，以明确处理有关情况。[[Fichier:Code civil suisse - article 1.png\|vignette\|center\|700px\|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19070042/201307010000/210.pdf Code civil suisse] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19070042/index.html#a1 article 1]]]瑞士民法典》第 1 条明确说明了法律制度如何处理现行法律未涵盖特定情况的问题。该法律条款强调了解释和适用法律所需的方法和灵活性。根据该条第一款的规定，法律应管辖其规定范围内的所有事项，无论是明文规定还是默示精神。这意味着法官必须首先在现有法律框架内寻求解决方案，不仅要根据法律条文解释法律，还要根据立法机构的意图和目的解释法律。例如，在合同纠纷中，法官将寻求适用《法典》中规定的合同法原则，同时考虑立法机构对合同协议的总体意图。

	Where no specific statutory provision is applicable, the second paragraph of the Swiss Civil Code empowers the judge to turn to customary law. In the event that even customary law is inapplicable, the judge is then invited to act as if he were the legislator, establishing rules for the given situation. This approach gives the judge considerable latitude to develop legal solutions based on the fundamental principles of justice and equity. This could happen, for example, in cases involving new or emerging technologies where neither law nor custom provides clear guidance. Finally, the third paragraph guides the judge towards solutions already established in doctrine and case law. In the absence of applicable laws or customs, the judge should consider academic legal analyses and interpretations, as well as judicial precedents. This may include examining expert commentaries on similar cases or analysing past court decisions in comparable situations. Article 1 of the Swiss Civil Code thus demonstrates the importance of flexible and considered legal interpretation, enabling judges to respond effectively to legal gaps and adapt to changing circumstances in society. This provision ensures that the law remains dynamic and capable of responding to the ever-changing needs of individuals and society.		如果没有具体的法律规定可适用，《瑞士民法典》第二款授权法官参考习惯法。在习惯法也不适用的情况下，法官被要求像立法者一样行事，为特定情况制定规则。这种方法为法官提供了相当大的自由度，使其能够根据公正和公平的基本原则制定法律解决方案。例如，在涉及新技术或新兴技术的案件中，法律和习惯都没有提供明确的指导，就可能出现这种情况。最后，第三段引导法官采用学说和判例法中已确立的解决方案。在没有适用法律或习惯的情况下，法官应考虑学术界的法律分析和解释以及司法先例。这可能包括研究专家对类似案件的评论，或分析法院过去在类似情况下的判决。因此，《瑞士民法典》第 1 条体现了灵活、深思熟虑的法律解释的重要性，使法官能够有效应对法律空白并适应不断变化的社会环境。这一规定确保法律保持活力，能够应对个人和社会不断变化的需求。

	= ~~Annexes~~ =		= 附件 =
	*[http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/2/210.fr.pdf Code civil suisse]		*[http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/2/210.fr.pdf Code civil suisse]
	*[http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/francais/la-constitution/la-constitution-du-4-octobre-1958/declaration-des-droits-de-l-homme-et-du-citoyen-de-1789.5076.html Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen de 1789]		*[http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/francais/la-constitution/la-constitution-du-4-octobre-1958/declaration-des-droits-de-l-homme-et-du-citoyen-de-1789.5076.html Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen de 1789]
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	**[http://www.icitizenforum.com/french/virginia-declaration-rights version française]		**[http://www.icitizenforum.com/french/virginia-declaration-rights version française]

	= ~~Reference~~ =		= 参考资料 =
	<references />		<references />

	[[Category:droit]]		[[Category:droit]]
	[[Category:Victor Monnier]]		[[Category:Victor Monnier]]

Arthur : /* 法律空白 */

2023-12-13T09:24:03Z

法律空白

← Version précédente		Version du 13 décembre 2023 à 11:24
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	= 法律空白 =		= 法律空白 =
	Gaps in the law are an inevitable phenomenon in any legal system, resulting from the difficulty, if not the impossibility, for the legislator to foresee all possible situations when drafting legislation. These gaps arise when real situations arise that are not explicitly covered by existing legislation, creating areas of legal uncertainty. There are two types of gaps in positive law: voluntary gaps and involuntary gaps. Voluntary gaps occur when the legislature deliberately chooses not to regulate a certain matter or situation, leaving it to the discretion of judges or other resolution mechanisms. For example, in certain areas of law, the legislature may intentionally leave vague terms or concepts open to interpretation to allow for flexibility in the application of the law.		法律空白是任何法律体系中都不可避免的现象，这是由于立法者在起草法律时很难甚至不可能预见到所有可能出现的情况。当出现现有法律未明确涵盖的实际情况时，就会产生这些空白，从而造成法律不确定性。实在法中的空白有两种类型：自愿空白和非自愿空白。当立法机构有意选择不对某一事项或情况进行规范，而将其交由法官或其他解决机制酌情处理时，就会出现自愿空白。例如，在某些法律领域，立法机构可能故意留下模糊的术语或概念供解释，以便在适用法律时具有灵活性。

	On the other hand, unintended gaps occur when the legislature, without any particular intention, fails to address an issue or situation that was not contemplated when the law was drafted. These gaps may become apparent with the evolution of society, the emergence of new technologies or new situations. For example, the advent of the Internet and social media has created numerous legal challenges that were not anticipated by traditional laws on communication and privacy. When such gaps arise, it is often up to judges to fill them by interpreting existing law to apply to the new situation. This process may involve extending existing principles to new circumstances or applying analogies with legally regulated situations. In some cases, the recognition of a gap may lead the legislature to intervene to fill the gap through new laws or amendments.When creating a law, the legislature cannot foresee all the actual cases that may arise. If the situation is not mentioned by the legislator, there is a gap in the positive law. This gap may or may not be intentional.		另一方面，当立法机构在没有任何特别意图的情况下，未能解决起草法律时没有考虑到的问题或情况时，就会出现意外空白。随着社会的发展、新技术或新情况的出现，这些空白可能会变得明显。例如，互联网和社交媒体的出现带来了许多法律挑战，而传统的通信和隐私法律并未预见到这些挑战。当这些空白出现时，通常需要法官通过解释现有法律以适用于新情况来填补这些空白。这一过程可能涉及将现有原则扩展到新的情况，或与法律规定的情况进行类比。在某些情况下，对空白的认识可能会导致立法机构进行干预，通过新法律或修正案来填补空白。在制定法律时，立法机构不可能预见到所有可能出现的实际情况。如果立法者没有提到这种情况，那么实在法中就存在空白。这种空白可能是有意的，也可能是无意的。

	Interpreting the law in the presence of gaps, i.e. when the existing rules do not cover a given situation, requires the use of specific methods of interpretation. These methods aim to fill legal gaps and provide solutions for cases that are not explicitly covered by existing legislation. One of the methods commonly used is interpretation by analogy. This approach involves applying to the situation not covered an existing rule that governs similar cases or shares fundamental principles with the situation in question. For example, if a new form of commercial contract emerges that is not explicitly covered by existing contract law, a judge may look for rules applicable to similar forms of contract and apply them by analogy. Another method is teleological interpretation, which focuses on the intention or objective of the legislature. This method seeks to determine the underlying purpose of existing laws and to extend their application so as to achieve that purpose in the case not covered. For example, if a law aims to protect online privacy, this intention can be used to interpret the law to cover new technological scenarios not explicitly provided for in the statute.		在存在空白的情况下解释法律，即现有规则未涵盖特定情况时，需要使用特定的解释方法。这些方法旨在填补法律空白，为现有法律未明确涵盖的情况提供解决方案。常用的方法之一是类比解释。这种方法是将管辖类似案件或与相关情况共享基本原则的现有规则适用于未涵盖的情况。例如，如果出现了一种新的商业合同形式，而现有合同法并未明确涵盖，法官可以寻找适用于类似合同形式的规则，并通过类比加以适用。另一种方法是目的论解释，其重点是立法机构的意图或目标。这种方法旨在确定现行法律的根本目的，并扩大其适用范围，以便在未涵盖的情况下实现该目的。例如，如果一项法律旨在保护在线隐私，那么这种意图可用于解释法律，以涵盖法规中未明确规定的新技术情景。

	In some legal systems, general principles of law also play an important role in filling gaps. These principles, which represent the conceptual foundations of the legal system, can serve as a guide for interpretation and decision-making in situations not explicitly regulated by law. Finally, in some cases, gaps may prompt the legislature to intervene and create new laws or amend existing laws to deal explicitly with the situation not covered. This is often the case in rapidly evolving fields such as technology or the environment, where new challenges regularly emerge. Overall, interpreting the law in the presence of gaps requires a combination of creativity, analytical rigour and a thorough understanding of legal principles, to ensure that the decisions taken are fair, reasonable and in keeping with the spirit of the legal system.		在某些法律体系中，法律的一般原则在填补空白方面也发挥着重要作用。这些原则代表了法律体系的概念基础，可在法律未明确规定的情况下作为解释和决策的指南。最后，在某些情况下，空白可能会促使立法机构进行干预，制定新的法律或修订现有法律，以明确处理未涵盖的情况。在技术或环境等快速发展的领域，这种情况经常出现，因为这些领域经常出现新的挑战。总之，在存在空白的情况下解释法律，需要将创造力、严谨的分析和对法律原则的透彻理解结合起来，以确保做出的决定公平、合理并符合法律制度的精神。

	== ~~The intra legem gap (in the law)~~ ==		== 法内差距（法律中的差距） ==
	The concept of an intra legem lacuna refers to a particular situation where a law, intentionally or not, leaves room for the judge's discretion, often due to the use of vague, unknown or indeterminate terms. This form of lacuna is distinguished by the fact that the legislature, recognising the complexity and diversity of real-life situations, deliberately leaves certain aspects of the law open to interpretation. In these cases, the legislature leaves it to the judge's discretion to determine how the law should be applied in specific situations. For example, a law may use terms such as "~~reasonable~~", "~~fair~~" or "~~in the public interest~~"~~, which are not strictly defined. These terms give the judge some latitude to interpret the law according to the particular circumstances of each case.~~		法内空白的概念是指法律有意或无意地为法官的自由裁量权留下空间的一种特殊情况，通常是由于使用了模糊、未知或不确定的术语。这种形式的空白的区别在于，立法机构认识到现实生活中情况的复杂性和多样性，故意在法律的某些方面留下解释的余地。在这种情况下，立法机构让法官自行决定在特定情况下如何适用法律。例如，法律可能会使用 "合理"、"公平 "或 "符合公众利益 "等术语，而这些术语并没有严格的定义。这些术语给予法官一定的自由度，使其能够根据每个案件的具体情况来解释法律。

	This approach recognizes that the legislature cannot anticipate all the particular situations and nuances that may arise. By leaving certain terms open to interpretation, the legislature allows judges, who are directly confronted with the specific facts of each case, to use their expertise and judgment to apply the law in the fairest and most appropriate manner. The intra legem lacuna is therefore an important element of the law that reflects the necessary flexibility in the application of the law. It allows the legal system to adapt to individual cases while remaining faithful to the general intentions and objectives of the legislature. This flexibility is crucial to ensuring that justice is done not only according to the letter of the law, but also according to its spirit.[[Fichier:Code des obligations suisse - article 44.png\|vignette\|center\|700px\|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19110009/201401010000/220.pdf Code des obligations] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19110009/index.html#a44 article 44]]]~~Article~~ 44 of the Swiss Code of Obligations is an illustrative example of referral to the judge by the legislator, where certain formulas are used to confer discretionary power on the judge in the application of the law. This article shows how the legislator can intentionally leave the judge room for manoeuvre to take account of the particular circumstances of each case.		这种方法承认立法机构无法预见可能出现的所有特殊情况和细微差别。通过对某些术语进行开放式解释，立法机构允许法官直接面对每个案件的具体事实，利用其专业知识和判断力以最公平、最适当的方式适用法律。因此，"法律内空白 "是法律的一个重要组成部分，体现了法律适用中必要的灵活性。它允许法律制度在忠实于立法机构的总体意图和目标的同时，适应个别案件。这种灵活性对于确保不仅根据法律条文，而且根据法律精神伸张正义至关重要。[[Fichier:Code des obligations suisse - article 44.png\|vignette\|center\|700px\|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19110009/201401010000/220.pdf Code des obligations] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19110009/index.html#a44 article 44]]]瑞士债务法典》第 44 条是立法者向法官移交案件的一个示例，其中使用了某些公式来赋予法官在适用法律时的自由裁量权。本条说明了立法者如何有意为法官留出回旋余地，以考虑到每个案件的具体情况。

	~~In the first paragraph of section~~ 44, the judge is given the power to reduce damages, or even not to award damages, according to specific criteria. These include situations where the injured party has consented to the injury or where facts for which it is responsible have contributed to the injury. This provision allows the judge to take into account the nuances and shared responsibilities in situations of damage. The second paragraph goes further by allowing the judge to equitably reduce damages in cases where the injury was not caused intentionally or by gross negligence, and where full reparation would expose the debtor to hardship. This clause gives the judge the necessary latitude to assess the economic consequences of the reparation on the debtor and to adjust the damages accordingly.		第 44 条第 1 款规定，法官有权根据具体标准减少损害赔偿，甚至不判给损害赔偿。这些标准包括受害方同意损害的情况，或受害方对损害负有责任的事实。该条款允许法官考虑损害情况下的细微差别和共同责任。第二款更进一步，允许法官在非蓄意或重大过失造成损害的情况下，以及在完全赔偿将使债务人陷入困境的情况下，公平地减少损害赔偿额。该条款给予法官必要的自由，以评估赔偿对债务人造成的经济后果，并相应调整损害赔偿额。

	These provisions illustrate the legislature's recognition of the complexity of legal situations and the need to allow a degree of flexibility in resolving them. By entrusting the judge with the task of interpreting and applying the law in a way that is appropriate to each situation, the Swiss Code of Obligations demonstrates an approach to the law that values fairness and taking individual circumstances into account. This demonstrates the trust placed in the judiciary to show discernment and adaptability in the application of legal principles.[[Fichier:Code civil suisse - article 4.png\|vignette\|center\|700px\|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19070042/201307010000/210.pdf Code civil suisse] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19070042/index.html#a4 article 4]]]~~Article~~ 4 of the Swiss Civil Code highlights the concept of the judge's discretion, a crucial element in the application of the law. This provision illustrates how the legislator recognises and frames the role of the judge in interpreting and applying the law, taking into account the unique nature of each case. According to this article, the judge is not only required to apply the rules of law strictly, but also to exercise his or her judgment in accordance with equity when the law permits or requires it. This occurs in cases where the law itself expressly grants the judge the power to take account of the particular circumstances of a case or "~~just cause~~". For example, in family or child custody cases, the judge may have to make decisions that depart from the strict application of the law to best protect the interests of the child, based on the specific circumstances of the case.		这些条款表明，立法机构认识到法律情况的复杂性，以及在解决这些问题时需要有一定程度的灵活性。瑞士债务法典》委托法官以适合各种情况的方式解释和适用法律，表明了重视公平和考虑个别情况的法律态度。这表明了对司法机构的信任，即在适用法律原则时应表现出鉴别力和适应性。[[Fichier:Code civil suisse - article 4.png\|vignette\|center\|700px\|[http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19070042/201307010000/210.pdf Code civil suisse] - [http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19070042/index.html#a4 article 4]]]瑞士民法典》第 4 条强调了法官自由裁量权的概念，这是适用法律的关键因素。该条款说明了立法者是如何承认和界定法官在解释和适用法律方面的作用的，同时考虑到每个案件的独特性。根据该条款，法官不仅要严格适用法律规则，还要在法律允许或要求的情况下根据公平原则做出判断。当法律本身明确赋予法官考虑案件特殊情况或 "正当理由 "的权力时，就会出现这种情况。例如，在家庭或儿童监护权案件中，法官可能不得不根据案件的具体情况，做出偏离严格适用法律的决定，以最大限度地保护儿童的利益。

	This discretionary power is fundamental to ensuring that justice is adaptive and personalised. It recognises that legal situations are not always black and white and that rigid application of the law can sometimes lead to unfair or inappropriate outcomes. By entrusting the judge with the power to apply the law in a flexible manner, the Swiss Civil Code allows for an interpretation and application of the law that is both fair and adapted to the complex and diverse realities of life in society. This article reflects the confidence of the Swiss legal system in the discernment and competence of its judges, enabling them to use their expertise to achieve the fairest and most appropriate outcome in each case. Ultimately, the judge's discretion is an essential tool for ensuring that justice is not just a mechanical application of the law, but also a careful consideration of fairness and justice in each particular situation.		这种自由裁量权对于确保司法的适应性和个性化至关重要。它承认法律情况并非总是非黑即白，一成不变地适用法律有时会导致不公平或不恰当的结果。通过赋予法官灵活适用法律的权力，《瑞士民法典》使法律的解释和适用既公平又能适应复杂多样的社会生活现实。这一条反映了瑞士法律制度对法官的鉴别力和能力的信任，使他们能够利用自己的专业知识在每个案件中取得最公平、最适当的结果。归根结底，法官的自由裁量权是确保司法公正的重要工具，它不仅仅是机械地适用法律，也是对每种特定情况下公平和正义的审慎考虑。

	== ~~The praeter legem gap (beyond the law)~~ ==		== 法律之外的差距 ==
	The praeter legem gap, or gap beyond the law, represents a situation where the legislator, often unintentionally, leaves a legal vacuum by not providing any legal provision for a specific situation. This form of lacuna occurs when cases arise that were not envisaged or taken into account by the legislator when drafting the law, leading to the absence of rules or guidelines on how to deal with them. Unlike the intra legem gap, where the legislator intentionally leaves a certain degree of interpretation open, the praeter legem gap is typically unanticipated and results from a lack of foresight or recognition of future developments. Such gaps can be particularly prevalent in rapidly evolving areas, such as technology, where new situations can arise faster than the legislative process is able to regulate them.		The praeter legem gap, or gap beyond the law, represents a situation where the legislator, often unintentionally, leaves a legal vacuum by not providing any legal provision for a specific situation. This form of lacuna occurs when cases arise that were not envisaged or taken into account by the legislator when drafting the law, leading to the absence of rules or guidelines on how to deal with them. Unlike the intra legem gap, where the legislator intentionally leaves a certain degree of interpretation open, the praeter legem gap is typically unanticipated and results from a lack of foresight or recognition of future developments. Such gaps can be particularly prevalent in rapidly evolving areas, such as technology, where new situations can arise faster than the legislative process is able to regulate them.

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	The law is made up of legal rules, but reality is made up of factual situations. The rules of law include the laws, regulations and legal principles that form the legal framework. These rules are designed to guide and regulate the behaviour of individuals and organisations in society. On the other hand, "~~factual situations~~" refer to the real, concrete and practical circumstances that arise in everyday life. These situations can vary greatly and do not always lend themselves to a simple or straightforward interpretation of existing laws.		法律是由法律规则构成的，而现实则是由实际情况构成的。法律规则包括构成法律框架的法律、法规和法律原则。这些规则旨在指导和规范社会中个人和组织的行为。另一方面，"实际情况 "指的是日常生活中出现的真实、具体和实际的情况。这些情况可能千差万别，并不总能简单或直接地解释现行法律。

	Applying the law therefore involves interpreting and adapting the rules of law to apply them to specific factual situations. This often requires legal judgement to balance legal texts with the practical, social and human realities of each case. Judges, lawyers and other legal professionals play a crucial role in this process, ensuring that justice is done fairly and in accordance with established legal principles.		因此，适用法律涉及解释和调整法律规则，使其适用于具体的实际情况。这往往需要法律判断力来平衡法律条文与每个案件的实际、社会和人文现实。法官、律师和其他法律专业人员在这一过程中发挥着至关重要的作用，确保司法公正并符合既定的法律原则。

	= ~~The syllogism~~ =		= 三段论 =
	The legal syllogism, or subsumption syllogism, is an essential method in legal reasoning, enabling a rule of law to be applied to a factual situation. There are several stages to this intellectual process. First, it involves identifying the relevant rule of law. This rule, often derived from a statute, regulation, legal principle or case law, establishes a general proposition applicable to various situations. Next, the process requires a careful analysis of the specific facts of the situation concerned. This stage is crucial because it involves a detailed and precise understanding of the actual circumstances involved. For example, in a contractual dispute, the facts may include the terms of the contract, the actions of the parties involved and the context in which the agreement was made. The final stage is subsumption, where the facts are subsumed under the rule of law. This stage determines how the general rule applies to the particular circumstances of the case. For example, if the law states that a contract is not valid without the consent of all the parties involved, and it is established in the facts that one of the parties did not give informed consent, the judge could conclude that the contract is invalid.		法律三段论或归纳三段论是法律推理的基本方法，可将法律规则应用于实际情况。这一思维过程分为几个阶段。首先，需要确定相关的法律规则。该规则通常源自成文法、法规、法律原则或判例法，它确立了适用于各种情况的一般性命题。接下来，这一过程需要对相关情况的具体事实进行仔细分析。这一阶段至关重要，因为它涉及对实际情况的详细而准确的了解。例如，在合同纠纷中，事实可能包括合同条款、相关各方的行为以及达成协议的背景。最后一个阶段是归入，即事实归入法律规则。这一阶段决定了一般规则如何适用于案件的特定情况。例如，如果法律规定，未经所有相关方同意，合同无效，而事实证明，其中一方未给予知情同意，则法官可认定合同无效。

	The legal syllogism is therefore more than just an intellectual exercise; it is a vital tool that ensures that legal decisions are taken logically, consistently and in accordance with legal standards. This methodology not only ensures that the rules of law are applied correctly, but also helps to maintain predictability and fairness in the administration of justice.		因此，法律大纲不仅仅是一种智力练习；它还是一种重要的工具，可确保法律裁决符合逻辑、前后一致并符合法律标准。这种方法不仅能确保法律规则得到正确应用，还有助于维护司法的可预见性和公正性。

	= ~~Application of the law over time~~ =		= 法律的长期适用 =
	The applicability of a law depends on its entry into force and its continuing validity. Once a law has been passed through the legislative process, it is not immediately applicable. It comes into force on a date specified in the text of the law itself or on a date determined by another regulation. This period allows individuals and institutions to prepare to comply with the new law. On the other hand, the question of repeal is also essential in determining the applicability of a law. A law remains in force until it is explicitly repealed or replaced by new legislation. Repeal may be total, where the entire law is rendered inapplicable, or partial, where only certain segments of the law are annulled. In some legal systems, there is also the concept of obsolescence, where a law may become inapplicable if it is not used or is deemed obsolete. Even after a law has been repealed, certain transitional provisions may apply. These provisions are designed to manage the transition from the old to the new regulations and to deal with legal situations that existed under the old law. Thus, entry into force and repeal are key processes that determine how and when a law applies, ensuring the stability and predictability of the legal framework.		法律的适用性取决于其生效和持续有效性。法律一旦通过立法程序，就不能立即适用。它在法律文本本身规定的日期或其他法规确定的日期生效。这一时期允许个人和机构为遵守新法律做好准备。另一方面，废止问题对于确定法律的适用性也至关重要。一项法律在被明确废除或被新法律取代之前一直有效。废止可以是全部废止，即整部法律都不适用；也可以是部分废止，即只有法律的某些部分被废除。在某些法律体系中，还有过时的概念，即如果一项法律没有被使用或被认为过时，它就可能变得不适用。即使一项法律已被废除，某些过渡性条款也可能适用。这些条款旨在管理从旧法规到新法规的过渡，并处理旧法律下存在的法律情况。因此，生效和废除是决定法律如何以及何时适用的关键程序，可确保法律框架的稳定性和可预测性。

	The adoption of a law in a bicameral legislative system, where there are two separate chambers (usually a lower and an upper house), requires the approval of both chambers. The process of passing legislation involves several key stages. Initially, a bill is proposed, often by a member of the government or parliament. This bill is then debated and examined in one of the chambers, where it may be amended. After this first stage of debate and approval, the bill moves on to the other chamber. Again, it is subject to debate, and further amendments may be made. For a law to be passed, it must be accepted in its final form by both houses. This often means a back-and-forth process between the chambers, especially if changes are made in one chamber that require further approval by the other. This process ensures a careful review and balanced consideration of the bill. Once both chambers have approved the text in the same version, the bill is considered adopted. Depending on the specific political system, the next step may be sanction or approval by the head of state (such as a president or monarch), after which the bill becomes law and is ready to enter into force on a specified date or according to the provisions of the law itself. This bicameral adoption process aims to ensure thorough scrutiny and diverse representation in the creation of legislation, reflecting the different interests and perspectives within society.		在两院制立法体系中，有两个独立的议院（通常是下院和上院），法律的通过需要两院的批准。通过立法的过程涉及几个关键阶段。首先，通常由政府或议会成员提出法案。然后，在其中一个议院对该法案进行辩论和审查，并可能对其进行修改。经过第一阶段的辩论和批准后，法案进入另一议院。再次进行辩论，并可能做出进一步修正。一项法律要想获得通过，其最终形式必须得到参众两院的认可。这往往意味着参众两院之间的来回过程，尤其是当一院做出的修改需要另一院进一步批准时。这一过程可确保对法案进行仔细审查和平衡考虑。一旦参众两院批准了相同版本的文本，法案即被视为通过。根据具体的政治体制，下一步可能是国家元首（如总统或君主）的批准或核准，之后法案即成为法律，并可在指定日期或根据法律本身的规定生效。这种两院制的通过程序旨在确保立法过程中的全面审查和多元化代表，反映社会中的不同利益和观点。

	In the context of the Swiss legislative system, the enactment of a law is an essential process that follows its adoption. This stage marks the transition from a bill to an officially recognised and applicable law. The enactment process in Switzerland is distinguished by its incorporation of direct democracy and reflects the country's fundamental democratic principles. On the one hand, when important laws, such as constitutional amendments or those subject to mandatory referendum, are at stake, promulgation follows a particular procedure. After a proposed law has been approved by the Swiss people in a referendum, the Federal Council, acting as the executive body, officially validates the result of the referendum. This happens, for example, in the case of constitutional amendments where the Swiss people play a direct role in decision-making. Validation by the Federal Council marks the promulgation of the law, indicating that it is ready for implementation. On the other hand, for ordinary laws that do not require a referendum, promulgation occurs after the expiry of a referendum deadline. During this period, citizens have the opportunity to challenge the law by collecting enough signatures to request a referendum. If no referendum is requested by the end of the deadline, the Federal Chancellery, acting as the central administrative body, officially promulgates the law. This stage confirms that the law has been adopted in accordance with democratic processes and that there are no major legal obstacles to its coming into force. Promulgation in Switzerland therefore illustrates a unique blend of representative and direct democracy, ensuring that laws are not only passed by elected representatives but also, in some cases, directly approved by the people. This approach enhances the legitimacy and acceptance of laws, ensuring that the Swiss legal framework is in harmony with the will of its citizens.		在瑞士的立法体系中，法律的颁布是法律通过后的一个重要过程。这一阶段标志着从法案过渡到官方认可和适用的法律。瑞士法律制定过程的特点是融入了直接民主，体现了国家的基本民主原则。一方面，当涉及宪法修正案或必须进行全民公决的法律等重要法律时，颁布要遵循特定的程序。在瑞士人民通过全民公决批准一项法律提案后，联邦委员会作为执行机构正式确认全民公决的结果。例如，在瑞士人民直接参与决策的宪法修正案中，就会出现这种情况。联邦委员会的确认标志着法律的颁布，表明该法律已准备就绪，可以付诸实施。另一方面，对于不需要全民公决的普通法律，则在全民公决期限到期后颁布。在此期间，公民有机会通过收集足够的签名要求全民公决来对法律提出质疑。如果在截止日期前没有公民投票的要求，作为中央行政机构的联邦总理府将正式颁布法律。这一阶段确认法律是按照民主程序通过的，而且在生效方面没有重大法律障碍。因此，瑞士的法律颁布体现了代议制民主和直接民主的独特结合，确保法律不仅由选举产生的代表通过，而且在某些情况下直接由人民批准。这种方式增强了法律的合法性和可接受性，确保瑞士的法律框架与公民的意愿保持一致。

	The publication of a law in the Official Compendium is an essential step in the legislative process, particularly in the context of the Swiss legal system. The main purpose of publication is to make the law accessible and known to everyone, which is a fundamental principle of law: for a law to be applicable, it must be publicly accessible and known to the people it affects. The Official Compendium, as a chronological publication, contains legislative texts in the order in which they were enacted. This publication not only disseminates legislative information to the general public, but also serves as an official reference for legal professionals, government institutions and citizens. Publication in the Official Compendium guarantees the transparency of the legislative process and enables all players in society to follow developments in the legal framework. By making laws easily accessible, the Official Compendium helps to ensure that citizens and legal entities are informed of their rights and obligations. This is crucial to the principle of legality, which stipulates that no one is supposed to ignore the law. The official publication of laws therefore plays a fundamental role in maintaining legal order and promoting justice and predictability in society.		在《官方汇编》上公布法律是立法过程中的一个重要步骤，尤其是在瑞士的法律体系中。公布法律的主要目的是使人人都能查阅和了解法律，这也是法律的一项基本原则：法律要想适用，就必须向公众开放，并为受其影响的人们所知晓。官方汇编》作为按时间顺序排列的出版物，按颁布的先后顺序收录了法律文本。该出版物不仅向公众传播立法信息，还可作为法律专业人士、政府机构和公民的官方参考资料。官方汇编》的出版保证了立法过程的透明度，使社会所有参与者都能关注法律框架的发展。通过使法律易于查阅，《官方汇编》有助于确保公民和法律实体了解其权利和义务。这对合法性原则至关重要，该原则规定任何人都不得无视法律。因此，法律的官方出版物在维护法律秩序、促进社会公正和可预测性方面发挥着重要作用。

	The Swiss legal system has two official publications that play a crucial role in the dissemination and organisation of federal law: the Official Compendium (OR) and the Systematic Compendium (SC). These two collections have distinct characteristics and objectives, reflecting the different ways in which the law can be consulted and analysed. The Official Compendium, abbreviated RO, is a chronological publication. It brings together legal texts in the order in which they were promulgated. This means that laws, ordinances and other legal texts are published in the order in which they came into force. This chronological approach is particularly useful for tracking legislative developments and understanding the historical context in which a law was passed. The RO is therefore essential for legal professionals and researchers interested in legislative history and the sequence of legislative changes. The Recueil systématique, known by the acronym RS, is organised by subject. Instead of following chronological order, the RS groups legal texts by subject area or theme, such as family law, commercial law or criminal law. This thematic organisation makes it easier to find and access legal texts for people seeking specific information on a particular subject. The RS is therefore a valuable tool for legal practitioners, students and anyone who needs to consult the relevant laws in a specific field quickly and efficiently. These two collections offer a comprehensive view of Swiss federal law, each from a different angle. The RO provides a historical and sequential overview, while the RS offers an organised and thematic perspective. Together, they ensure that Swiss federal law is accessible, comprehensible and usable for a wide range of users, from legal professionals to ordinary citizens.		瑞士法律体系中有两种官方出版物在传播和组织联邦法律方面发挥着至关重要的作用：《官方汇编》（OR）和《系统汇编》（SC）。这两部汇编具有不同的特点和目标，反映了查阅和分析法律的不同方式。正式汇编》简称 RO，是按时间顺序排列的出版物。它按照颁布的顺序汇集法律文本。这意味着法律、法令和其他法律文本是按照其生效的顺序出版的。这种按时间顺序排列的方法对于跟踪立法发展和了解法律通过的历史背景特别有用。因此，对于对立法史和立法变化顺序感兴趣的法律专业人士和研究人员来说，《RO》是必不可少的。Recueil systématique 的缩写为 RS，按主题编排。RS 不按时间顺序排列，而是按主题领域或主题（如家庭法、商法或刑法）对法律文本进行分组。这种按主题编排的方式使寻求特定主题具体信息的人更容易找到和查阅法律文本。因此，对于法律从业人员、学生和任何需要快速有效地查阅特定领域相关法律的人来说，《汇编》是一个非常有价值的工具。这两本书分别从不同角度全面介绍了瑞士联邦法律。RO》提供了历史和顺序的概览，而《RS》则提供了有组织和专题的视角。它们共同确保从法律专业人士到普通公民的广大用户都能查阅、理解和使用瑞士联邦法律。

	The Swiss Federal Gazette plays a distinct and complementary role in the legislative publication system. As a weekly publication available in the country's three official languages (German, French and Italian), its main objective is to provide up-to-date information on legislative and government activities. Unlike the Official Compendium, which focuses on the publication of enacted laws, the Federal Gazette concentrates on the initial and intermediate phases of the legislative process. It provides information on new laws passed by Parliament, with an emphasis on the referendum deadline. This is crucial in the Swiss democratic system, where citizens have the opportunity to request a referendum on recently adopted laws. Publication in the Federal Gazette triggers the start of this referendum deadline. In addition to notifying the public and stakeholders about referendum deadlines, the Federal Gazette also serves as a means of communication to inform parliamentarians and the public about current bills and legislative debates. It may include reports, press releases, government announcements and other information relevant to the legislative process. The Federal Gazette is therefore an essential tool for government transparency and democratic participation in Switzerland. It enables citizens and parliamentarians to keep abreast of legislative developments and facilitates the exercise of democratic rights, such as referendums, by ensuring that the necessary information is widely available and accessible.		瑞士联邦公报》在法律出版系统中发挥着独特而互补的作用。作为一份以瑞士三种官方语言（德语、法语和意大利语）出版的周刊，其主要目的是提供有关立法和政府活动的最新信息。与侧重于公布已颁布法律的《官方汇编》不同，《联邦公报》侧重于立法过程的初期和中期阶段。它提供有关议会通过的新法律的信息，重点是全民公决的最后期限。这在瑞士的民主制度中至关重要，因为公民有机会要求就最近通过的法律进行全民公决。在《联邦公报》上公布后，全民公决的最后期限就开始了。除了向公众和利益相关者通报全民公决的最后期限，《联邦公报》也是向议员和公众通报当前法案和立法辩论的一种沟通手段。它可能包括报告、新闻稿、政府公告以及与立法进程相关的其他信息。因此，《联邦公报》是瑞士政府透明度和民主参与的重要工具。它使公民和议员能够及时了解立法动态，并通过确保广泛提供和获取必要的信息，为行使全民公决等民主权利提供便利。

	== ~~Coming into force of the law and its repeal~~ ==		== 法律的生效和废除 ==

	=== ~~The law comes into force~~ ===		=== 法律生效 ===
	The entry into force of a law is the point at which it becomes binding and applicable. In the Swiss legal system, the process by which a law comes into force is generally defined either by the legislative text itself or by a decision of the Federal Council. When a law is passed by Parliament, it may specify directly in its text the date on which it will come into force. This is common practice for laws whose application requires advance preparation, allowing individuals, businesses and government bodies to adapt to new legal requirements. In cases where the law does not explicitly state when it will come into force, the Federal Council, the executive body of the Swiss federal government, is responsible for setting the date. The Federal Council takes this decision taking into account various factors, such as the need to allow sufficient time for implementation, the practical implications of the law, and coordination with other legislation or policies in force. The entry into force of a law is an important milestone, as it is at this point that the legal provisions become binding and the legal consequences of non-compliance apply. This underlines the importance of communicating and publishing laws, such as through the Federal Gazette and the Official Compendium, to ensure that all stakeholders are informed and ready to comply with new regulations. By setting the date of entry into force, the Federal Council plays a key role in ensuring a smooth transition to the application of the new legal standards.		The entry into force of a law is the point at which it becomes binding and applicable. In the Swiss legal system, the process by which a law comes into force is generally defined either by the legislative text itself or by a decision of the Federal Council. When a law is passed by Parliament, it may specify directly in its text the date on which it will come into force. This is common practice for laws whose application requires advance preparation, allowing individuals, businesses and government bodies to adapt to new legal requirements. In cases where the law does not explicitly state when it will come into force, the Federal Council, the executive body of the Swiss federal government, is responsible for setting the date. The Federal Council takes this decision taking into account various factors, such as the need to allow sufficient time for implementation, the practical implications of the law, and coordination with other legislation or policies in force. The entry into force of a law is an important milestone, as it is at this point that the legal provisions become binding and the legal consequences of non-compliance apply. This underlines the importance of communicating and publishing laws, such as through the Federal Gazette and the Official Compendium, to ensure that all stakeholders are informed and ready to comply with new regulations. By setting the date of entry into force, the Federal Council plays a key role in ensuring a smooth transition to the application of the new legal standards.

Arthur : Page créée avec « 根据维克多-莫尼埃的课程改编[https://www.unige.ch/droit/collaborateur/profshonoraires/victor-monnier/ Profil de Victor Monnier sur le site de l'UNIGE][https://www.unige.ch/droit/collaborateur/profshonoraires/victor-monnier/publications/ Publications du professeur Victor Monnier][https://www.unige.ch/droit/actus/archives/2019/hommage-victor-monnier/ Hommage au professeur Victor Monnier - Faculté de droit - UNIGE] {{Tr... »

2023-12-13T09:12:39Z

Page créée avec « 根据维克多-莫尼埃的课程改编<ref>[https://www.unige.ch/droit/collaborateur/profshonoraires/victor-monnier/ Profil de Victor Monnier sur le site de l'UNIGE]</ref><ref>[https://www.unige.ch/droit/collaborateur/profshonoraires/victor-monnier/publications/ Publications du professeur Victor Monnier]</ref><ref>[https://www.unige.ch/droit/actus/archives/2019/hommage-victor-monnier/ Hommage au professeur Victor Monnier - Faculté de droit - UNIGE]</ref> {{Tr... »

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Arthur le 13 décembre 2023 à 09:15

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